The challenge of managing the present and projected electricity energy needs along with targets of mitigating CO2 emissions leads to the need for energy systems to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and rely on more energy from renewable sources. The integration of more renewable energy technologies to meet present and future electricity demand leads to more challenges in matching the trade-o between economic, resilient, reliable and environmentally friendly solutions. Energy storage technologies can provide temporal resilience to energy systems by solving these challenges. Energy storage systems can improve the reliability of energy systems by reducing the mismatch between supply and demand due to the intermittency of renewable energy sources. This thesis presents a comprehensive analysis of various energy storage systems, analyzing their speci c characteristics including capital cost, e ciency, lifetime and their usefulness in di erent applications. Di erent hybrid energy systems are designed to analyze the impacts of renewable and non-renewable energy sources and energy storage systems in residential on-grid and o -grid buildings and districts. An optimization analysis is performed to determine which technology combinations provide the most economic solution to meet electric energy demands. The optimization analysis is solved using the "energy hub" model formulation which optimizes energy system operation and capacity of di erent technologies. Di erent energy systems can be optimized by using energy hub model, including multiple input energy carriers that are converted to multiple energy outputs. The analysis in this thesis employs a building simulation tool to model residential building, and real data sets to explore the di erent electricity pro le e ects on the results. The environmental e ect of hybrid energy systems comparing with base cases of conventional energy systems or grid connection are also analyzed. Results show that the feasibility of energy storage systems is a factor of di erent variables including capital cost of energy converters and energy storage systems, cost of input streams (grid electricity in on-grid systems and diesel fuel in o -grid systems, energy demand pro les and availability of renewable energy sources. The on-grid single and district buildings do not select storage technologies at current costs due to cheap grid electricity. Reduction in the cost of renewable energy technologies and/or energy storage systems (e.g. Li-ion batteries) results in more energy storage installations. In o -grid systems (single buildings and districts), Li-ion battery and pumped hydro are the main storage systems that can balance the daily and seasonal energy demands. / Graduate / 2021-03-13

The development of new communities to facilitate the growing population isan ongoing trend, with locations outside the city limits so as to have morearea and less pollution. The main need in isolated communities is to secureenergy demand, which is normally done with power supply from the maingrid, which will require new transmission lines and transformer installation,among other things. As we strive for net-zero energy buildings, the energysource should be renewable and clean. So far, the most common andefficient renewable sources available in abundance are solar and windpower. So, based on the location, we investigate how we can make thesystem of combined solar, and wind power a successful energy source sothat the load of the community can be fulfilled while at the same time thepower from the main grid is isolated. This analysis is done for off-gridsystems to analyze a combined Solar and Wind energy production andcalculate the needed storage, also presenting a comparison with Dieselbased generation and an Economical perspective,for the different locations.As an output of this analysis a program has been developed to examineother locations on bases of local load data.

Examensarbetet som presenteras i denna rapport är ett delprojekt utfört i samarbete med Glava Energy Center och redovisar framtagningen av ett PV-system för den eldrivna båten Bowter. I rapporten utfördes en energianalys där solinstrålning i olika plan studerades och analyserades. Möjligheter att utöka antalet solceller baserat på båtens design undersöktes, där båtens horisontella badbrygga samt vertikala långsidor bedömdes vara de ytor som var lämpliga för placering. Förslag på konfigurationer av PV-systemet dimensionerades och den förväntade mängden genererad energi och laddning beräknades. Systemet som togs fram skulle enligt beräkningar i genomsnitt generera mellan 1,06–2,22kWh energi per dag och kosta omkring tio tusen kronor. Energianalysen visade att solceller placerade i 30–40° lutning i genomsnitt skulle kunna generera mellan 20–43 procent mer energi och laddning än den valda vertikala placeringen. Med båtens nuvarande design utan några möjligheter för placering av solceller i lutande plan går därmed denna potentiella mängd energi förlorad. Praktiska mätningar av energi via reflektioner från vattenytan visar heller inga övertygande tecken på att rädda upp för denna mängd förlorad energi. Simuleringar av det framtagna systemet genomfördes och jämfördes med det beräknade genomsnittet, vilket visade att man skulle kunna förvänta sig cirka 25 procent mer energi under klara förhållanden och 76 procent mindre energi under svåra väderförhållanden med långvariga och heltäckande moln. Av resultaten drogs slutsatsen att det mest praktiska alternativet för maximal systemeffekt är att möjliggöra placering av fler solceller i horisontellt plan via t.ex. en takdel och på den vägen erhålla ett mer pålitligt och förutsägbart resultat som både skulle vara mer effektivt samt ekonomiskt fördelaktigt i jämförelse med det framtagna systemet. / The thesis work presented in this report is a sub-project carried out in collaboration with Glava Energy Center and reports on the development of a PV system for the electric boat Bowter. In the report, an energy analysis was performed where solar irradiance in different planes was studied and analyzed. Opportunities to increase the number of solar cells based on the boat's design were investigated, where the boat's horizontal swim platform and vertical sides were determined to be the areas that were suitable for placement. Proposals for configurations of the PV system were sized and the expected amount of generated energy and charge capacity were calculated. According to calculations the proposed system would on average generate between 1.06–2.22kWh of energy per day and cost around SEK 10,000. The energy analysis showed that solar cells placed at an angle of 30–40° could on average generate between 20–43 percent more energy and charge than the chosen vertical placement. With the boat's current design without any possibilities for placing solar cells in an inclined plane, this potential amount of energy is lost. Practical measurements of energy via reflections from the water surface show no convincing signs of compensating for this amount of lost energy. Simulations of the proposed system were carried out and compared with the calculated average, which showed that one could count on about 25 percent more energy in clear conditions and 76 percent less energy in harsh weather conditions with long-lasting and overcast clouds. From the results, it was concluded that the most practical alternative for maximum system power is to enable the placement of additional solar cells in a horizontal plane via e.g. a roof section and in that way obtain a more reliable and predictable result that would be both more efficient and economically advantageous in comparison with the proposed system.

This thesis deals with energy self-sufficiency focusing on the independence of the electric grid. Basic line emanating project form a concrete proposal for autonomous energy supply system. Emphasis is placed primarily on photovoltaic systems, electric energy accumulation and selection of individual components of such a system. Another important part of the thesis is also an economic evaluation of design variations. The thesis also deals with a market research, and thereof derived benefit assessment of each technology. The accompanying chapters are then devoted to the history of autonomous life style or classification of buildings according to their energy performance.

Aim of the master's thesis is at first to explain appropriate light sources and lighting systems; secondly present suitable light sources selection for lighting a small space and design of an off-grid system. The last part consists of an overview about alternative energy transformations to light energy. The first of these three major themes focuses on the analysis of light sources suitable for use in applications with accumulation together with data on energy efficiency and the utilization efficiency associated with them, concentrating on their consumption and possible energy saving lighting within small applications. It ends with a description and calculations of electricity energy indicators for different types of rooms. The second and main part of the thesis is focusing on suitable light sources selection for off-grid systems and impacts on humans and the environment associated with it. An object representing a small application has been created in RELUX® software with suitable light sources installed in it. For this scene, appropriate parts of off-grid systems were selected, which could be used to power the proposed lighting. The last theme consists of a brief about alternative sources, most of which are still in development or existing only at a theoretical level. All of these alternative sources are having a possible application in the future.