Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1953.

Thesis (M.A.)--Kent State University, 2010. / Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Apr. 28, 2010). Advisor: C. Owen Lovejoy. Keywords: foramen magnum; human evolution; locomotion; bats. Includes bibliographical references (p. 36-42).

Orientador: Antonio Inacio Duarte Cintra / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-14T17:48:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Duarte_Edison_M.pdf: 1760780 bytes, checksum: 76fd20bbc92ae14d8d9b4ae515664e9f (MD5) Previous issue date: 1984 / Resumo: Estudamos no presente trabalho os padrões morfológicos do sulco parieto-occipital do cérebro humano, procuramos estabelecer os valores médios do sulco e de seus ramos, e mostrar a disposição das pregas de passagem encontradas no interior da fossa parieto-occipital. Utilizamos 100 hemisférios cerebrais humanos e tornamos as medidas dos sulcos nas suas faces medial e súpero-lateral. Posteriormente, descrevemos a primeira prega de passagem externa, o giro intercuneato (presente quando da ramificação do sulco parieto-occipital) e as pregas de passagem internas. Os hemisférios cerebrais foram dispostos em 7 grupos: I - sulco parieto-occipital único nas faces medial e súpero-lateral; II - sulco ramificado próximo à borda superior; III - sulca ramificado próximo à borda superior e giro intercuneato unido no interior da fossa parieto-occipital com a primeira prega de passagem interna; IV - sulco ramificado na face medial; V - sulco bifurcado aparentemente na face medial, com a formação de um pseudo-giro intercuneato entre seus ramos; VI - sulco parieto-occipital unido superficialmente com o sulco intraparietal; VII - sulco parieto-occipital com a configuração em "H" na face medial, pela superficializaç.ão das pregas de passagem internas. Confrontamos nossas medidas e descrições com dados de obras gerais de anatomia e trabalhos especificos, sobretudo os de BIANCHI (1940). Baseados nos resultados obtidos, julgamos poder cocluir: predomina a forma ramificada do sulco parieto-occipital (56%)i o giro intercuneato está presente em 56% das peças; as pregas de passagem internas estão presentes; os valores encontrados para o sulco quando este se apresenta único nas faces medial e súpero-lateral, se aproximam aos valores relatados nas obras gerais de anatomia (3 em na face medial e de 1 a 2 em na súpero-lateral) / Abstract: The present paper aims to study the morphological patterns of the parieto-occipital sulcus in the human brain, to determine its average length as well as of its branches, and to define the position of the interlocking gyri inside of the parieto-occipital fossa. There were used 100 human cerebral hemispheres and taken length measurement of the sulcus both in medial and superolateral aspects. Afterwards were described the first outer interlocking gyrus, the intercuneatus gyrus (which is present when there is a division in the parieto-occipital sulcus) and the inner interlocking gyri. The cerebral hemispheres were divided in 7 groups: I - single parieto-occipital sulcus in the medial and superolateral surfaces; II - parieto-occipital aulcus ramified in the superolateral surface; III - parieto-occipital sulcus ramified in the superolateral surface and intercuneatus gyrus united to the first inner interlocking gyrus inside af the parieto-occipital fossa; IV - parieto-occipital sulcus ramified in the medial surface; V - parieto-occipital sulcus seemingly bifurcated in the medial surface resulting in a false intercuneatus gyrus between its branches; VI - parietooccipital sulcus superficially united to the intraparietal sulcus ; VII - parieto-occipital sulcus in a "H" shape in the medial surface. This shape is given by the inner interlocking gyri which are less deep in this region. Our measurement and description were compared to the literature data, specially those of BIANCHI (1940). Based on these results, we may conclude the following: the parieto-occipital sulcus ramified shape is the more frequent; (56%) the intercuneatus gyrus is present in 56% of the cases; the inner interlocking gyri are always present; when the sulcus is not divided in the medial and in the superolateral surfaces, the length values were found are quite similar to those of literature (3 cm in the medial surface and between 1-2 em in the superolateral surface) / Mestrado / Mestre em Biologia e Patologia Buco-Dental

We performed greater occipital nerve blocks on 24 migraineurs with unilateral migraine and trigeminal nerve distribution allodynia. Using a visual analog scale for migraine pain, brush allodynia in the trigeminal nerve distribution and photophobia were reduced 64%, 75%, and 67%, respectively, after 5 minutes. Allodynia improved faster than headache. The results of this study suggest that greater occipital nerve blocks initiate an inhibitory process that shuts down several symptom generators.

INTRODUÇÃO: A anatomia da face súpero-lateral do lobo occipital é tão complexa e variável que a sua descrição precisa não é encontrada nos livros clássicos de anatomia. Os sulcos e giros occipitais da convexidade cerebral encontram-se descritos com nomenclaturas diferentes de acordo com os diversos autores. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar e descrever a anatomia da face súpero-lateral lobo occipital e esclarecer a sua nomenclatura. MÉTODOS: As configurações anatômicas dos sulcos e giros na face súpero-lateral do lobo occipital de 20 hemisférios cerebrais foram examinados a fim de identificar os padrões mais característicos e consistentes. RESULTADOS: Os sulcos occipitais mais característicos e consistentes identificados neste estudo foram o sulco intraoccipital, o sulco occipital transverso e o sulco occipital lateral. A morfologia da junção do sulco occipital transverso com o sulco intraoccipital foi identificada como sendo o aspecto mais importante para definir o padrão de giros cerebrais da face súperolateral do lobo occipital. CONCLUSÕES: O conhecimento das principais características dos sulcos e giros occipitais permite o reconhecimento de uma configuração básica do lobo occipital e a identificação de suas principais variações anatômicas / BACKGROUND: The anatomy of the occipital lobe convexity is so intricate and variable that its precise description is not found in the classic anatomy textbooks, and the occipital sulci and gyri are described with different nomenclatures according to different authors. The aim of this study was to investigate and describe the anatomy of the occipital lobe convexity and clarify its nomenclature. METHODS: The configurations of sulci and gyri on the lateral surface of the occipital lobe of 20 cerebral hemispheres were examined in order to identify the most characteristic and consistent patterns. RESULTS: The most characteristic and consistent occipital sulci identified in this study were the intraoccipital, transverse occipital, and lateral occipital sulci. The morphology of the transverse occipital sulcus and the intraoccipital sulcus connection was identified as the most important aspect to define the gyral pattern of the occipital lobe convexity. CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge of the main features of the occipital sulci and gyri permits the recognition of a basic configuration of the occipital lobe and the identification of its sulcal and gyral variations

INTRODUÇÃO: A anatomia da face súpero-lateral do lobo occipital é tão complexa e variável que a sua descrição precisa não é encontrada nos livros clássicos de anatomia. Os sulcos e giros occipitais da convexidade cerebral encontram-se descritos com nomenclaturas diferentes de acordo com os diversos autores. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar e descrever a anatomia da face súpero-lateral lobo occipital e esclarecer a sua nomenclatura. MÉTODOS: As configurações anatômicas dos sulcos e giros na face súpero-lateral do lobo occipital de 20 hemisférios cerebrais foram examinados a fim de identificar os padrões mais característicos e consistentes. RESULTADOS: Os sulcos occipitais mais característicos e consistentes identificados neste estudo foram o sulco intraoccipital, o sulco occipital transverso e o sulco occipital lateral. A morfologia da junção do sulco occipital transverso com o sulco intraoccipital foi identificada como sendo o aspecto mais importante para definir o padrão de giros cerebrais da face súperolateral do lobo occipital. CONCLUSÕES: O conhecimento das principais características dos sulcos e giros occipitais permite o reconhecimento de uma configuração básica do lobo occipital e a identificação de suas principais variações anatômicas / BACKGROUND: The anatomy of the occipital lobe convexity is so intricate and variable that its precise description is not found in the classic anatomy textbooks, and the occipital sulci and gyri are described with different nomenclatures according to different authors. The aim of this study was to investigate and describe the anatomy of the occipital lobe convexity and clarify its nomenclature. METHODS: The configurations of sulci and gyri on the lateral surface of the occipital lobe of 20 cerebral hemispheres were examined in order to identify the most characteristic and consistent patterns. RESULTS: The most characteristic and consistent occipital sulci identified in this study were the intraoccipital, transverse occipital, and lateral occipital sulci. The morphology of the transverse occipital sulcus and the intraoccipital sulcus connection was identified as the most important aspect to define the gyral pattern of the occipital lobe convexity. CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge of the main features of the occipital sulci and gyri permits the recognition of a basic configuration of the occipital lobe and the identification of its sulcal and gyral variations

La cécité précoce induit des modifications majeures dans l’architecture fonctionnelle du cerveau. Les lobes occipitaux ne traitent plus l’information visuelle mais vont désormais traiter les signaux auditifs et tactiles et participer à des fonctions cognitives telles que le langage et la mémoire. Cette nouvelle organisation fonctionnelle nous permet de mieux comprendre l’influence de l’expérience sensorielle sur le développement cérébral. Nous avons étudié cette réorganisation et certains de ses possibles déterminants. Tout d’abord, nous avons utilisé l’imagerie par résonnance magnétique fonctionnelle (IRMf) pour identifier les régions du cortex visuel activées par différentes fonctions cognitives. Nous avons également montré que chacune de ces régions est fonctionnellement connectée au réseau cérébral qui sous-tend la fonction correspondante chez les sujets sains. Puis, nous avons réalisé une étude de la connectivité fonctionnelle chez des nouveau-nés, qui suggère que la connectivité innée du cortex visuel guide la réorganisation observée chez les aveugles. Ensuite, grâce à la magnétoencéphalographie (MEG), nous avons étudié la réorganisation de la représentation cérébrale du sens des mots. Chez les aveugles, l’accès au sens des mots a le même décours temporel que chez les sujets voyants, mais il recrute le cortex occipital en sus des régions habituelles. Enfin, nous avons observé une variabilité individuelle plus importante chez les aveugles dans l’organisation cérébrale du système sémantique. Nos résultats contribuent ainsi à la compréhension de la réorganisation cérébrale dans la cécité, et plus généralement du rôle de l’expérience perceptive dans le développement. / Blindness early in life leads to major changes in the functional architecture of the brain. The occipital lobes, no longer processing visual information, turn to processing auditory and tactile input and high-order cognitive functions such as language and memory. This functional reorganization offers a window into the influence of experience on brain development in humans. We studied the outcomes of this reorganization and its potential precursors. First, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in order to delineate regions in the visual cortex according to their sensitivity to high-order cognitive functions. Then, using functional connectivity, we demonstrated distinct connections from those regions to the rest of the brain. Crucially, we found a functional correspondence between the visual regions and their connected brain networks. Then, using functional connectivity in neonates, we provided preliminary evidence in support of the proposition that innate connectivity biases underlie functional reorganization. Second, we focused on language, one of the reorganized functions in blindness, and used magnetoencephalography (MEG) to investigate verbal semantic processing. We found temporally equivalent but spatially different activation across the blind and the sighted. In the blind, the occipital cortex had a unique contribution to semantic category discrimination. However, the cerebral implementation of semantic categories was more variable in the blind than in the sighted. Our results advance the knowledge about brain.

Humans are extremely sensitive and accurate about detecting the amount of symmetry that a face possesses. However perception of facial symmetry has not been investigated in terms of its neural correlates yet. In this thesis, we investigated localization of facial symmetry perception in the brain through the use of the fMR-adaptation method. In this method, marginally active neuronal populations can be detected by presenting faces with varying symmetry. By standardizing all aspects of the faces such as illumination, pose and contrast, we manipulated only the amount of fluctuating asymmetry in the face images. Previous studies have shown that a specific area, lateral occipital complex (LOC) exhibits sensitivity to orientation and position changes to faces and other objects. We observed that facial symmetry activation is specifically localized within the LOC boundaries. Within the LOC, we found that previously defined areas namely LO1 and LO2 are both responsive to manipulations of facial symmetry. We also tested our fMR-adaptation paradigm on non-face images, generated by scrambling the face stimuli used in our experiments. We replicated earlier results which demonstrated that LO1 and LO2 are activated in detecting differences between symmetric versus asymmetric patches. This suggests that although facial symmetry perception is not processed by a function specific area of the LOC, it uses main resources allocated for the object recognition system in an efficient manner. To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first to investigate face symmetry perception through fMR-adaptation.

The occipital bun, a distinctive convexity of the occipital squama, is often considered to be a uniquely derived Neandertal trait. Some scholars, however, consider the occipital morphology found in some early modern and extant human crania (often described as “hemi-buns”) to be homologous with Neandertal occipital buns. A number of hypotheses have been proposed to explain occipital bun/hemi-bun development, including neck muscle function, head carriage, brain growth timing, and cranial base cartilage growth timing, as well as braincase and facial integration. The feature, however, has never before been metrically quantified in a large subadult sample or studied in a well-documented growth series. The primary goal of this dissertation, therefore, was to assess hemi-bun growth and development in a combined comparative sample of extant humans amassed from the following growth series: the University of Toronto Burlington Growth Study, the Iowa Facial Growth Study, the Oregon Growth Study, the University of Oklahoma Denver Growth Study, the Wright State University Fels Longitudinal Study, and the Michigan Growth Study. Cephalograms from these studies facilitated the collection of longitudinal cranial growth and development data. In total, measurements were collected from 468 cephalograms representing 16 males and 10 females. Measured subjects represented the ends of the range of variation in adult midsagittal occipital bone shape, including subjects with defined hemi-buns, as well as subjects lacking all evidence of hemi-bun morphology. Frontal and lateral cephalograms were measured for each subject at 9 age points, spanning from 3.0 to 20.4 years of age. A total of 16 landmarks and 153 sliding semi-landmarks were digitized at each age point. Geometric morphometric analyses, including relative warps analysis and two-block partial least squares analysis, were conducted to assess patterns of cranial covariation and sexual dimorphism in occipital bone growth and possible attendant variation in occipital bun development or absence. In both bunned and non-bunned subjects, midsagittal occipital shape was found to be established very early in ontogeny, and then to remain largely unchanged between 3 years of age and adulthood. This result contradicts previous developmental hypotheses, which posit that occipital bunning results from a pattern of late posteriorly-directed brain growth. No evidence of sexual dimorphism in hemi-bun shape was found to exist in this extant human sample; however, defined hemi-buns were found to covary significantly with an elongated and low midsagittal neurocranial vault in both sexes. Other aspects of cranial morphology, including cranial and basicranial breadth, midcoronal vault shape, and basicranial angle, did not covary significantly with occipital bun morphology at any of the sampled age points. These results reveal that occipital bunning, at least in this sample, is not a discrete trait, but instead develops along a continuum in association with a distinct pattern of neurocranial elongation. Previous studies have suggested that Neandertal occipital buns are similarly associated with elongated cranial vaults. While more work must be done to quantify occipital bun morphology in fossil subadults, this study finds no evidence to disprove the developmental homology of the feature in modern humans and Neandertals, and therefore further undermines the idea that occipital bunning is a unique Neandertal trait.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第18854号 / 医博第3965号 / 新制||医||1007(附属図書館) / 31805 / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 古川 壽亮, 教授 髙橋 良輔, 教授 富樫 かおり / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM