Objectives: The study objectives were to (1) determine the types and frequency of off-label (OL) or unlicensed (UL) medications used in a pediatric emergency department (PED) and before admission, (2) describe OL/UL-associated adverse drug events (ADEs) resulting in admission to the PED and those occurring during patient care in PED, and (3) determine the outcomes of these ADEs. Methods: Medical records of patients 18 years or younger admitted to the PED over a 5-month period were reviewed. Off-label/UL use of medications was determined based on Food and Drug Administration-approved labeling. The Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale was used to determine ADE causality. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: A total of 2191 patients with 6675 medication orders were evaluated. About 26.2% (n = 1712) of medication orders were considered as OL/ UL use; 70.5% (n = 1208) of these medications were ordered as part of treatment in the PED, and the remaining 29.5% (n = 504) were home medications before their PED evaluation. Inhaled bronchodilators (30.4%), antimicrobials (14.8%), and antihistamines/antiemetics (9.1%) were the most common OL/UL medication classes. The frequency of ADEs among licensed medication use was greater compared with OL/UL use by 2-fold. Reported overall rate of ADEs was 0.6% (n = 40). Of these 40 ADEs, 5 resulted from the use of an OL/UL medication, 3 from home medication use, and 2 from PED-prescribed medications. Conclusions: The frequency of reported ADEs associated with OL/UL medications was less than the frequency of ADEs from licensed medication use, with overall ADE frequency of less than 1%.

Både på sjöfarts- och den industriella sidan är det mycket fokus på effektivitet och optimering, samtidigt som vi kämpar för att ta hand om miljön vill vi sänka kostnaderna.  Särskilt produktionen av tryckluft är en sådan sak som motsätter sig det ovan nämnda. Med många energiförluster i form av föråldrade och läckande system, och felaktig kunskap om att optimera tryckluft, gör det till ett dyrt medium att producera. Denna rapport kommer att gå igenom reflektionerna oavsett om det lönar sig att installera den moderna tekniken med frekvensstyrd produktion av tryckluft, beroende på trycket i reservoaren och förbrukningen av luft som är beroende av produktionen av ny luft, jämfört med den on-/off-styrda kompressorn som startar och stoppar varje gång systemtrycket når sina börvärden. Genom att digitalisera och konvertera diagram över luftförbrukningen från en riktig anläggning som tillhandahållits, för att få luftförbrukningen för varje minut med hjälp av Engauge Digitizer, kunde beräkningar göras för att se hur mycket energi som krävs för att upprätthålla trycket och luftmassan i systembehållaren. Denna beräkning gjordes på ett system med en on-/off-styrd skruvkompressor och på ett system med en frekvensstyrd skruvkompressor. Enligt de beräkningar som gjorts förbrukade den frekvensstyrda skruvkompressorn mindre energi än den on-/off-styrda skruvkompressorn. Under en veckas luftförbrukningsmätningar visade det sig att det fanns en skillnad på cirka 480 kWh mellan de två teknikerna.

Le changement global, à travers l'impact des activités humaines sur les processus qui régulent le fonctionnement du système terrestre, pose des défis pour la société. L'accélération de multiples types de pressions humaines a eu des répercussions sur les systèmes socio-écologiques méditerranéens, notamment la réduction des contributions de la nature au bien-être humain, appelées services écosystémiques (SE). Un enjeu d’avenir est de comprendre comment les pressions sur les systèmes socio-écologiques (l'urbanisation, les pratiques de gestion des terres et les politiques de conservation de la nature) affectent l’approvisionnement des SE dans le bassin méditerranéen. L'objectif principal de cette thèse est d'analyser comment les flux de SE du bassin méditerranéen et les compromis entre eux sont affectés par les facteurs de changement. Une évaluation multidisciplinaire, couvrant de multiples échelles spatiales allant du bassin local au bassin méditerranéen a été utilisée pour analyser les changements dans l’offre et la demande de SE. Les impacts de l'urbanisation et des systèmes de gestion agricole couramment appliqués ce sont révélés négatifs sur l'offre de SE, ce qui pourrait entraver les progrès dans le cadre des objectifs de développement durable (ODD). Une meilleure gestion des systèmes d’utilisation des terres le long du gradient rural-urbain et l’engagement des acteurs pourraient donc contribuer à assurer les progrès des ODD. Les méthodes et les données choisies affectent les tendances des SE, les synergies et les compromis identifiés. Je conclus sur la nécessité d'appliquer une évaluation intégrée des SE pour fournir une estimation des tendances / Global change, through the impact of human activities on the processes that regulate the functioning of the earth system, poses important challenges to society. The acceleration of human pressures during the last decades has had profound impacts on mediterranean socio-ecological systems including the reduction of important contributions from nature to human well-being, referred to as ecosystem services (ES). There is growing concern about how pressures of social-ecological systems, in particular urbanization, land management practices and nature conservation policies, will affect the supply of ES in the mediterranean basin.The main goal of this thesis is to analyze how ES flows in the mediterranean basin area, and the trade-offs between them, are affected by drivers of change. To this end, a multidisciplinary assessment perspective, covering multiple spatial scales from the local to the mediterranean basin has been used to analyze changes in ES supply and demand. The revealed impacts of urbanization and commonly applied agricultural management systems negatively impact the supply of ES which may hinder the progress mediterranean countries strive for within the frame of the SDGs. Better management of land use systems along the rural-urban gradient and the engagement of stakeholders could help to assure progress towards the SDGs. The chosen methods and data affect the results with regards to ES trends, synergies and trade-offs detected. In this thesis I recognize the need to apply integrated ES assessment to provide the estimation of trends, and the existence of shared knowledge within stakeholder groups that can provide the much needed link between theory and practice

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The aim of this study was to determine how the performance of the Egyptian high jumpers is depending on the kinematic parameters of a take-off phase. The sample of the study has been selected from competitors of the high jump event - three jumpers representing the Egyptian international athletic team. The researcher has studied the sample using a direct measurement by a synchronized 3D video system to measure the kinematic parameters. The researcher has found a relation between record level and vertical velocity components with improvement in technique and better fitness levels, thus the Egyptian jumpers can achieve further progress in their results. This raises optimism because Omer Samir (A2) is very young and his current record 2.02m gives hope for future World - Class. Key words High jump, kinematic parameters, take-off phase.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the crossflow and off-the-surface velocity traces on a moderately swept wing at transonic Mach numbers. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) was used to generate the data used to visualize the flow field. This was done for angles of attack of 6, 7, 8 and 10 degrees at a Mach number of 0.8. An overview of flow topology and singular point theory is given as a means to describe the flow field and describe the differences between it at various angles of attack. After performing an investigation of the crossflow velocity traces it was verified that the use of a line of separation in the flow topology as an indication for flow separation is a necessary condition. It was also found that the crossflow topology is more sensitive to shock location than to angle of attack. It has been verified that a line of separation, as defined by Tobak and Peake [ref 1], in the crossflow is an indication that separation may be present on the surface of the wing. Furthermore, shocks complicate the crossflow. In all of the cases the crossflow just aft of a shock becomes much more complex than it was before the shock. New singular points appear and interactions between singular points arise. As angle of attack is increased the flow topology changes critically only in the change from 6 to 7 degrees. This is the range in angle of attack in which a sudden shift in the location of the shock occurs, so it may be postulated that for this wing the flow topology is more sensitive to shock location as opposed to angle of attack. Comparing the topology between the 7, 8 and 10 degree cases, supports this hypothesis as the topology is similar before and after the shock for each case. The flow topology for each case before the shock is much different then the topology just aft of the shock. The investigation of off-the surface traces has shown that as angle of attack is increased the area of separated flow not only grows but also becomes more complex. For the 6 degree angle of attack case, the region of separated flow was concentrated near the surface and as one moved off the surface the flow quickly returned to the attached flow direction with no singular points. This was the case for the 7 degree angle of attack case only the flow did not reattach until after one moved approximately 0.25 feet off the surface. As the angle of attack was increased the distance off the surface in which the flow returned to moving in the downstream direction increased. Furthermore, as angle of attacked was increased the number of singular points and their intensity grew. It was also verified that in all of the cases investigated the presence of a line of separation was an indication of separated flow. Moreover, in all but two cases there were two lines of separation. One located along the furthest outboard and inboard area of the separated region. No lines of separation were observed in or around attached flow, thus the lines of separation may not only indicate that separation is present but in fact give a location for the separated region. / Master of Science

The thesis Is concerned with the development of a separately excited DC machine In which gate turn-off thyristor devices with their associated firing and protective circuits are used to provide the static commutation of armature coil current. The developed machine has Its armature winding with 24 tapping points located on the stator and Interconnected In "Lop" configuration. The Initiation of the conduction periods of armature switching devices Is defined by a digital control logic circuit. In conjunction with an Incremental rotary encoder which provides the necessary feedback Information relating to shaft speed and shaft angular position. This Is arranged such that, under normal running conditions of the machine, the axis of the radial field of the armature winding maintains the normal space-quadrature relationship with that of the main field winding, giving the optimal torque angle of 000. Provision Is made, however, within the digital control circuit for controlled departure of the armature switch tapping points from the quadrature axis positions, and the effect of this, In Improving commutation Is Investigated. The effect of Interpoles Is also explored. On the basis of the analysis carried out, a proposal Is made for the future development of the machine employing a reduced number of armature switching devices without the need for Interpole windings. / Electricity Directorate, Ministry of Works, Power and Water, Manama, Bahrain.

<p> Even with a good fit to nucleon-nucleon scattering data, there is considerable freedom in the off-energy-shell behaviour of the nuclear reaction matrix because of (1) the unavailability of the elastic scattering data in the high energy region and (2) the assumptions about the non-locality of the interaction. We have investigated off-energy shell behaviour by developing 'super' soft core potentials and several pairs of phase shift equivalent separable, local and momentum dependent potentials. Nuclear matter calculations were done using these potentials in order to study the sensitivity of the binding energy to the differences in the off-energy-shell behaviour. The effective range formula has been extended to the off-energy-shell case.</p> / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

The wide band-gap semiconductor silicon carbide has tremendous potential for use in high power, high temperature, and high frequency electronic devices. One of the more important design factors for these devices is the epitaxial layer. It is desirable that this thin film have uniform polytype, thickness, and impurity concentration, as well as be defect free. One method used for SiC to ensure epitaxial layers with homogenous polytype is to cut wafers from a boule that has been tilted towards a specific crystallographic face at a fixed angle (known as ?off cut?). The purpose of this thesis was to investigate the growth mechanisms of alternative boule tilting directions with 6H-SiC. Four alternative crystallographic tilting faces were chosen: <1230>, <1340>, <2130>, and <3140>. A lightly doped 1um-thick layer was grown on samples representing the four alternative off-cut directions and, as references, commercially available substrates off cut towards the traditional direction <1120>. The physical and electrical properties of the layers were characterized by means of optical microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy, Atomic Force Microscopy, capacitance vs. voltage, and current vs. voltage. Three facts were observed: 1) the alternative off-cut directions affected the growth mechanisms and surface morphology, 2) the quality of the substrate affects the morphology of the epitaxy layer, and 3) the relative differences between the surface roughness attributed to the different off-cut directions affected the observed electrical characteristics of Schottky barrier diodes fabricated on the epi layers. The samples cut towards the <31-40> and <13-40> directions showed to the most promising alternative off-axis tilting direction.