A dissertação analisa experiências de ensino bilíngue nos Centros de Experimentação de Educação e Formação (CEEF) e no Projeto de Apoio ao Ensino Bilíngue no Arquipélago de Ilhas Bijagós (PAEBB), em Bubaque, região de Bolama Bijagós, Guiné-Bissau. Aborda a problemática da relação entre línguas e saberes locais, no processo de alfabetização e no currículo do Ensino Básico, com finalidade de reconhecer suas vantagens para a aprendizagem das crianças em escolarização inicial. Esta discussão é baseada na institucionalização do kriol e abre a possibilidade de integrar os conteúdos e práticas culturais no currículo local. A finalidade da introdução do kriol como língua de ensino é reduzir a distância entre a escola e a comunidade, assim como descolonizar o próprio currículo, saber e poder (QUIJANO, 2005). O ensino bilíngue dos CEEF e PAEBB integra saberes comunitários para estimular aprendizagens, utilizando e reconhecendo as línguas locais na escola. Essa premissa sustenta que as escolas devem associar-se à cultura autóctone e ao seu valor intrínseco. Entende-se que a inclusão dos saberes locais na escola pode facilitar aprendizagem e contextualizar os conhecimentos socioculturais locais. Com a introdução da língua local, o kriol, cria-se um espaço de convivência dos saberes local e universal e lança-se um repto aos educadores no sentido de serem responsáveis na produção e disseminação de conhecimento. A base teórica do trabalho é fundada no pensamento de Paulo Freire (1978), acerca da relação entre educação e cultura nos processos de alfabetização; Michael Apple (2000), base para pensar o currículo; Clifford Geertz (1997), para o conceito de cultura. O material empírico foi produzido em pesquisa de campo, com busca documental no Ministério de Educação e no escritório da Fundação para o Apoio ao Desenvolvimento dos Povos dos Arquipélagos de Bijagós (FASPEBI), na Guiné-Bissau, com recorte temporal entre 1986 e 2017. A produção documental para análise incluiu questionários sociolinguísticos e entrevistas semiestruturadas com professores e estudantes de duas escolas vinculadas à FASPEBI. A partir da análise das experiências que agregam as línguas locais, destaca-se positivamente a integração do kriol como língua de ensino e a fusão de conteúdos disciplinares com saberes da tradição local. No entanto, ressalta-se a falta de formação superior e diplomada de professores no domínio de ensino bilíngue, a heterogeneidade de turmas, as dificuldades metodológicas e didáticas dos docentes. / The present pos-graduation dissertation analyzes bilingual education experiences in the Education and Training Experimentation Centers (CEEF) and the Bilingual Education Support Project in the Bijagós Islands (PAEBB), in Bubaque, Bolama region of Bijagós, Guiné-Bissau. It addresses the issue of the relationship between languages and local knowledge, in the literacy process and in the Basic Education curriculum, in order to recognize its advantages for the learning of children in initial schooling. This discussion is based on the institutionalization of kriol and opens the possibility of integrating cultural content and practices into the local curriculum. The purpose of introducing Kriol as a teaching language is to reduce the distance between school and community, as well as decolonize one's own curriculum, knowledge and power (QUIJANO, 2005). The bilingual education of CEEF and PAEBB integrates community knowledge to stimulate learning, using and recognizing local languages in school. This premise maintains that schools must associate themselves with the indigenous culture and its intrinsic value. It is understood that the inclusion of local knowledge in school can facilitate learning and contextualize local socio-cultural knowledge. With the introduction of the local language, kriol, a space is created for the coexistence of local and universal knowledge, and a challenge is presented to educators in order to be responsible for the production and dissemination of knowledge. The theoretical basis of work is based on the thinking of Paulo Freire (1978), about the relationship between education and culture in literacy processes; Michael Apple (2000), basis for thinking the curriculum; Clifford Geertz (1997), for the concept of culture. The empirical material was produced in field research, with documentary search in the Ministry of Education and in the office of the Foundation for the Support to the Development of the Peoples of the Bijagós Archipelagos (FASPEBI), in Guinea-Bissau, with temporal cut between 1986 and 2017. The documentary production for analysis included sociolinguistic questionnaires and semi-structured interviews with teachers and students from two schools linked to FASPEBI. From the analysis of the experiences that add the local languages, the integration of kriol as a teaching language and the fusion of disciplinary contents with local traditions are positively highlighted. However, there is a lack of superior and qualified teacher training in bilingual education, the heterogeneity of classes, the methodological and didactic difficulties of teachers.

Thesis (Ph.D. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

Purpose: The first objectives of the current study was to determine whether disparities exist in mental health and mental health service use between minority and majority Canadian Francophone and Anglophone communities both within and outside of Quebec. The second objectives was to examine if official language minority-majority status was associated with the presence of common mental health problems and mental health service utilization.<p> Methodology: The current study used data from the Canadian Community Health Survey: Mental Health and Well-being, Cycle 1.2.7 Two main comparisons were made: Quebec Francophones to Quebec Anglophones, and outside Quebec Francophones to outside Quebec Anglophones. Twelve-month and lifetime prevalences of mental disorders and mental health service use were examined through bivariate analyses. Logistic regression analyses determined whether official language minority-majority status significantly predicts mental health problems and mental health service use using the Determinants of Health Model8-10 and Andersens behavioural model.11-13<p> Results: Very few significant differences were found between official language groups both outside and within Quebec, though some notable differences were found between Quebec and outside Quebec: Anglophones and Francophones outside Quebec had a higher prevalence of poor mental health and low life satisfaction compared their respective language counterparts in Quebec. Respondents from outside Quebec had a higher prevalence of consulting with a psychiatrist than respondents from Quebec. There was no significant association between membership in an Official Language Minority Community and mental health problems, and mental health service use. Implications: Although our results indicate that very few differences exist between official language minority and majority groups, these findings remain important and can help aid key stakeholders redirect resources and develop policies and programs towards areas and geographic locations wherein health disparities exist.

Purpose: The first objectives of the current study was to determine whether disparities exist in mental health and mental health service use between minority and majority Canadian Francophone and Anglophone communities both within and outside of Quebec. The second objectives was to examine if official language minority-majority status was associated with the presence of common mental health problems and mental health service utilization.<p> Methodology: The current study used data from the Canadian Community Health Survey: Mental Health and Well-being, Cycle 1.2.7 Two main comparisons were made: Quebec Francophones to Quebec Anglophones, and outside Quebec Francophones to outside Quebec Anglophones. Twelve-month and lifetime prevalences of mental disorders and mental health service use were examined through bivariate analyses. Logistic regression analyses determined whether official language minority-majority status significantly predicts mental health problems and mental health service use using the Determinants of Health Model8-10 and Andersens behavioural model.11-13<p> Results: Very few significant differences were found between official language groups both outside and within Quebec, though some notable differences were found between Quebec and outside Quebec: Anglophones and Francophones outside Quebec had a higher prevalence of poor mental health and low life satisfaction compared their respective language counterparts in Quebec. Respondents from outside Quebec had a higher prevalence of consulting with a psychiatrist than respondents from Quebec. There was no significant association between membership in an Official Language Minority Community and mental health problems, and mental health service use. Implications: Although our results indicate that very few differences exist between official language minority and majority groups, these findings remain important and can help aid key stakeholders redirect resources and develop policies and programs towards areas and geographic locations wherein health disparities exist.

Personality inventories in South Africa are challenged with many factors restricting unbiased and fair measurement. The Employment Equity Act clearly stipulates that all psychometric measuring instruments should be proven bias free, equivalent, and fair. Most of the current inventories utilised in South Africa are imported from Europe and/or the United States of America, and these instruments are translated into either English or Afrikaans, which restricts the language proficiency factor of respondents from other language groups. There are 11 official language groups in South Africa; people also differ regarding race, culture, socioeconomic status, and educational backgrounds. All of these factors are not always properly accounted for in the standardisation of imported inventories - which limits their appropriate employment in the South African context. The objective of this study was to uncover the personality structure of each of the 11 language groups in South Africa, and to identify the shared and unique personality dimensions of the different language groups. From this structure, an instrument will be developed to measure personality in such a way that it will meet the Employment Equity Act. A qualitative research design was used in this study. Quasi-sampling («=1308j was implemented in order to identify participants from each of the 11 language groups, which differed from each other with regard to age, gender, and socioeconomic status. Following the lexical approach, structured interviews were conducted in the native language of the participants to gather information about personality-descriptive terms. The results of the interviews were transcribed and captured in Excel, and sent to language experts for language editing and translation into English. Ambiguous, superfluous and non-personality terms were removed from the data. Following this process, more than 50 000 personality-descriptive terms were identified. Content analysis was utilised in order to interpret the personality- descriptive terms to personality dimensions. Language and cultural experts were employed in order to validate the initial interpretations. The 50 000 descriptive terms were reduced to 190 personality dimensions through the use of cluster analysis. The analysis included the grouping of synonyms and antonyms, together with the use of dictionaries, literature and knowledge about content. The 190 dimensions were also divided into those that are common (shared by all 11 language groups), semi-common (shared by seven to ten of the language groups), semi-specific (shared by two to six of the language groups), and language-specific (unique to a particular language group). It was discovered that 78 dimensions were common, 69 semi-common, 32 semi-specific, and only 11 were language-specific. Most of the personality dimensions seem to be shared by the language groups, rather than to be unique. These 190 dimensions were clustered further in order to build the indigenous personality structure. Similar methods from the initial clustering phase were implemented. Clustering concluded 37 sub-clusters, which consisted of two to ten dimensions, and nine overall clusters consisting of two to six sub-clusters. These nine clusters are Extroversion, Soft-heartedness, Conscientiousness, Emotional stability, Intellect, Openness, Integrity, Relationship harmony, and Facilitating. Many indigenous aspects are evident, as well as universal aspects within the structure. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

Personality inventories in South Africa are challenged with many factors restricting unbiased and fair measurement. The Employment Equity Act clearly stipulates that all psychometric measuring instruments should be proven bias free, equivalent, and fair. Most of the current inventories utilised in South Africa are imported from Europe and/or the United States of America, and these instruments are translated into either English or Afrikaans, which restricts the language proficiency factor of respondents from other language groups. There are 11 official language groups in South Africa; people also differ regarding race, culture, socioeconomic status, and educational backgrounds. All of these factors are not always properly accounted for in the standardisation of imported inventories - which limits their appropriate employment in the South African context. The objective of this study was to uncover the personality structure of each of the 11 language groups in South Africa, and to identify the shared and unique personality dimensions of the different language groups. From this structure, an instrument will be developed to measure personality in such a way that it will meet the Employment Equity Act. A qualitative research design was used in this study. Quasi-sampling («=1308j was implemented in order to identify participants from each of the 11 language groups, which differed from each other with regard to age, gender, and socioeconomic status. Following the lexical approach, structured interviews were conducted in the native language of the participants to gather information about personality-descriptive terms. The results of the interviews were transcribed and captured in Excel, and sent to language experts for language editing and translation into English. Ambiguous, superfluous and non-personality terms were removed from the data. Following this process, more than 50 000 personality-descriptive terms were identified. Content analysis was utilised in order to interpret the personality- descriptive terms to personality dimensions. Language and cultural experts were employed in order to validate the initial interpretations. The 50 000 descriptive terms were reduced to 190 personality dimensions through the use of cluster analysis. The analysis included the grouping of synonyms and antonyms, together with the use of dictionaries, literature and knowledge about content. The 190 dimensions were also divided into those that are common (shared by all 11 language groups), semi-common (shared by seven to ten of the language groups), semi-specific (shared by two to six of the language groups), and language-specific (unique to a particular language group). It was discovered that 78 dimensions were common, 69 semi-common, 32 semi-specific, and only 11 were language-specific. Most of the personality dimensions seem to be shared by the language groups, rather than to be unique. These 190 dimensions were clustered further in order to build the indigenous personality structure. Similar methods from the initial clustering phase were implemented. Clustering concluded 37 sub-clusters, which consisted of two to ten dimensions, and nine overall clusters consisting of two to six sub-clusters. These nine clusters are Extroversion, Soft-heartedness, Conscientiousness, Emotional stability, Intellect, Openness, Integrity, Relationship harmony, and Facilitating. Many indigenous aspects are evident, as well as universal aspects within the structure. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

A dissertação analisa experiências de ensino bilíngue nos Centros de Experimentação de Educação e Formação (CEEF) e no Projeto de Apoio ao Ensino Bilíngue no Arquipélago de Ilhas Bijagós (PAEBB), em Bubaque, região de Bolama Bijagós, Guiné-Bissau. Aborda a problemática da relação entre línguas e saberes locais, no processo de alfabetização e no currículo do Ensino Básico, com finalidade de reconhecer suas vantagens para a aprendizagem das crianças em escolarização inicial. Esta discussão é baseada na institucionalização do kriol e abre a possibilidade de integrar os conteúdos e práticas culturais no currículo local. A finalidade da introdução do kriol como língua de ensino é reduzir a distância entre a escola e a comunidade, assim como descolonizar o próprio currículo, saber e poder (QUIJANO, 2005). O ensino bilíngue dos CEEF e PAEBB integra saberes comunitários para estimular aprendizagens, utilizando e reconhecendo as línguas locais na escola. Essa premissa sustenta que as escolas devem associar-se à cultura autóctone e ao seu valor intrínseco. Entende-se que a inclusão dos saberes locais na escola pode facilitar aprendizagem e contextualizar os conhecimentos socioculturais locais. Com a introdução da língua local, o kriol, cria-se um espaço de convivência dos saberes local e universal e lança-se um repto aos educadores no sentido de serem responsáveis na produção e disseminação de conhecimento. A base teórica do trabalho é fundada no pensamento de Paulo Freire (1978), acerca da relação entre educação e cultura nos processos de alfabetização; Michael Apple (2000), base para pensar o currículo; Clifford Geertz (1997), para o conceito de cultura. O material empírico foi produzido em pesquisa de campo, com busca documental no Ministério de Educação e no escritório da Fundação para o Apoio ao Desenvolvimento dos Povos dos Arquipélagos de Bijagós (FASPEBI), na Guiné-Bissau, com recorte temporal entre 1986 e 2017. A produção documental para análise incluiu questionários sociolinguísticos e entrevistas semiestruturadas com professores e estudantes de duas escolas vinculadas à FASPEBI. A partir da análise das experiências que agregam as línguas locais, destaca-se positivamente a integração do kriol como língua de ensino e a fusão de conteúdos disciplinares com saberes da tradição local. No entanto, ressalta-se a falta de formação superior e diplomada de professores no domínio de ensino bilíngue, a heterogeneidade de turmas, as dificuldades metodológicas e didáticas dos docentes. / The present pos-graduation dissertation analyzes bilingual education experiences in the Education and Training Experimentation Centers (CEEF) and the Bilingual Education Support Project in the Bijagós Islands (PAEBB), in Bubaque, Bolama region of Bijagós, Guiné-Bissau. It addresses the issue of the relationship between languages and local knowledge, in the literacy process and in the Basic Education curriculum, in order to recognize its advantages for the learning of children in initial schooling. This discussion is based on the institutionalization of kriol and opens the possibility of integrating cultural content and practices into the local curriculum. The purpose of introducing Kriol as a teaching language is to reduce the distance between school and community, as well as decolonize one's own curriculum, knowledge and power (QUIJANO, 2005). The bilingual education of CEEF and PAEBB integrates community knowledge to stimulate learning, using and recognizing local languages in school. This premise maintains that schools must associate themselves with the indigenous culture and its intrinsic value. It is understood that the inclusion of local knowledge in school can facilitate learning and contextualize local socio-cultural knowledge. With the introduction of the local language, kriol, a space is created for the coexistence of local and universal knowledge, and a challenge is presented to educators in order to be responsible for the production and dissemination of knowledge. The theoretical basis of work is based on the thinking of Paulo Freire (1978), about the relationship between education and culture in literacy processes; Michael Apple (2000), basis for thinking the curriculum; Clifford Geertz (1997), for the concept of culture. The empirical material was produced in field research, with documentary search in the Ministry of Education and in the office of the Foundation for the Support to the Development of the Peoples of the Bijagós Archipelagos (FASPEBI), in Guinea-Bissau, with temporal cut between 1986 and 2017. The documentary production for analysis included sociolinguistic questionnaires and semi-structured interviews with teachers and students from two schools linked to FASPEBI. From the analysis of the experiences that add the local languages, the integration of kriol as a teaching language and the fusion of disciplinary contents with local traditions are positively highlighted. However, there is a lack of superior and qualified teacher training in bilingual education, the heterogeneity of classes, the methodological and didactic difficulties of teachers.

A dissertação analisa experiências de ensino bilíngue nos Centros de Experimentação de Educação e Formação (CEEF) e no Projeto de Apoio ao Ensino Bilíngue no Arquipélago de Ilhas Bijagós (PAEBB), em Bubaque, região de Bolama Bijagós, Guiné-Bissau. Aborda a problemática da relação entre línguas e saberes locais, no processo de alfabetização e no currículo do Ensino Básico, com finalidade de reconhecer suas vantagens para a aprendizagem das crianças em escolarização inicial. Esta discussão é baseada na institucionalização do kriol e abre a possibilidade de integrar os conteúdos e práticas culturais no currículo local. A finalidade da introdução do kriol como língua de ensino é reduzir a distância entre a escola e a comunidade, assim como descolonizar o próprio currículo, saber e poder (QUIJANO, 2005). O ensino bilíngue dos CEEF e PAEBB integra saberes comunitários para estimular aprendizagens, utilizando e reconhecendo as línguas locais na escola. Essa premissa sustenta que as escolas devem associar-se à cultura autóctone e ao seu valor intrínseco. Entende-se que a inclusão dos saberes locais na escola pode facilitar aprendizagem e contextualizar os conhecimentos socioculturais locais. Com a introdução da língua local, o kriol, cria-se um espaço de convivência dos saberes local e universal e lança-se um repto aos educadores no sentido de serem responsáveis na produção e disseminação de conhecimento. A base teórica do trabalho é fundada no pensamento de Paulo Freire (1978), acerca da relação entre educação e cultura nos processos de alfabetização; Michael Apple (2000), base para pensar o currículo; Clifford Geertz (1997), para o conceito de cultura. O material empírico foi produzido em pesquisa de campo, com busca documental no Ministério de Educação e no escritório da Fundação para o Apoio ao Desenvolvimento dos Povos dos Arquipélagos de Bijagós (FASPEBI), na Guiné-Bissau, com recorte temporal entre 1986 e 2017. A produção documental para análise incluiu questionários sociolinguísticos e entrevistas semiestruturadas com professores e estudantes de duas escolas vinculadas à FASPEBI. A partir da análise das experiências que agregam as línguas locais, destaca-se positivamente a integração do kriol como língua de ensino e a fusão de conteúdos disciplinares com saberes da tradição local. No entanto, ressalta-se a falta de formação superior e diplomada de professores no domínio de ensino bilíngue, a heterogeneidade de turmas, as dificuldades metodológicas e didáticas dos docentes. / The present pos-graduation dissertation analyzes bilingual education experiences in the Education and Training Experimentation Centers (CEEF) and the Bilingual Education Support Project in the Bijagós Islands (PAEBB), in Bubaque, Bolama region of Bijagós, Guiné-Bissau. It addresses the issue of the relationship between languages and local knowledge, in the literacy process and in the Basic Education curriculum, in order to recognize its advantages for the learning of children in initial schooling. This discussion is based on the institutionalization of kriol and opens the possibility of integrating cultural content and practices into the local curriculum. The purpose of introducing Kriol as a teaching language is to reduce the distance between school and community, as well as decolonize one's own curriculum, knowledge and power (QUIJANO, 2005). The bilingual education of CEEF and PAEBB integrates community knowledge to stimulate learning, using and recognizing local languages in school. This premise maintains that schools must associate themselves with the indigenous culture and its intrinsic value. It is understood that the inclusion of local knowledge in school can facilitate learning and contextualize local socio-cultural knowledge. With the introduction of the local language, kriol, a space is created for the coexistence of local and universal knowledge, and a challenge is presented to educators in order to be responsible for the production and dissemination of knowledge. The theoretical basis of work is based on the thinking of Paulo Freire (1978), about the relationship between education and culture in literacy processes; Michael Apple (2000), basis for thinking the curriculum; Clifford Geertz (1997), for the concept of culture. The empirical material was produced in field research, with documentary search in the Ministry of Education and in the office of the Foundation for the Support to the Development of the Peoples of the Bijagós Archipelagos (FASPEBI), in Guinea-Bissau, with temporal cut between 1986 and 2017. The documentary production for analysis included sociolinguistic questionnaires and semi-structured interviews with teachers and students from two schools linked to FASPEBI. From the analysis of the experiences that add the local languages, the integration of kriol as a teaching language and the fusion of disciplinary contents with local traditions are positively highlighted. However, there is a lack of superior and qualified teacher training in bilingual education, the heterogeneity of classes, the methodological and didactic difficulties of teachers.

Diploma thesis "Language policies of Canada: An Evaluation of Trudeau's Policy of Official Bilingualism" deals with Canadian English-French language duality. The thesis describes evolution of Canadian language policies on federal as well as on provincial level. On federal level, long-time prime minister of Canada Pierre Elliott Trudeau has achieved a goal to create fully bilingual federal government; on provincial level, the thesis deals mainly with the province of Québec as it has the most far reaching language legislation in Canada. The thesis evaluates Trudeau's aim to deal with Québec separatism and nationalism by stressing out new pan-Canadian identity of bilingual state reaching "from coast to coast".

L’étude du droit applicable à la langue basque en France et en Espagne et des politiques publiques menées dans chacun des pays en faveur de sa revitalisation et de sa normalisation linguistique est source de contradictions juridiques et politiques. En effet, alors que les droits français et espagnols s’opposent dans la place qu’ils font au pluralisme linguistique dans la sphère publique et à la reconnaissance des droits des communautés linguistiques, les pouvoirs publics de chaque État ont mis en place des mesures poursuivant l’objectif commun de garantir le multilinguisme dans les rapports avec l’administration et les services publics, et de permettre l’apprentissage par le plus grand nombre de la langue basque. Cette contradiction amène à s’interroger sur le modèle linguistique français et sur les pistes de conciliation nouvelle permettant d’offrir un cadre juridique plus propice à l’expression plurielle des différentes langues régionales de France, et de sécuriser juridiquement les politiques mises en place en faveur de la langue basque en France. / The study of the legal dispositions ruling the use and learning of the basque language in France and Spain, and the policies intending the revitalization and normalization of the basque language in both territories reveals a political and legal contradiction. Even if the French and Spanish regulations contain opposite principles regarding the recognition of multilingualism in the public sphere and the recognition of the rights of language communities, the public authorities in both countries have applied similar policies with the objective to ensure the use of the basque language in Administration and public service, and to allow that a large part of the population has the possibility to learn the basque language. This contradiction can be resolved with a reflexion concerning the French linguistic model. The thesis offers a proposal to establish a new legal and constitutional conciliation in France permitting a better expression of multilingualism in the public sphere, and securing legally the public policies applied in this country in the benefit of the basque language.