Methods of collecting, concentrating, separating, and identifying organic compounds in natural water systems are presented. These methods were applied to a eutrophic reservoir (Hyrum Reservoir, Utah) and resulted in the identification of the following 27 volatile, organic compounds: Alcohols: methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, isopropyl alcohol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, isobutyl alcohol, tert-butyl alcohol, 1-pentanol, 2-methyl-l-butanol, methyl-1- butanol, 3-methyl-2-butanol, 2-methyl-2-butanol, 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol, 1-penten-3-ol, 2-methyl-2-pentanol Ketones: acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, 4-methyl-3-penten-2-one Aldehydes: acetaldehyde, propanal, 2-buten-1-al Others: acetonitrile, ethyl acetate, pyridine, 3-methylpyridine, diethyl ether The concentration level of the following 13 compounds was established in the reservoir from October 1974 to January 1976: Alcohols: methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropyl alcohol, 1-butanol, isobutyl alcohol, tert-butyl alcohol 2-methyl-2-butanol, 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol Ketones: acetone, methyl ethyl ketone Others: acetonitrile, acetaldehyde The highest concentrations of organics were found in the late summer or early fall as the bloom of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae died and the level of bacterial fermentation increased. Other sources of organic compounds in the reservoir (besides fermentation) included compounds (acetonitrile and ethanol) at least partially produced by active algal growth and associated bacteria. Melting snowpack and mountain streams that feed the reservoir also contained organic compounds similar to those found in the reservoir, however at lower levels. Most of the compounds at low concentrations had no effect on the growth of certain algae tested, however there was some indication that certain organics may have increased the net growth of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae.

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In view of the vast numbers of individuals with co-occurring mental health and substance use disorders within the offender population, the scarcity of research on the potential exacerbating effects of co-occurring disorders on prisoner misconduct is surprising. With a sample of 1,470 incarcerated women offenders in Pennsylvania, this study examined prisoner misconduct among four distinct groups: 1) inmates with co-occurring disorders, 2) those with mental illness only, 3) inmates with substance use disorders only, and 4) prisoners with no mental health or substance use disorders net the effects of other factors demonstrated in prior studies to influence institutional misconduct. Results suggested that female prisoners with mental health and co-occurring disorders were significantly more likely than those with no disorders to be charged with prison misconduct . Co-occurring disorder inmates were also more likely to be charged with both minor and serious misconduct compared to inmates with no disorders. The results of this study suggest that menttal health and co-occurring disorders may hinder the ability of some female offenders to successfully assimilate to the prison environment as evidenced by higher rates of institutional misbehavior. Practice and policy implications are discussed / Criminal Justice

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There is some evidence from scholarship that politeness norms in China are diversified. I maintain that a study aiming to provide systematic evidence of this would require an approach to politeness phenomena that is able to address such diversity. Drawing upon the insights of recent scholarship on the distinction between the modernist and postmodernist approaches to politeness, I survey relevant literature. I show that many current works on politeness argue that the modernist approach (Lakoff 1973/1975, Brown and Levinson 1987[1978], Leech 1983) generally tends to assume that society is relatively homogeneous with regard to politeness norms. By contrast, I demonstrate that the postmodernist approach to politeness (e.g. Eelen 2001, Mills 2003, Watts 2003) foregrounds the heterogeneity of society and the rich variability of politeness norms within a given culture. I argue that, by using a postmodernist approach to politeness, it is possible to show evidence of differences between groups of the Chinese in their politeness behaviour and the informing norms of politeness. I then explore this issue in depth by focusing on compliments and compliment responses (CRs). I show that studies on these speech acts in Chinese have to date tended to adopt a modernist approach to politeness and often assume a compliment and a CR to be easily identifiable. Moreover, I show that they do not address the heterogeneity of Chinese society and generally assume interactants to be homogeneous in terms of politeness norms that inform compliment and CR behaviours. On this basis, I raise the questions as to whether, by adopting a postmodernist rather than modernist approach, there is empirical evidence that politeness norms informing compliments and CRs vary among the Chinese, and whether these norms correlate with generation. v To this end, by audio-recording both spontaneous naturally occurring conversations and follow-up interviews, I construct a corpus of compliments and CRs generated by two generations of the Chinese brought up before and after the launch of China's reform. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of these data show that there is variation in compliment and CR behaviours in Chinese and the informing politeness norms. Furthermore, the result shows that this variation is correlated with generation. I then show how, by using a research methodology which emphasizes the interactants' perceptions obtained through follow-up interviews, my study brings to light problems with previous studies on compliments and CRs which hitherto are not addressed. By showing evidence that compliments and CRs are not as easy to identify as many previous researchers have indicated. I argue that my emic approach to data analysis provides a useful perspective on the complexity of intention in studies on speech acts and perhaps beyond. My study, therefore, makes an interesting contribution to the debate over this notion central to politeness research. Moreover, I argue my methodology which is able to categorize and analyze data according to participants' self-reported perceptions allows me to draw out differences in the two generations' compliment and CR behaviours and the informing politeness norms.

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4 pp. / This short fact sheet is taken from "Arizona Well Owner's Guide to Water Supply" currently in print. We plan to complete part 2 of this fact sheet by the end of July, 2009. Please note that the text has already been incorporated into the eXtension Community of Practice web page - - I am the author for the COP/Drinking Water group text on chemistry of naturally occurring water contaminants. / Arizona well water is often contaminated with elevated concentrations of naturally occurring constituents that are a human health concern. This short fact sheet is the first in a two-part series about what naturally occurring contaminants may be found in your water supply well and includes a brief discussion on environmental pollutants that originate from land use activities. If you own a well in Arizona, you have the sole responsibility for checking to see if your drinking water is contaminated. Arizona state law does not require private well owners to test or treat their water for purity. The second part of this series outlines what to sample for and how to understand your analytical results.

This exploratory, quantitative study investigated the prevalence rate of people with cooccurring substance-related and psychiatric disorders (CODs). A treatment-seeking sample from Houghton House Addiction Recovery Centre in Johannesburg, South Africa was used. Details of the case histories of the clients were collected, coded and analysed using Statistical Analysis System (SAS). The results indicated that 57.1% of 419 clients had one or more co-occurring psychiatric disorder, along with a substance-related disorder. Of the 239 with a COD, 155 had a mood disorder, 40 had an anxiety disorder, 39 had ADHD, 35 had an eating disorder, 8 had a conduct disorder and 5 had schizophrenia. Statistically significant relationships were found for ADHD with cannabis-related disorders and polysubstance dependence; anxiety-related disorders with alcohol-related disorders; and mood disorders with cocaine-related disorders, possibly substance-induced disorders and substance-induced disorders. These results showed that there was large group of people who presented for substance abuse treatment who have one or more COD. Having a COD made the nature of their problems particularly complex. There is a need for greater awareness of this vulnerable group. This would serve to improve the treatment that people with CODs receive.

Past literature has showed that there have been several misdiagnosis of mental illness due to client’s delays in speech or introspection caused by an intellectual disability. It is believed that the intellectual disability is either interfering with the proper mental health diagnosis or a mental health diagnosis is unnecessarily being added to an intellectual disability. The study used a qualitative design that asked four psychiatrists on how they are treating their clients with an intellectual disability in addition to their mental illness. The interview guide asks about the difficulty in diagnosing individuals with a mental illness and a co-occurring intellectual disability. The proportion of clients also having an intellectual disability and co-occurring mental illness ranged from 5 to 20%. The problems that psychiatrists are running into are the fact that patients are not being correctly diagnosed before the age of 18 and are not able to get the resources that are needed, such as Inland Regional services.