This diploma thesis deals with Bryophyta studies as a part of curriculum at primary schools as well as at lower and upper grammar schools. It determines the field of studies and the expected outcomes in the Human and Nature subject matter, it searches for the link between bryophyta and cross-sectional topics. The relation of pupil's key competences to bryophyta is being reflected, too. It compares the subject range of Bryophyta in school books. Furthermore, the thesis sums up the history of botanical illustration in the world as well as in our country, it inquires into basic rules of botanical illustration and line drawing techniques. The contemporary field guides are completed by the means of the research of students' books, popular and specialist literature and internet portals. Based on the theoretical part, this diploma thesis determines the teaching methodology of bryophyta drawing. The list of bryophyta, which are suitable for line drawings and usable as a teaching aid, is based on the practical part of this diploma thesis. 43 author's drawings with uniform measuring scale are attached.

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New laboratory measurements of hydrides have been carried out using terahertz direct absorption spectroscopy. Spin components of the N = 2 <- 1 transition of the free radical CrH (X (6)Sigma(+)) have been recorded in the range 730-734 GHz, as well as a new measurement of the J = 2 <- 1 line of AlH (X (1)Sigma(+)) near 755 GHz. Both species were created in an AC discharge of H-2, argon, and metal vapor. For CrH, the chromium source was Cr(CO)(6), while AlH was produced from Al(CH3)3. The J = 4.5 <- 3.5 and 3.5 <- 2.5 fine-structure components were recorded for CrH, each which consists of resolved proton hyperfine doublets. For AlH, the two main quadrupole components, F = 4.5 <- 3.5 and 3.5 <- 2.5, of the J = 2 <- 1 transition were observed as blended features. These data were analyzed with previous 1 <- 0 millimeter/submillimeter measurements with (6)Sigma and (1)Sigma Hamiltonians for chromium and aluminum hydrides, respectively, and rotational, fine-structure (CrH only), and hyperfine constants were derived. The new measurements have resulted in refined spectroscopic parameters for both species, as well as direct measurement of the respective 2 <- 1 rotational transitions. This work also resolves a 10 MHz discrepancy in the frequency of the AlH line. CrH and AlH have already been observed in the photospheres of stars via their electronic transitions. These data will facilitate their discovery at submillimeter/terahertz wavelengths in circumstellar envelopes and perhaps in diffuse clouds.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Chemistry / Ryszard J. Jankowiak / Low-temperature laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy has various applications in analytical, physical, and biophysical chemistry. This technique provides information on the fluorescence origin band, zero-phonon lines and phonon-sidebands, inhomogeneous broadening, electron-phonon coupling strength, and ground- and excited-state vibrational frequencies of studied molecules. Examples discussed in this work include studies of DNA/metabolites and monoclonal antibody (mAb)/antigen interactions. The structural basis for the increased reactivity of BPDE towards guanines at 5-methylcytosine ([superscript]M[superscripte]eC):G sites in DNA was investigated by low temperature laser-based spectroscopy, studying the nature of physical complexes of benzo[a]pyrene tetraol in a series of 5-methylcytosine structural DNA analogs. We found that the presence of a C-5 substituent on cytosine and related structural modifications influences the conformation of BPT in DNA analogs, and could explain the increase in guanine reactivity at [superscript]M[superscript]eC:G sites of the p53 tumor suppressor gene that contains endogenenous 5-([superscript]M[superscript]eC. It has been demonstrated that various mAbs can bind a particular cross-reactant by adopting two distinct "red" and "blue" conformations of its binding sites. We showed that the blue conformation of pyrene in several mAbs (including 4D5 mAb) is consistent with [pi]-cation interactions, underscoring the importance of [pi]-cation interaction in ligand binding. We propose that considerable narrowing of the fluorescence origin band of the ligand in the protein environment could be regarded as a simple indicator of [pi]-cation interactions. It is also shown that time-resolved delta fluorescence line-narrowing ([delta]FLN) spectroscopy, using excitation within the (0,0)-transition band, provides more reliable information of the frequency dependence of the electron-phonon coupling (Huang-Rhys factor, (S < 1). Finally, analytical formulas were developed to describe FLN spectra with excitation energy transfer present. Our calculated FLN spectra are compared with spectra obtained by a simple convolution method (SC) and a more rigorous treatment using Redfield theory. We demonstrate that, under the condition of weak coupling between pigments (i.e., the coupling constant is smaller than the reorganization energy) and weak electron-phonon coupling strength (S < 1), our analytical formulas provide an excellent approximation of the SC and Redfield methodologies. We argued that our approach could also model FLN spectra obtained for very complex biological systems.

Numerous hydrodynamic theories may be used to predict the performance of marine propellers. The goal of this thesis is to investigate and implement a lifting line theory as a program written in FORTRAN and to test its capabilities on some Wageningen B-Series propellers. Special attention is given to the validation of the routines involved in the implementation of the theory. Difficulties were experienced in obtaining results that accurately reflect the published experimental results, and some discussion is included regarding possibilities for the sources of these errors. Also discussed are the results of other lifting line codes and their respective differences from the current implementation.

The accuracy of ozone measurements in the middle atmosphere is of great importance when determining its diurnal variation. A high time resolution of the measured data is desirable and depends on the sensitivity of the receiver used to detect the ozone. This thesis aims to improve the sensitivity of a groundbased 142 GHz microwave radiometer used for measuring atmospheric ozone data. This is done by replacing the previous receiver components with a series of new components and arranging them in different setups for comparison purposes. Mechanics and wiring were changed in order to install the setups along with changes in the optics. Each test setup could be implemented as a first step towards improving the sensitivity of the radiometer. The result show that the optics contribute with an unexpected addition of noise to the measurements and hence the overall performance and improvement of the radiometer could not be determined. Suggestions are made for further work which include improving the optics and performing cryo-measurements.

Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur enhetschefer i kommunal äldreomsorg hanterar sjukskrivningar bland omsorgspersonal. I studien användes en kvalitativ metod och sammanlagt genomfördes fem intervjuer med yrkesverksamma enhetschefer inom kommunal äldreomsorg. Vi har inspirerats av kritisk teori som analysmetod. Den teoretiska referensramen i studien är handlingsutrymme, handlingsfrihet och klämsits. Studiens resultat visar att sjukskrivningar bland omsorgsarbetare enligt enhetscheferna är ett omfattande problem. Resultatet visar att enhetschefer själva är ett viktigt verktyg i hanteringen av sjukskrivningar. Samtliga enhetschefer är medvetna om den ram som styr deras handlingsutrymme i form av lagar, regler och organisatoriska förutsättningar, men resultatet visar att de hanterar sjukskrivningar på olika sätt. Hur man skall hantera sjukskrivningar är upp till varje enskild enhetschef att avgöra och det kan ibland vara svårt att parera de olika förväntningar som de har på sig själva och sitt uppdrag. Enhetscheferna beskriver bristande stödfunktioner som en orsak till att det blir svårt och menar att de tvingas utveckla egna strategier för att kompensera för dessa. Resultatet visar också att det finns bristande resurser, både i form av tid och av pengar för att kunna möta de juridiska skyldigheter som enhetscheferna har i sitt arbetsgivaransvar. / The purpose of this study was to examine how first line managers in municipal elderly care manage sick leave among care workers. The study uses a qualitative method and five interviews were performed with first line manager professionals in municipal elderly care. We have been inspired by critical theory when analyze the result. The theoretical framework is space of action, freedom of action and conflict of interest. The result of the study shows that according to first line managers sick leave among care workers is an extensive problem. The result shows that first line managers themselves are an important tool while managing sick leave. They are all aware of the framework that controls their space of action and the framework consists of laws, rules and organizational conditions. The result shows that first line managers manage sick leave in different ways. How to manage sick leave is up to each and every one of them and it can sometimes be difficult to parry the different expectations they have on themselves and on their mission. First line managers describe lack of support functions as a reason why it can be difficult and they say that they are forced to develop their own strategies to compensate for these. The result also shows that there is a lack of resources, in both time and money to meet the legal obligations that first line managers have by their employer's' responsibility.

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I dagsläget lever 86 % av Sveriges befolkning i stadsområden. Mellan år 1990 till 2015 ökade befolkningen i Sveriges största storstadsområden med ca 26 % i Göteborg, ca 36 % i Stockholm och ca 31 % i Malmö. Detta har skapat hårdare konkurrens i fråga om ytan mellan bland annat bostäder, näringsliv, grönområden och transportinfrastrukturen. Det är viktigt att redan i planeringsfasen vid städernas utformning väga in aspekterna för citydistributionen och skapa ett balanserat transportsystem. Vid ökade transporter inom en stad ökar faktorer så som köer, trängsel, koldioxidutsläpp, kostnader, stress och olyckor. Syftet med undersökningen var att genom signifikanta teorier och datainsamling beräkna kostnadsfördelningen av distributörernas ”last mile distribution”. Även ge underlag för att visualisera konsoliderings- och samlastningsmöjligheter där antalet utlämnings- och upphämtningsstopp var tätare. Arbetet begränsades till ett område inom Göteborgs innerstad och fordonstypen till paketbilar. Datainsamlingsperioden skedde från och med den 23 mars 2016 till och med 25 april 2016. De teorier som låg till grund för arbetet är supply chain, distribution, citydistribution, Triple bottom line, kostnader för citydistribution, samlastning och konsolidering. Uppsatsen utgick ifrån kvantitativa metoder och värdena analyserades från en objektiv ståndpunkt. För att skaffa en grunduppfattning av last mile utfördes även två semistrukturerade kvalitativa intervjuer. De utvalda respondenterna är forskare inom logistik. Primärdata till uppsatsen är insamlad genom en tidsstudie med hjälp av applikationen Stardriver. Detta utfördes under 13 hela arbetsdagar tillsammans med marknadsledande distributionsfirmor inom paket och logistik i Sverige. Resultatet påvisar att kostnadsfördelningen inom last mile till störst del fördelas på aktiviteterna Drive, Handle to store och Unload. Aktiviteterna delades också in beroende på om de är värdeskapande, stödjande eller förluster. Kontentan av det blev att 70% är värdeskapande aktiviteter, 13% stödjande aktiviteter och 17% är rena förluster. Detta innebär att under ett kalenderår lägger distributören på ett ungefär 501 269 kr på värdeskapande aktiviteter, 93 093 kr på stödjande aktiviteter och 121 737 kr på förluster. De aktiviteter som klassas som förlust bör elimineras för att minska kostnaderna. Även de andra aktiviteterna kan skapa mer kostnadseffektiva transporter genom exempelvis samlastning mellan distributörer och intern effektivisering. Möjligheterna för samlastning och konsolidering av paket inom centrala områden i Göteborgs är goda enligt det data som samlades in. Baserat på den tätare kundkrets som påträffades inom den begränsade ytan upprättades två mindre områden där samlastning med fördel kan nyttjas. För att implementera samlastning mellan distributörerna krävs ett starkare samarbete mellan parterna. Alternativt att en oberoende part så som Stadleveransen som tar hand om distributionen.

This diploma thesis topic is cooperation among airlines. Main part focuses on areas and forms of airline cooperation e.g. inter-lining, code-sharing, joint ventures. A chapter is dedicated to the impact on competition and another one analysis the structure of global airline alliances. Basic overview of air transport and legal aspects influencing the nature of cooperation among airlines is also included.