This study is an analysis of the process of creating subtitles for the National Geographic documentary Fight Science: Mixed Martial Arts. The difficulties encountered during this project have included the translation of subject-specific terminology, the handling of source-text mistakes and the process of deciding how to condense the spoken dialogue when writing the subtitles. By studying these issues, certain conclusion can be drawn about the difficulties encountered when creating subtitles and translating texts with subject-specific terminology. The study is primarily based on the theories of Runo Ingo (2007), Vinay & Darbelnet (1977) and Chesterman & Wagner (2002). To find appropriate translations for subject-specific terminology, it is important to understand which translation device should be used (for example a loan or literal translation) through the examination of parallel texts and it is important that the translator be familiar with this terminology. How to properly handle mistakes in the source material depends greatly on the situation, the text concerned and the translator’s judgment. Decisions about which information can be omitted can be based on the information’s importance to the overall understanding of the show or the implicit nature of the information. The science of translation can be considered vague, but there exist theories and principles to aid translators when making such touch decisions as those encountered during this project.

Omissions in Crimial Law Abstract The submitted thesis represents a relatively comprehensive, and given the contemporary state of the domestic criminal law theory, also a quite complex elaboration of questions associated with the phenomenon of omission in criminal law. From my point of view, the text itself deals with all significant problems related to criminal liability for omissive conduct. This concerns in particular the subject matter associated with the institution of omission within the doctrine of substantive criminal law, the term of omission in criminal law and the reason and historical evolution of criminalization of omission. Furthermore, the thesis deals with the individual types of criminal omissions and questions associated therewith, including a note of the differences between the traditional dual distinction on the one hand and the newer triple distinction of criminal omissions on the other, while comprising the emphasis of shortcomings of the traditional approach and the advantages of the newer concept. Saying that, in the most part the thesis focuses on the newer approach towards criminal liability for omission and it describes the foundation points thereof in great detail, since I consider it to be the key subject of this dissertation. I also comment on the very important subject of...

L’histoire des noirs au Canada cache une variété de récits omis et oubliés. Cette thèse se concentre sur un segment de l’histoire du Chemin de fer clandestin, particulièrement durant la période 1850-1865, ainsi que sur la pensée et l’action politiques d’une figure négligée de l’époque, Mary Ann Shadd. Cette femme noire, journaliste, rédactrice en chef et militante pour les droits des noirs publie en 1852 A Plea for Emigration, une brochure politique très éclairante sur les conditions de vie et la situation des noirs au Canada. Au cœur de la recherche d’un refuge pour les noirs des États-Unis après le passage du Fugitive Act en 1850, Shadd pose des actes politiques marquants pour son époque. Sa brochure, sa migration vers le Canada et sa militance ont une signification symbolique et théorique qui soulève la question suivante: Quelle réinterprétation de la citoyenneté canadienne pouvons-nous faire à la lumière de l’exemple de Mary Ann Shadd? À l’aide de la négritude féministe canadienne, une perspective inspirée du black feminism, des cultural studies et de la négritude, il est possible de mettre l’accent sur les expériences plutôt que sur l’histoire dominante et d’analyser la relation complexe entre la race-classe-genre, l’idéologie libérale classique, la production du savoir et la citoyenneté. La méthode est interprétative et l’hypothèse est la suivante : bien que Mary Ann Shadd soit omise de l’histoire du Canada et bien qu’elle fasse usage des paramètres conventionnels de la citoyenneté libérale classique du XIXe siècle dans A Plea, elle redéfinit la citoyenneté canadienne comme expérience à travers ses écrits et ses actes politiques et incarne une féminité politique noire qui produit un récit exemplaire. Le concept de citoyenneté est utilisé pour mettre en évidence les limites de l’idéologie libérale classique et sert de pivot pour imaginer d’autres formes d’appartenance, de participation politique et de mémoire au Canada. D’abord, le chapitre 1 présente la revue de la littérature et le cadre théorique et méthodologique de la thèse. Vues de la perspective féministe et critique évoquée précédemment, les très nombreuses et importantes omissions des noirs dans l’histoire du Canada sont problématisées par la présence de la féminité politique noire dont Shadd est un exemple. L’omission a comme résultat un profond malaise de la mémoire des noirs auquel Shadd répond par un contre-récit. Ensuite, le chapitre 2 se concentre davantage sur l’omission des femmes noires par rapport à la citoyenneté à travers les critères d’appartenance comme marqueurs de présence dans la mémoire collective. Ce chapitre dévoile les limites de la citoyenneté liée à une « identité fixe » et explore le paradoxe de Shadd qui rend plus complexe la discussion sur la citoyenneté. Enfin, le chapitre 3 explore l’idée de la citoyenneté comme une expérience, proposant ainsi une extension des représentations possibles de la citoyenneté. Ce chapitre examine le militantisme et les écrits de Mary Ann Shadd, dont son plaidoyer A Plea for Emigration et son rôle en tant que rédactrice en chef de son journal The Provincial Freeman, comme actes politiques. Le récit de ses actions politiques constitue un exemple d’une citoyenneté transgressive et d’une contribution à la mémoire collective susceptible de favoriser la guérison et l’émancipation de la mémoire des noirs au Canada.

Design changes during construction, which are typical in most projects, lead to increased cost, loss of productivity and delays. These changes are usually due to approved scope changes or due to design errors and omissions (E&Os) found in the construction documents. Errors and omissions are typically manifested in terms of incorrect or inconsistent dimensions and layouts in the construction documents, or by the lack of timely and correct information that it is needed to build the project or to meet the code requirements. Among others, E&Os are usually caused by poor coordination and communication among the many parties involved in the design process. The objective of this research is to explore the extent to which change orders resulting from errors and omissions in the design documents are caused by poor coordination and communications, and to determine the extent to which the use of the concept of the 3D parametric building model can be used to minimize or eliminate E&Os, hence minimizes total change orders. The concept of the 3D parametric building model has been implemented in commercial software using object-oriented technology. It creates a centralized database storing all the information about the design components as well as their interrelationships. Thus, whatever change is made is consistently propagated to the entire design object. The research was conducted through reviewing of the literature, a case study and a web-based survey among design professionals. The study revealed that 35% of E&Os are primarily due to poor coordination and that the use of 3D parametric building model has a significant impact on productivity and on improving the coordination of the design process. This model shows promising results in helping to minimize errors and omissions in the design documents.

L'indagine cerca di verificare la sussistenza di norme o la praticabilità di riforme o interpretazioni evolutive che consentano di riconoscere al lavoratore un ruolo efficamente preventivo rispetto a illeciti che possano prodursi nel corso dell'attività di impresa. Le due direttive principali lungo le quali corre l'analisi svolta sono quelle del diritto della sicurezza sul lavoro e delle segnalazioni (oggetto di comparazione con la normativa statunitense), con riferimenti ad alcune tematiche ritenute fondamentali della teoria generale del reato, così come ad aspetti significativi del contratto di lavoro subordinato. / The investigation is about the existence of laws or the possibility of reforms or evolutive interpretations that would allow a reconstruction of the role of the workers whithin an enterprise as a gatekeeper in front of illicit risks and conducts. While the focus is on health and safety at work and on whistleblowing laws (which are compared to the U.S.A. ones), the development of the thesis passes even through some fundamental themes of the general theory of the crime and some relevant profiles of the employment contract.