Moral injury (MI) is associated with severe blame-related emotion and the development of psychopathology including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Little is known about how MI events are neurally processed when PTSD is comorbid, limiting the development of tailored interventions. Thus, this thesis sought to provide a novel, multi-method examination of the biological underpinnings of moral injury and relevant behavioural correlates. Study one provides the first investigation into the neural activation patterns elicited during MI event recall in military members and public safety personnel with PTSD, relative to MI-exposed civilian controls. In PTSD, emotional processing is challenged by heightened sensory information. Here, we provide evidence of heightened viscerosensory information processing (i.e. internal gnawing or gastrointestinal constriction related to blame-based emotion) during MI event recall, which appears to exert a strong influence over cortical regions facilitating moral cognitive processes including emotion regulation, autobiographical memory integration, and social cognition. Overwhelming visceral sensations can elicit defensive behaviour including tonic immobility (TI), a defensive response that facilitates viscerosensory dampening. Interestingly, more severe negative alterations in cognition and mood were associated with viscerosensory dampening in our PTSD group, pointing towards a compensatory pattern of emotional numbing. Studies two and three explore two posttraumatic symptoms consistent with emotional numbing: alexithymia and posttraumatic TI. In study two, we explore posttraumatic TI as a survival-based dissociative response and test a new measure of posttraumatic TI. In study three, we provide evidence that alexithymia is associated with an altered (muted) pattern of emotion-specific bodily sensation. This thesis provides a framework for embodied MI event processing in PTSD and highlights the importance of assessing the somatic experience of MI and screening for TI responses and emotional numbing as part of PTSD symptomatology. The evidence presented here suggests sensorimotor-based approaches and bottom-up regulatory strategies may be useful adjuncts to MI event processing. / Dissertation / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / Moral injury (MI) is a psychosocial-spiritual injury that can occur when deeply held values are violated either by oneself or a trusted other; it produces considerable pain and social alienation. MI has been linked to suicide and the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a mental health condition associated with distressing symptoms and reduced functioning in important areas of life, including social relationships. This thesis focuses on how MI events are processed by military members and public safety personnel, who are both at risk for MI and PTSD. We investigate how shame is experienced in the brain and body, and explore how intensified visceral sensations may become overwhelming (e.g., pit in stomach, vomiting) prompting emotional numbing or difficulties remaining embodied in the present moment (e.g., zoning out, freezing up). By understanding MI event processing when PTSD is present, we hope to gain insight into more effective treatments for these individuals.

No description available.

Combining chemotherapeutics to treat malignant tumors has been shown to be effectivein preventing drug resistance, tumor recurrence, and reducing tumor size. We modeledcombination drug therapy in PC-3 human prostate cancer cells using mixture design responsesurface methodology (MDRSM), a statistical technique designed to optimize compositions thatwe applied in a novel manner to design combinations of chemotherapeutics. Conventionalchemotherapeutics (mitoxantrone, cabazitaxel, and docetaxel) and natural bioactive compounds(resveratrol, piperlongumine, and flavopiridol) were used in twelve different combinationscontaining three drugs at varying concentrations. Cell viability and cell cycle data werecollected and used to plot response surfaces in MDRSM that identified the most effectiveconcentrations of each drug in combination. MDRSM allows for extrapolation of data fromthree or more compounds in variable ratio combinations, unlike the Chou-Talalay method.MDRSM combinations were compared with combination index data from the Chou-Talalaymethod and were found to coincide. We propose MDRSM as an effective tool in devisingcombination treatments that can improve treatment effectiveness, and increase treatmentpersonalization because MDRSM measures effectiveness rather than synergism, potentiation orantagonism.

No description available.

No description available.

For centuries humans and animals have shared their lives. However, it is only in recent decades that the phenomenon of the human-animal bond and the possible therapeutic implications thereof has begun to be explored. Due to this exploration, many research programmes have sprung up around the world, investigating the implementation of animals as an intervention in various institutions. These programmes have produced overwhelmingly positive and encouraging results. However, the research remains sparse where the significance of a naturally occurring human-animal bond is concerned. From within an ecosystemic worldview, the relationship between humans and animals in the wider family system has not been extensively investigated. This dissertation explores such a relationship, investigating the meanings and experiences within the relationship, and how this relationship and significant systems around it impact one another. The implications and possible therapeutic nature of this type of relationship will be considered. / Psychology / M.A. (Clinical Psychology)

Les personnes en situation d’itinérance, principalement des hommes, représentent pour certains une culture au sein de laquelle on identifie des personnes atteintes de troubles concomitants de santé mentale et d’abus de substances. Déjà vulnérables de par leur statut domiciliaire précaire, les personnes atteintes de cette concomitance le sont davantage et tendent à être plus isolées de leur famille que celles ne rencontrant pas cette double problématique. Le soutien familial est toutefois reconnu comme un élément favorisant l’engagement de comportements de santé et réduisant l’itinérance. Le but de cette étude était alors de décrire, du point de vue des hommes en situation d’itinérance atteints de troubles concomitants de santé mentale et d’abus de substances, les relations qu’ils entretiennent avec leur famille. Pour ce faire, le devis choisi fût une ethnographie ciblée. Différents degrés d’observation participante au sein de la Mission Old Brewery et des entrevues avec neuf informateurs-clés ont été les principales méthodes de collecte des données. L’analyse des données qualitative était soutenue par le guide proposé par Roper et Shapira (2000) ainsi que l’épistémologie constructiviste et l’approche systémique familiale de Calgary (Wright & Leahey, 2013) qui furent les cadres de référence de cette étude. Les résultats font ressortir trois thèmes explicitant 1) l’influence du contexte de vie dans les relations familiales, 2) la teneur conflictuelle de ces relations ainsi que 3) le soutien familial perçu. Finalement, des recommandations pour la pratique infirmière ainsi que des pistes pour de futures recherches sont suggérées. / Homeless people are largely represented of men and account for some culture in which we identify people with co-occurring mental health and substance abuse. Already vulnerable because of their precarious housing status, people with this conjunction are even more vulnerable and tend to be more isolated from their families than those who don’t meet this dual challenge. Family support is however recognized as an element favoring the commitment of health behaviors and reducing homelessness. The purpose of this targeted ethnography was to described, in terms of men experiencing homelessness suffering from co-occurring mental health and substance abuse, their relationships with their families. Different degrees of participant observation in the Old Brewery Mission and interviews with nine key informants were the main data collection methods. The analysis of qualitative data was supported by the guide proposed by Roper and Shapira (2000) and constructivist epistemology and the family systematic approach of Calgary (Wright & Leahey, 2013) who were the frameworks of this study. The results highlight three themes explaining 1) the influence of the living environment in family relationships, 2) the conflictual content of these relations and 3) the perceived family support. Finally, recommendations for nursing practice and ways to future research are suggested.

Offender reentry, felony declassification, and the opioids epidemic have led to quick and widespread implementation of substance abuse and mental health treatment programming in justice settings. This tremendous increase in offender treatment programming has outpaced applied research on program quality and treatment efficacy. This study examined whether designated evidence-based practices are actually delivered in funded treatment initiatives. Secondary data was utilized from the National Institute of Justice’s CrimeSolutions.gov, a national evidence-based practice and program registry. A content analysis methodology examined CrimeSolutions.gov program profiles and topical refereed literature through systematic analysis of five offender treatment evidence-based practices (actuarial screening, co-occurring disorders treatment, medication assisted treatment, individual treatment planning, and isolated therapeutic communities). Findings indicate a variable degree of evidence-based practice delivery and orient discussion around how to improve the implementation of evidence-based practices toward enhancing offender substance abuse programming.

過去許多研究著眼於探討英文介系詞的語意，其中許多學者專注在單一介系詞的探討（e.g., Boers, 1996; Lindstromberg, 2010），其它學者則分析由動詞與介系詞組成之動詞片語、由介系詞與名詞組成之介系詞片語的語意（e.g. Larsen-Freeman & Celce-Murcia, 1999; Lindner, 1983; Quirk, Greenbaum, Leech, & Svartik, 1985）。過去這些研究大多在單一介系詞的框架下進行，鮮少有包含雙介系詞的句構的研究。本論文所研究之句構為：一個由動詞及UP/DOWN組成之動詞片語加上一個由IN與名詞組成之介系詞片語，在本句構中包含兩個連用之介系詞，本研究的分析包含雙介系詞的語意、動詞片語以及介系詞片語的語意，另外還包含此句構中所有語意的語意關連。 本研究採納並調整前人對介系詞、動詞片語以及介系詞片語的語意類別，以調整過的語意類別分析句構。研究結果發現在此句構中，雙介系詞大多含有隱喻概念，而大多的動詞片語則用來表達完成的動作語意，介系詞片語則多描繪空間概念或狀態。除此之外，我們發現此句構中的語意間有所關連，另外我們更發現UP和DOWN在本句構中並沒有完全對比的語意。 在本研究中，我們不同於以往研究只專注於一個介系詞或一個片語的分析，而是由三個角度切入探討一個含有雙介系詞的句構，未來期望能將本研究的結果運用在對比學習者對此句構的語言表現，並對介系詞的教學有更多貢獻。

Η παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή πραγματεύεται προβλήματα που αφορούν το χώρο της τεχνολογίας ομιλίας, με στόχο τη αναγνώριση συναισθημάτων από ομιλία με χρήση τεχνικών ψηφιακής επεξεργασίας σήματος και μηχανικής μάθησης. Πιο αναλυτικά, στα πλαίσια της διατριβής προτάθηκαν και μελετήθηκαν καινοτόμες μέθοδοι σε μια σειρά από εφαρμογές που αξιοποιούν σύστημα αναγνώρισης συναισθηματικών καταστάσεων από ομιλία. Ο βασικός στόχος των μεθόδων ήταν η αντιμετώπιση των προκλήσεων που παρουσιάζονται όταν ένα σύστημα αναγνώρισης συναισθηματικών καταστάσεων καλείται να λειτουργήσει σε πραγματικές συνθήκες, με αυθόρμητες αντιδράσεις, ανεξαρτήτως ομιλητή. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, στα πλαίσια της διατριβής, αξιολογήθηκε η συμπεριφορά ενός συστήματος αναγνώρισης συναισθημάτων σε προσποιητή ομιλία και σε διαφορετικές συνθήκες θορύβου, και συγκρίθηκε η απόδοση του συστήματος με την υποκειμενική αξιολόγηση των ακροατών. Επιπλέον, περιγράφηκε ο σχεδιασμός και η υλοποίηση βάση δεδομένων συναισθηματικής ομιλίας, όπως αυτή προκύπτει από την αλληλεπίδραση μη-έμπειρων χρηστών με ένα διαλογικό σύστημα και προτάθηκε ένα σύστημα το οποίο εντοπίζει αρνητικές συναισθηματικές καταστάσεις, στο ανεξάρτητου ομιλητή πρόβλημα, με χρήση μοντέλου Γκαουσιανών κατανομών. Η προτεινόμενη αρχιτεκτονική συνδυάζει παραμέτρους ομιλίας χαμηλού και υψηλού επιπέδου και εφαρμόζεται στα πραγματικά δεδομένα. Επίσης, αξιολογήθηκε και υλοποιήθηκε η πρακτική εφαρμογή ενός συστήματος αναγνώρισης συναισθημάτων βασισμένου σε οικουμενικό μοντέλο Γκαουσιανών κατανομών σε διαφορετικούς τύπους δεδομένων πραγματικής ζωής. Ακόμα, παρουσιάστηκε μια πρωτότυπη αρχιτεκτονική κατηγοριοποίησης για αναγνώριση συνυπαρχόντων συναισθημάτων από ομιλία προερχόμενη από αλληλεπίδραση σε πραγματικά περιβάλλοντα. Σε αντίθεση με γνωστές προσεγγίσεις, η προτεινόμενη αρχιτεκτονική μοντελοποιεί τις συνυπάρχουσες συναισθηματικές καταστάσεις μέσω της κατασκευής μιας πολυσταδιακής αρχιτεκτονικής κατηγοριοποίησης. Τα πειραματικά αποτελέσματα που διενεργήθηκαν υποδεικνύουν ότι η προτεινόμενη αρχιτεκτονική είναι πλεονεκτική για τις συναισθηματικές καταστάσεις που είναι πιο διαχωρίσιμες, γεγονός που οδηγεί σε βελτίωση της συνολικής απόδοσης του συστήματος. / In this doctoral dissertation a number of novel approaches were proposed and evaluated in different applications that utilize emotion awareness. The major target of the proposed methods was facing the difficulties existing, when an emotion recognition system is asked to operate in real-life conditions, where human speech is characterized by spontaneous and genuine formulations. In detail, within the present dissertation, the performance of an emotion recognition system was evaluated, initially, in acted speech, under different noise conditions, and this performance was compared to the one of human listeners. Further, the design and implementation of a real world emotional speech corpus is described, as this results from the interaction of naive users with a smart home dialogue system. Moreover, a system which utilizes low and high level descriptors was suggested. The suggested architecture leads to significantly better performance in some working points of the integrated system in the dialogue system. Furthermore, we propose a novel multistage classification scheme for affect recognition from real-life speech. In contrast with conventional approaches for affect/emotion recognition from speech, the proposed scheme models co-occurring affective states by constructing a multistage classification scheme. The empirical experiments performed indicate that the proposed classification scheme offers an advantage for those classes that are more separable, which contributes for improving the overall performance of the affect recognition system.