En 2005, l’article 1er du Statut général des militaires était révisé. A la version précédente de 1972, était ajoutée l’exigence du consentement au sacrifice suprême comme contrainte liée à l’état militaire. Cet ajout nous a conduit à nous poser une question simple mais essentielle : si le sacrifice suprême est une caractéristique fondamentale et traditionnelle du métier des armées, pourquoi a-t-il été jugé nécessaire de le faire apparaitre dans un texte de loi encadrant l’activité militaire ? De cette simple question sont nées de nombreuses interrogations portant sur la pratique du sacrifice et les normes qui l’entourent. Au travers de l’approche constructiviste et de perspectives provenant de différentes disciplines académiques telles que la sociologie, la philosophie, l’histoire ou les relations internationales cette thèse vise à démontrer que le sacrifice suprême ne devrait pas être imposé par une loi. En montrant que le sacrifice est avant tout une pratique religieuse et économique adossée à une transcendance et au besoin de reconnaissance, ce travail souligne qu’en l’absence de ces éléments le sacrifice suprême ne peut être exigé. Par ailleurs, envisagée hors du cadre des guerres traditionnelles, la mort pro patria, initialement légitimée par la défense de la patrie, n’est plus pertinente. L’intervention en Afghanistan illustre nos réflexions. Cette étude de cas permet d’expliquer comment, afin de maintenir l’idéalité du sacrifice suprême, cette intervention a été décidée dans le cadre d’un processus de sécurisation et été présentée de manière trompeuse comme une guerre justifiée par la menace que le terrorisme représente à l’encontre des démocraties libérales. / In 2005 the 1972 Statut général des militaires (General statute of military personnel) underwent a major revision: the addition of the consent to supreme sacrifice to the constraints of the profession of arms. This addition gives rise to a simple but essential question: why, given that sacrificing one’s life for the nation is the very essence of the military, is it necessary to add such an obligation in a legal document? From this simple question stem many other interrogations about the practice of supreme sacrifice and the norms surrounding it. Through the constructivist approach and using perspectives from different academic fields such as sociology, philosophy, history and international relations, this doctoral thesis aims at demonstrating that supreme sacrifice should not be imposed by a law. Showing that sacrifice is first and foremost a religious and economic practice built up against both a transcendence and the need for gratefulness, this work underlines that in the absence of these factors supreme sacrifice cannot be demanded. Furthermore, out of the framework of traditional wars the pro patria mori, initially legitimized by the need to defend the homeland, is no longer relevant. In order to support our point we will use the case of the intervention in Afghanistan, demonstrating how, in order to maintain the ideality of supreme sacrifice, it has been decided through a securitization process and presented in a misleading way as a war justified by the threat terrorism represents to liberal democracies.

The Diploma thesis deals with the issue of stress and load at the prison officers. In the theoretical part are described the stress and load concepts, we deal with the coping of the load situations, the issue of load and stress in the work environment and specifically in the group of the prison officers too. The aim of the Diploma's thesis is to map the specifics in coping with stress in this group of the people. For this purpose were used three questionnaires - SVF 78, OSI-R and a self-construction questionnaire. The collected data are statistically analyzed and the obtained results are subsequently interpreted. The work output are the recommendations for the practice that could help with the elimination of the most common stress sources, the prison officers faced at work. Key words: load, stress, coping, prison officers

M.Comm. (Financial Management) / Although general studies have been conducted on the agency problem, such studies have not focused on the relationship between executive remuneration and company performance. Many of the studies conducted abroad have focused on quantitative methods using regression analysis to understand the relationships between diverse financial performance measures and a variety of performance appraisal techniques. This study aims at establishing the relationship between executive remuneration and company financial performance on the basis of 20 of the largest companies listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange Ltd (JSE). It has been observed that JSE-listed South African companies have almost a standard governance framework for determining salary structures of CEOs and directors. Furthermore it can be seen that most performance-linked payouts for CEO's and directors are based on measurement criteria established which are based on actual performance levels achieved. For this reason, it may be concluded that short-term targets are crucial to keeping a business going, to ensure positive cash flows, manage working capital, and achieve year-on-year growth of revenues and profits. However, to ensure survival and sustainability of the business in the changing global and local environments, long-term strategies should be formulated and various steps should be taken by CEOs, supported by other executive and non-executive directors. This research focuses on short-term goals and their influence on executive remuneration for CEOs and CFOs. The performance measures selected for this study were revenues, profits, share price and net asset value. These performance measures selected are supported by the relevant academic literature. The results of this study reveal that CEOs and CFOs have received lower remuneration in the form of bonuses as a result of companies not achieving their short-term goals.

Masters in Public Administration - MPA / The aim of the study was to investigate why it was deemed necessary to train and localise the public and private sectors by the Swaziland government. The efforts began shortly before Swaziland attained independence in 1968. Many of the initiative to localisation started in pre-colonial Swaziland in 1966 leading to independence. The study also examined the drawbacks to training and localisation and how these were overcome. Swaziland inherited and was strongly dependent upon a strongly entrenched cadre of top-level public service and private administrators who were expatriates. The study also examined how far localisation has gone to date. / South Africa

Magister Administrationis - MAdmin / Training and development is an important issue in South African Local Government. These are related concepts. However, more emphasis is placed on training in this research report. Several authors argued that the majority of South African workers need new or significantly expanded skills to keep up with the demands of their jobs. Employee training and development (T&D) is seen as a key factor in meeting the employer’s strategic, business and operational goals. Others mentioned that the people who work in the public sector must constantly strive to act in a way that will lead to improvement of the quality of service delivery by public institutions. They also mentioned that training is aimed at the practical application of knowledge as well as the development of specific behavior patterns, attitudes and motives with a view to realizing goals (Carrell et al., 1999). The population increase leads to the expansion of organizations and their responsibilities. The changing constitutional and political dispensation of South Africa demands certain amendments and changes to be made by organizations. Increased pollution and shortage of natural resources demand certain strategies. The shortage of trained manpower causes higher demand to be made on the available manpower. All these shows needs and demands for training and development. Cloete and Mokgoro (1995:91) argued that the new government would have to rely heavily on the public service to implement new policy and facilitate development. They added that the council should develop broad guidelines for public sector training. Further these would relate to current and future human resource needs for the public service. In addition, such a policy would set standards for trainers and training programs (Cloete and Mokgoro, 1995). Training and development needs are examined in this research report to see how the Helderberg Municipality (Western Cape) has conducted its training. The study aims to identify the key obstacles for effective training. Some authors suggest that the simplest method of conducting a training survey is to go around asking managers and supervisors what they think are the training priorities in their department. The result obtained may be subjective but as long as the surveys are analyzed carefully, they would prove a useful starting point for analysis. The literature also suggests that the management and supervisors must feel involved from the beginning. This study focuses on the Helderberg Municipality. The researcher relied on the literature to gain more information about training and development, especially in the South African situation. Some interviews were conducted in the Helderberg Municipality. The study is based on both qualitative and quantitative methods. This researcher used the qualitative methods because she considered them as useful and that they would give her a wider scope. By contrast, the quantitative method would be useful hence figures are also provided. Some interviews were conducted with the Training Manager of the Helderberg Municipality. The study could help the Helderberg Municipality to rectify its weaknesses and deal with their current challenges of training and development. Policy makers and consultants could use the results of this study to formulate policies for municipalities. Lastly, students could also benefit from this study by using it as a source of reference. / South Africa

Master of Public Health - MPH / Background:cholera outbreaks have almost become a norm in Lusaka district with the onset of rains.The disease forms part of the preventable diarrhea diseases that have greatly contributed to the high morbidity and mortality rates especially in children under five. In an effort to mitigate the recurrence of cholera in the district of Lusaka, various strategies have been employed to resolve the crisis. However none have investigated the skill or capacity of the public health officers involved in health promotion and disease prevention,themselves. Therefore in this study, focus is turned on one of the integral officers in this public health arena who seem directly involved in preventive health, the Environmental Health Officers. The aim is to clarify their role and skills capacity with the hope of initiating a process of developing appropriate skills and therefore positively contribute to the fight to contain cholera outbreaks.Study Design:this is mainly a qualitative descriptive study that seeks to gain insight into the problem EHOs in Lusaka may be facing in averting cholera outbreaks by exploring in-depth, their attitudes, beliefs and values concerning their role and capacity with consideration to the training they receive to prepare them for their role. The sample was drawn from the EHO’s from 26 health centers under the jurisdiction of the Lusaka Urban District Health Management Team (LUDHMT).Data Collection:data was collected from the EHOs through focus group discussions to scrutinize how their knowledge and experience interact in their setting. Consequently, a few follow-up EHO interviews were done for further clarification of recorded data. Face to face, semistructured interviews were conducted with their supervisors as well as EHO trainers from the two local colleges concerned with EHO training. UWC, SOPH, mini-thesis, Hilary Chibiya, 2520505.May 2009 Analysis of Results:a qualitative approach to data analysis was employed which commenced during data collection through member checking to comparing, coding, categorizing and seeking meaningful interpretations of emerging themes.Discussion and Conclusion:while the EHOs’ perceive themselves essentially as promoters of environmental health,this study discovered that they dwell more on control measures in the matter of cholera out breaks. Even though they feel confident to contain an outbreak they expressed a lack in the level of skills they possessed to enable them to monitor, evaluate and consequently get rid of the all the factors that cause the disease to recur. Inevitably with this lack of self-assurance to eradicate cholera they seem resolved to focusing their resources to adequately prepare for the control of cholera than its prevention, instead. Very importantly, it was found that both policy development and training are to lagging behind the demands of the EHOs current role and their work is hindered by lack of funds specific to prevention activities complicated by an unhealthy donor dependency. There also is a need for all the key players in the environmental Health arena to appreciate the shift in the role of an EHO from the former traditional responsibilities because the incidence of cholera could keep recurring unless all these stakeholders could join forces in training and supporting the EHO appropriately.UWC, SOPH, mini-thesis, Hilary Chibiya, 2520505.May 2009

Magister Legum - LLM / Zimbabwe is regarded as one of the most corrupt countries on the African continent. The absence of an assets declaration regime in Zimbabwe has made it difficult to hold accountable public officers implicated in corruption and found in possession of unexplained assets. Corruption by public officers is hard to detect and prove, especially when there are no measures to ensure official acknowledgement of their assets. This paper confronts an important gap in the anti-corruption laws of Zimbabwe. It examines the importance of assets declarations as a tool to fight corruption by public officers in Zimbabwe. In doing so, it will deal also with the main elements of an assets declaration regime for Zimbabwe. Finally, the research provides recommendations on how Zimbabwe can establish an effective assets declaration system to ensure transparency, accountability and openness in the public sector. / German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD)

Magister Legum - LLM / German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD)

Approved for public release, distribution unlimited / Approved for public release; distribution unlimited. / Healthcare costs throughout the United States are on the rise, drawing increased scrutiny from government officials and Congress. The cost of pharmacy operations and pharmaceuticals is growing at a rate that is alarmingly higher than that of the total cost of military healthcare itself. Recent congressional legislation has essentially given the Department of Defense the ultimatum to cut costs for beneficiaries wherever possible, or risk having benefits arbitrarily cut by Congress. In the face of this possibility, cutting costs through better business practices must be explored, particularly within the area of pharmacy operations. This project explores the potential cost savings that can be realized by implementing Lean Six Sigma (LSS) methodology in the pharmacy operations of the DoD Medical Treatment Facilities (MTF). This research proves that implementing Lean Six Sigma methodology will improve military pharmacy operations, often at little cost, while realizing significant savings and increased customer satisfaction.

Although Zimbabwe is a signatory to various regional and international conventions, treatises, declarations and protocols that seek to promote and create an environment conducive the attainment of gender equality, despite all these commitments, the Zimbabwean Government still lags behind in the area of political participation of women. This study was done to investigate gender equality and the level of participation in governmental decision making processes with specific reference to the cabinet of Zimbabwe. The subject for discussion was traced back to 1980 when Zimbabwe gained its independence and the researcher aimed to ascertain whether there was any significant improvement in terms of women’s participation in governmental decision-making processes and structures. The study also unravelled reasons why women have been at the peripherals of decision- making in cabinet. The study also brought out and evaluated the strategies used by the government of Zimbabwe in managing a gender-sensitive working environment and the legislation that has been put in place to guide the process. At the same time an evaluation was done among the respondents to ascertain the strengths and weaknesses of the strategies identified. Political parties were also included in the process since women who find their way into parliament do so using the tickets of their respective political parties. The political parties have a role to play since they have their respective constitutions in gender sensitive issues and it remains to be seen if they are implementing this which would result in identifying the numbers of women who are in the cabinet. The study is of significance to the Zimbabwean situation at the moment as the country is in the process of drafting a new constitution. The current Constitution in its Section 23 which provides for “protection from discrimination on the grounds of race, tribe, political opinion or physical disability of the persons concerned it is not clear as to what form of representation or position women should occupy in politics and decision-making positions. Given the above research analysis it is possible to conclude that indeed women have an impact on decision making in cabinet. The findings show the impact of considering the value of women in decision-making bodies as they spearheading development in their respective wards and the nation at large. Women were also viewed as decision makers who would contribute in the development of the nation just as much as men are assumed to do. The empowerment of women legislators and the aspiring candidates is a process that has a long way to go to ensure gender equality in governmental decision making processes but it is a necessary process.