Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-25T12:23:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silvia Peres de Castro.pdf: 565210 bytes, checksum: bc1094dba26205895b29d51dc104b086 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-08-21 / The increasing global demand for energy and the diversity of manufactured products generates diverse residues that are frequently difficult to treat or degrade. The utilization of petroleum and its derivatives cause environmental damage via oil spillages and effluents generated by diverse processes such as car washes, petrol stations, public transport companies and even industrial kitchens. In this study a biological treatment was used as an alternative to treat these pollutants, which included two basic treatments to remove organic material: an aerobic process namely activated sludge and an anaerobic process, comprising a UASB reactor. The objective of this work was to treat by biological processes, a synthetic effluent derived from petroleum which characterized physico-chemically, as having oily characteristics, to evaluate comparatively the efficiency of organic matter removal via two different processes of biodegradation. The results obtained were submitted to statistical analysis by Box Plots and ANOVA at a significance level of 5%. The experimental work with bench scale activated sludge and UASB reactors was performed at The Experimental Station for the Biological Treatment of Sewage EXTRABES in Campina Grande - PB, using effluents synthesized in the laboratory to feed the reactors at elevated loads of organic matter containing lubricating oil and surfactants. The adopted treatments had significant organic carbon removal efficiencies; with values of 23.7 to 32% for aerobic treatment and 42 to 51% with anaerobic treatment thus demonstrating that UASB treatment was the more efficient process and could be adopted for the treatment of oily and surfactant-containing effluents. / A crescente demanda de energia necessária no mundo e a diversidade de produtos obtidos geram diversos resíduos difíceis de serem tratados. A utilização do petróleo e seus derivados causam danos ambientais, estes vêm desde os derramamentos de petróleo e seus componentes até mesmo de efluentes gerados nos mais diversos processos, como em lava-jatos, postos de combustíveis, empresas de transportes públicos e até mesmo em cozinhas industriais. Neste estudo utilizar-se-á tratamento biológico, como uma alternativa para o tratamento desses poluentes, dentre estes tratamentos tem se dois processos básicos para a remoção de material orgânico que foi estudado: os sistemas de lodos ativados e os reatores UASB. O objetivo desse trabalho foi tratar através de processos biológicos, efluentes sintéticos derivados do petróleo, bem como realizar a caracterização físico-química deste efluente oleoso, e determinar comparativamente a eficiência de remoção da matéria orgânica através de processos de biodegradação biológica. Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos a métodos estatísticos: estatística descritiva de distribuição (Box Plot) e análise de variância (ANOVA) fator único, com nível de significância de 5%. O trabalho experimental foi realizado na Estação Experimental de Tratamentos Biológicos de Esgotos Sanitários EXTRABES, localizado no bairro do Tambor na cidade de Campina Grande PB. Para a realização da pesquisa foram construídos, instalados e monitorados reatores de lodo ativado e UASB em escala de bancada. Os reatores foram alimentados com efluentes sintetizados no laboratório. Com esse procedimento buscou-se tratar biologicamente efluentes com elevada carga orgânica, contendo óleo lubrificante e substâncias surfactantes. Nos tratamentos adotados foi conseguido uma eficiência de remoção significativa, o tratamento aeróbio teve remoções de 23,7 a 32,1%, no tratamento anaeróbio a remoção da matéria orgânica foi de 51 e 42%, o que mostra que o tratamento anaeróbio utilizando o reator UASB teve uma melhor remoção da matéria orgânica, podendo esses tratamentos serem adotados para o tratamento de efluentes oleosos e surfactantes.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LedaMOL_TESE.pdf: 3658937 bytes, checksum: 6ad7dbe6b2ec8a6f89d9264905ef89b6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-21 / Innovative technologies using surfactant materials have applicability in several industrial fields, including petroleum and gas areas. This study seeks to investigate the use of a surfactant derived from coconut oil (SCO saponified coconut oil) in the recovery process of organic compounds that are present in oily effluents from petroleum industry. For this end, experiments were accomplished in a column of small dimension objectifying to verify the influence of the surfactant SCO in the efficiency of oil removal. This way, they were prepared emulsions with amount it fastens of oil (50, 100, 200 and 400 ppm), being determined the great concentrations of surfactant for each one of them. Some rehearsals were still accomplished with produced water of the industry of the petroleum to compare the result with the one of the emulsions. According to the experiments, it was verified that an increase of the surfactant concentration does not implicate in a greater oil removal. The separation process use gaseous bubbles formed when a gas stream pass a liquid column, when low surfactant concentrations are used, it occurs the coalescence of the dispersed oil droplets and their transport to the top of the column, forming a new continuous phase. Such surfactants lead to a gas-liquid interface saturation, depending on the used surfactant concentration, affecting the flotation process and influencing in the removal capacity of the oily dispersed phase. A porous plate filter, with pore size varying from 40 to 250 mm, was placed at the base of the column to allow a hydrodynamic stable operation. During the experimental procedures, the operating volume of phase liquid was held constant and the rate of air flow varied in each experiment. The resulting experimental of the study hydrodynamic demonstrated what the capturing of the oil was influenced by diameter of the bubbles and air flow. With the increase flow of 300 about to 900 cm3.min-1, occurred an increase in the removal of oil phase of 44% about to 66% and the removal kinetic of oil was defined as a reaction of 1? order / Tecnologias inovadoras que usam materiais tensoativos t?m aplicabilidade em v?rios campos industriais, dentre eles petr?leo e g?s natural. Este estudo busca investigar o uso de um tensoativo, derivado de ?leo de coco (OCS - ?leo de coco saponificado), no processo de recupera??o de compostos org?nicos presentes em efluentes oleosos da ind?stria de petr?leo. Para este fim, foram realizados experimentos em uma coluna de bancada objetivando verificar a influ?ncia do tensoativo OCS na efici?ncia de remo??o de ?leo. Desta forma, foram preparadas emuls?es com quantidades fixas de ?leo (50, 100, 200 e 400 ppm), determinandose a concentra??o ?tima de tensoativo para cada uma delas. Foram, tamb?m, realizados alguns ensaios com ?gua de produ??o da ind?stria de petr?leo, visando comparar o resultado com o das emuls?es. O processo de separa??o consiste no uso de bolhas gasosas formadas quando um fluxo de g?s passa em uma coluna l?quida, com concentra??es de tensoativo, ocorrendo a coalesc?ncia das gotas de ?leo dispersas e, consequentemente, o transporte delas ao topo da coluna, formando uma nova fase oleosa cont?nua. O processo fundamenta-se na satura??o de tensoativo na interface g?s-l?quido, dependendo da concentra??o de tensoativo usada, resultando na flota??o da fase ?leo dispersa. Um filtro de prato poroso, com tamanho de poro que varia de 40 a 250 μm, foi colocado ? base da coluna para permitir uma opera??o hidrodin?mica est?vel. Durante os procedimentos experimentais, o volume operacional da fase l?quida foi mantido constante e a taxa de fluxo de ar variada em cada experimento. Os resultados experimentais do estudo hidrodin?mico demonstraram que a captura do ?leo foi influenciada pelos di?metros das bolhas e vaz?es de ar. Com o aumento da vaz?o de 300 para 900 cm3.min-1, ocorreu um aumento de remo??o da fase ?leo de 44% para 66% e a cin?tica de remo??o do ?leo foi definida como uma rea??o de 1? ordem

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:42:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LedaMOL_TESE.pdf: 3658937 bytes, checksum: 6ad7dbe6b2ec8a6f89d9264905ef89b6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-21 / Innovative technologies using surfactant materials have applicability in several industrial fields, including petroleum and gas areas. This study seeks to investigate the use of a surfactant derived from coconut oil (SCO saponified coconut oil) in the recovery process of organic compounds that are present in oily effluents from petroleum industry. For this end, experiments were accomplished in a column of small dimension objectifying to verify the influence of the surfactant SCO in the efficiency of oil removal. This way, they were prepared emulsions with amount it fastens of oil (50, 100, 200 and 400 ppm), being determined the great concentrations of surfactant for each one of them. Some rehearsals were still accomplished with produced water of the industry of the petroleum to compare the result with the one of the emulsions. According to the experiments, it was verified that an increase of the surfactant concentration does not implicate in a greater oil removal. The separation process use gaseous bubbles formed when a gas stream pass a liquid column, when low surfactant concentrations are used, it occurs the coalescence of the dispersed oil droplets and their transport to the top of the column, forming a new continuous phase. Such surfactants lead to a gas-liquid interface saturation, depending on the used surfactant concentration, affecting the flotation process and influencing in the removal capacity of the oily dispersed phase. A porous plate filter, with pore size varying from 40 to 250 mm, was placed at the base of the column to allow a hydrodynamic stable operation. During the experimental procedures, the operating volume of phase liquid was held constant and the rate of air flow varied in each experiment. The resulting experimental of the study hydrodynamic demonstrated what the capturing of the oil was influenced by diameter of the bubbles and air flow. With the increase flow of 300 about to 900 cm3.min-1, occurred an increase in the removal of oil phase of 44% about to 66% and the removal kinetic of oil was defined as a reaction of 1? order. / Tecnologias inovadoras que usam materiais tensoativos t?m aplicabilidade em v?rios campos industriais, dentre eles petr?leo e g?s natural. Este estudo busca investigar o uso de um tensoativo, derivado de ?leo de coco (OCS - ?leo de coco saponificado), no processo de recupera??o de compostos org?nicos presentes em efluentes oleosos da ind?stria de petr?leo. Para este fim, foram realizados experimentos em uma coluna de bancada objetivando verificar a influ?ncia do tensoativo OCS na efici?ncia de remo??o de ?leo. Desta forma, foram preparadas emuls?es com quantidades fixas de ?leo (50, 100, 200 e 400 ppm), determinandose a concentra??o ?tima de tensoativo para cada uma delas. Foram, tamb?m, realizados alguns ensaios com ?gua de produ??o da ind?stria de petr?leo, visando comparar o resultado com o das emuls?es. O processo de separa??o consiste no uso de bolhas gasosas formadas quando um fluxo de g?s passa em uma coluna l?quida, com concentra??es de tensoativo, ocorrendo a coalesc?ncia das gotas de ?leo dispersas e, consequentemente, o transporte delas ao topo da coluna, formando uma nova fase oleosa cont?nua. O processo fundamenta-se na satura??o de tensoativo na interface g?s-l?quido, dependendo da concentra??o de tensoativo usada, resultando na flota??o da fase ?leo dispersa. Um filtro de prato poroso, com tamanho de poro que varia de 40 a 250 μm, foi colocado ? base da coluna para permitir uma opera??o hidrodin?mica est?vel. Durante os procedimentos experimentais, o volume operacional da fase l?quida foi mantido constante e a taxa de fluxo de ar variada em cada experimento. Os resultados experimentais do estudo hidrodin?mico demonstraram que a captura do ?leo foi influenciada pelos di?metros das bolhas e vaz?es de ar. Com o aumento da vaz?o de 300 para 900 cm3.min-1, ocorreu um aumento de remo??o da fase ?leo de 44% para 66% e a cin?tica de remo??o do ?leo foi definida como uma rea??o de 1? ordem

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PaulaKLS.pdf: 655947 bytes, checksum: 42dfa97fce97ed099a5660c9d396a0eb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-29 / In the petroleum industry, water is always present in the reservoir formation together with petroleum and natural gas and this fact provokes the production of water with petroleum, resulting in a great environmental impact. Several methods can be applied for treatment of oily waters, such as: gravitational vases, granulated media filtration systems, flotation process, centrifugation process and the use of hydrocyclones, which can also be used in a combined way. However, the flotation process has showed a great efficiency as compared with other methods, because these methods do not remove great part of the emulsified oil. In this work was investigated the use of surfactants derived from vegetable oils, OSS and OGS, as collectors, using the flotation process in a glass column with a porous plate filter in its base for the input of the gaseous steam. For this purpose, oil/water emulsions were prepared using mechanical stirring, with concentrations around 300 ppm. The air flow rate was set at 700 cm3/min and the porous plate filter used for the generation of the air bubbles has pore size varying from 16 to 40 Pm. The column operated at constant volume (1500mL). A new methodology has been developed to collect the samples, where, instead of collecting the water phase, it was collected the oil phase removed by the process in the top of the flotation column. It has been observed that it is necessary to find an optimum surfactant concentration to achieve enhanced removal efficiency. Being for OSS 1.275 mmol/L and for OGS 0.840 mmol/L, with removal efficiencies of 93% and 99%, respectively, using synthetic solutions. For the produced water, the removal in these concentrations was 75% for OSS and 65% for OGS. It is possible to remove oil from water in a flotation process using surfactants of high HLB, fact that is against the own definition of HLB (Hydrophile-Lipophile Balance). The interfacial tension is an important factor in the oil removal process using a flotation process, because it has direct interference in the coalescence of the oil drops. The spreading of the oil of the air bubble should be considered in the process, and for the optimum surfactant concentrations it reached a maximum value. The removal kinetics for the flotation process using surfactants in the optimum concentration has been adjusted according to a first order model, for synthetic water as for the produced water. / Na ind?stria petrol?fera, a ?gua est? associada ao petr?leo e ao g?s natural, formando a ?gua de produ??o e gerando um grande impacto ambiental. Existem diversos m?todos de tratamento para as ?guas oleosas, tais como: vasos gravitacionais, sistemas de filtra??o em meio granular, flota??o, centrifuga??o e utiliza??o de hidrociclones, podendo ser utilizados de forma combinada. Entretanto, a flota??o tem mostrado maior efici?ncia com rela??o aos outros m?todos, pois eles n?o conseguem remover grande parte do ?leo emulsionado. O presente trabalho estuda a utiliza??o de tensoativos de origem vegetal, OSS (?leo de Soja Saponificado) e OGS (?leo de Girassol Saponificado), como coletores, atrav?s da flota??o em uma coluna com aera??o da suspens?o atrav?s de uma placa porosa. Para este fim, foram preparadas emuls?es ?leo/?gua por agita??o mec?nica, com concentra??es m?dias de 300 ppm. A vaz?o de ar utilizada foi de 700 cm3/min e o filtro de placa porosa utilizado para a gera??o das bolhas de ar foi de porosidade de (16-40) Pm. A coluna trabalhou a um volume constante de 1500mL. Desenvolveu-se uma nova metodologia para coletar as amostras, onde, ao inv?s de coletar a ?gua, coletou-se o ?leo removido na parte superior da c?lula de flota??o. Observou-se que ? necess?rio encontrar uma concentra??o ?tima de tensoativo para que haja uma maior efici?ncia de remo??o. S?o elas 1,275 mmol/L para o OSS e 0,840 mmol/L para o OGS, com efici?ncias de remo??o de 93 % e 99 %, respectivamente, em ?guas sint?ticas. Para a ?gua de produ??o, a remo??o nestas concentra??es foi de 75% para o OSS e 65% para o OGS. ? poss?vel remover ?leo de ?gua em um processo de flota??o utilizando tensoativos de BHL alto, fato que contraria a pr?pria defini??o de BHL (Balan?o Hidrof?lico-Lipof?lico). A tens?o interfacial ? um fator importante no processo de remo??o do ?leo na flota??o, pois interfere diretamente na coalesc?ncia das gotas de ?leo. O espalhamento do ?leo da bolha de ar deve ser considerado no processo, e para as concentra??es ?timas de tensoativo atingiu um valor m?ximo. A cin?tica da remo??o se ajustou para o modelo de primeira ordem na flota??o utilizando tensoativos na concentra??o ?tima, tanto para ?gua sint?tica como para a ?gua de produ??o.