In-vitro produced embryos (IVP) differ greatly from in-vivo derived embryos (IVD) in gene expression, metabolism, development, and cryotolerance which limit the widespread use of this technology. In-vitro maturation (IVM) is one of the most important components for successful in-vitro embryo development. Growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9) and bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15) have been found to be essential during oocyte maturation and thus female fertility. These proteins are oocyte secreted factors (OSFs) and are produced with pro- and mature protein regions where the pro-regions are thought to aid in protein folding and dimerization where heterodimerization the two proteins has been termed cumulin (Motterhead et al., 2015). Cumulin was found to have significant effects on oocyte maturation, blastocyst rate and hatching rates. However, only recombinant mature forms of these proteins are available commercially and making pro-mature GDF9 and BMP15 as well as pro- and mature cumulin is problematic. A few studies have evaluated the mature versions finding slight, although non-significant effects on oocyte maturation and blastocyst rates. However, none have studied the effects of using both mature GDF9 and BMP15 on bovine oocytes; thus, it was tested in this thesis. For the first experiment we hypothesized cumulus–oocyte complexes (COCs) matured for 23 h in maturation media supplemented with the mature proteins would increase blastocyst development, decreased lipid levels, and increased mitochondrial activity. Additionally, cryopreservation of embryos induces oxidative damage. However, studies have shown adding individual antioxidants to cryopreservation medium help alleviate post-thaw oxidative stress by reducing the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and detoxifying lipid peroxidation (Tarin and Trounson, 1993; Lane et al., 2002; Takahashi et al., 2013). Few studies have evaluated effects using combinations of antioxidants supplemented in slow-freezing media. For the second experiment we further hypothesized blastocysts slow frozen with antioxidants would have increased cryotolerance compared to controls. For the first experiment, bovine embryos were IVP in three treatment groups, J: a commercial IVM media, T: control (TCM 199 supplemented with gonadotrophins), and TGB: control supplemented with GDF9 (200 ng/µL) and BMP15 (100 ng/µL). For experiment 2, only IVM groups T and TGB were used. Embryos were produced in five then four replicates, respectively, from abattoir ovaries, oocytes were matured, fertilized with frozen-thawed semen from one of three bulls, and presumptive zygotes were cultured for 7-8 days. For experiment 1, stage 6–9 blastocysts were stained with Nile Red or Mitotracker Red CMX-Rosamine to evaluate lipid content and mitochondrial polarity, respectively, utilizing confocal microscopy at ×40. Five slices per embryo were evaluated and averaged for fluorescence. Blastocyst rates, Nile Red (sqrt transformed, outliers removed), and Mitotracker data were analyzed by an ANOVA and means separated by Tukey HSD. For experiment 2 stage 6–9 blastocysts were slow frozen then thawed in a 2x2 factorial and evaluated for re-expansion 24 hours post-thaw. Results indicate that there was no difference for blastocyst rates for experiment 1 and 2 (J: 26.7 0.02%, T: 26.9 0.02%, TGB: 24.2 0.031%, P > 0.1; and T: 22.0 0.020%, TGB: 21.8 0.024%, P > 0.1; respectively). TGB’s Nile Red fluorescence intensity was significantly lower (5.09 2.16 AFU, P < 0.0001) than T (12.0 2.11) and J (11.05 2.18). MitoTracker fluorescence was similar among all treatments (P > 0.05). There was no significant interactions or main effects seen between cryopreservation groups; however, T/AO (52.9 0.05%, n = 37) and T/C (39.8 0.05%, n =38) having on average a 13.1% higher re-expansion rate and AO overall had on average 6.2% higher re-expansion rates. There was no difference seen between TGB/AO and TGB/C. These results suggest that the mature forms of GDF9 and BMP15 supplemented during oocyte maturation can lower lipid content of resulting embryos, however they do not increase blastocyst rates, mitochondrial activity, or re-expansion rates after cryopreservation.

Les thiazolidinediones (TZDs) sont des médicaments antidiabétiques (agonistes des récepteurs nucléaires de type PPAR[gamma]) utilisés au cours des dix dernières années pour le traitement du diabète de type II. Malheureusement leur utilisation peut provoquer, chez certains patients, une rétention accrue de fluides et une formation d?oedèmes rénaux. Des études récentes suggèrent l'implication d'un canal sodique épithélial (ENaC), exprimé au niveau du tubule collecteur rénal, dans ces effets secondaires. En effet, la stimulation des PPAR[gamma] par les TZDs activent les canaux sodiques épithéliaux probablement via l'expression et l'activation de SGK1 (Serum and Glucocorticoid-regulated Kinase 1). Sachant que les transports des ions sodiques et potassiques sont étroitement liés au niveau rénal, notre objectif est de déterminer si les TZDs seraient impliqués dans la régulation des canaux potassiques (ROMK1). Nous montrons qu'en traitant les ovocytes de xénopes exprimant ROMK et PPAR[gamma], avec un TZDs comme la rosiglitazone (RGZ), le courant potassique mesuré par voltage-clamp (TEVC) est augmenté de deux fois. Cette augmentation est bloquée par l'utilisation d'un antagoniste de PPAR[gamma], le GW9662. Nous démontrons aussi l'implication de SGK1 dans la régulation de l'activité des canaux ROMK1 d'une part en mutant son site de phosphorylation sur ROMK1 (sérine 44) et d'autre part en utilisant son inhibiteur, GSK. Finalement les expériences d'immunofluorescences ont montré un recrutement de ROMK1 à la membrane des ovocytes traités à la RGZ. L'ensemble des données présentées dans ce travail suggère que la RGZ augmente le courant potassique en augmentant l'expression de SGK1.

At birth, the mammalian ovary has a finite number of dormant primordial follicles. Repeated daily dosing of rats with the occupational chemical, 4- vinylcyclohexene diepoxide (VCD), depletes the ovary of small pre-antral follicles (primordial and primary follicles) through an increase in the natural process of atresia (apoptosis). In addition, in vitro exposure of postnatal day 4 (PND4) rat ovaries to VCD causes a similar depletion of ovarian follicles. Since many growth factors play crucial roles in the promotion of early folliculogenesis and follicle survival, it is possible that any number of factors and subsequent signaling pathways could be disrupted in response to VCD exposure. Therefore, the studies in this work address the hypothesis that VCD disrupts oocyte-granulosa cell survival pathways in the rat ovary, thereby compromising cell-cell communication and causing follicle cell death. The results from the first aim reveal that through the use of genomic analyses a subset of genes were determined to be affected via in vivo and in vitro exposure routes to VCD. The results of the second aim show that two transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) growth factors, growth and differentiation factor-9 (GDF-9), and bone morphogenetic factor-4 (BMP-4), are not likely involved in VCD-induced ovotoxicity as they were unable to prevent ovarian follicle loss in the presence of VCD. The results of the third aim reveal that expression of the c-Kit receptor, present on the oocytes, is decreased and its ligand, Kit Ligand (KL), produced from the granulosa cells, is increased in response to in vitro VCD exposure. In addition, attenuation of VCD-induced follicle loss occurs in the presence of exogenous KL. Finally, the results of the fourth aim examines the involvement of the AKT signaling molecule in response to VCD exposure, in which the active phosphorylated AKT is determined to be down-regulated by VCD. Taken together, these studies show that VCD is able to disrupt at least one of the cellular survival pathways that are crucial to maintain the ovarian follicle. As a result, a breakdown in cell-cell communication may occur at that level and contribute to an increase in follicular atresia and eventual cell death.

An increasing number of women delay childbearing and consequently face infertility and pregnancy complications associated with age. The central contributor to compromised reproductive performance is poor oocyte quality. Despite advances in assisted reproductive technologies, a strategy to overcome the damage that oocytes receive with age is yet to be identified. This work focuses on the influence of TAp73, a protein that decreases in mouse and human eggs with age, on the developmental capacity of mouse oocytes. TAp73 deficient mice were found to have fewer active mitochondria and compromised clearance of damaged material in their oocytes, possibly due to reduced mTOR-TAp73 axis signaling. These qualities were shown to contribute to low oocyte maturation rates. Additionally, TAp73 likely mediates the action of coenzyme Q10, which restores oocyte TAp73 levels and mitochondrial quality in aged mice. Together these findings suggest that TAp73 is a promising therapeutic target for improving oocyte function.

An increasing number of women delay childbearing and consequently face infertility and pregnancy complications associated with age. The central contributor to compromised reproductive performance is poor oocyte quality. Despite advances in assisted reproductive technologies, a strategy to overcome the damage that oocytes receive with age is yet to be identified. This work focuses on the influence of TAp73, a protein that decreases in mouse and human eggs with age, on the developmental capacity of mouse oocytes. TAp73 deficient mice were found to have fewer active mitochondria and compromised clearance of damaged material in their oocytes, possibly due to reduced mTOR-TAp73 axis signaling. These qualities were shown to contribute to low oocyte maturation rates. Additionally, TAp73 likely mediates the action of coenzyme Q10, which restores oocyte TAp73 levels and mitochondrial quality in aged mice. Together these findings suggest that TAp73 is a promising therapeutic target for improving oocyte function.

AnalysisofshortArgonauteisoformsfrommouseoocytes Abstract: Argonaute proteins carrying small RNAs form the conserved core of RNA silencing mechanisms, which repress viruses, mobile genetic elements, and genes in a sequence specific manner. The microRNA (miRNA) pathway is a dominant mammalian RNA silencing mechanism in somatic cells, which post-transcriptionally regulates large fraction of genes and thereby adjusts protein levels. miRNA-guided Argonautes inhibit translation and induce deadenylation of complementary mRNAs, ultimately resulting in their decay. In contrast to RNA interference (RNAi), which employs Argonaute slicer activity to directly cleave perfectly complementary RNAs, an effective miRNA-mediated mRNA repression requires multiple Argonaute-associated protein factors and enzymes. The miRNA pathway has been implicated in many complex biological processes ranging from organogenesis, stress-response to haematopoiesis or cancer. Surprisingly, canonical miRNAs are not essential for oocytes and early embryonic development in mice. Even the most abundant miRNAs present in mouse oocytes are unable to effectively repress target genes. However, RNAi, which shares key enzymes with the miRNA pathway, is highly active in oocytes and early embryos. The cause of miRNA inactivity in mouse oocytes remains...

La méiose chez les femelles est un processus de réduction du génome permettant la formation d'un gamète haploïde, l'ovocyte. Dans la plupart des espèces animales, l'ovogénèse est associée à une élimination des centrioles, composants des centrosomes, qui sont les centres organisateurs des microtubules (MTOCs) canoniques. En l'absence de centrioles, le fuseau méiotique est assemblé grâce à la large contribution des MTOCs. Cependant, leur origine, l'importance de leur organisation et de la régulation de leur activité sont peu comprises. J'ai démontré que les MTOCs sont déjà présents dans les ovocytes précurseurs et sont progressivement rassemblés sur l'enveloppe nucléaire chez les ovocytes compétents pour les divisions méiotique. A l'entrée en méiose, les MTOCs sont distribués autour des chromosomes qui se condensent de façon strictement régulée au cours du temps. La perturbation de l'organisation des MTOCs par une surexpression de la kinase Polo-like 4 (Plk4) altère l'activité de nucléation des microtubules à l'entrée en méiose. L'activité anormale de ces MTOCs conduit à la formation de fuseaux non fonctionnels et à l'arrêt méiotique. / Female meiosis is a fundamental process of genome reduction leading to formation of a haploid gamete, the oocyte. In most animal species, oogenesis is associated with elimination of centrioles, constituents of centrosomes, which are canonical Microtubule Organizing Centers (MTOCs). In the absence of centrioles, meiotic spindle is assembled with a large contribution of acentriolar MTOCs. However, their origins, importance of organization and regulation of activity are poorly understood. I have shown that MTOCs pre-exist in the oocyte precursors and that they are progressively gathered on the nuclear envelope as oocytes gain competency for meiotic divisions. At entry into meiosis, MTOCs are redistributed around the condensing chromosomes in a strictly regulated timely fashion. Perturbation of such MTOC organization by transgenic overexpression of Polo-like kinase 4 (Plk4) leads to altered MT-nucleating activity at meiotic entry. Such abnormally active MTOCs mediate the formation of large and non-functional spindles and meiotic arrest.

A utilização de uréia na alimentação de fêmeas bovinas pode prejudicar o desempenho reprodutivo destes animais, provavelmente decorrente do aumento do teor de nitrogênio uréico plasmático (NUP). O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se alimentação com uréia por curto prazo oferecida a novilhas, e conseqüente aumento de NUP, exerce influência sobre a quantidade, qualidade e competência dos complexos cumulus-oócito (CCO). O experimento teve duração de 62 dias, dividido em oito semanas e dois períodos. Foram utilizadas 40 novilhas mestiças mantidas a pasto, alocadas a dois tratamentos, utilizando-se delineamento \"cross-over\": dieta sem uréia (SU): 5 kg (matéria original) de silagem de milho e 1 kg de concentrado/animal/dia ou dieta com uréia (U): 5 kg de silagem de milho e 1 kg de concentrado contendo 75 g de uréia/animal/dia. Os animais selecionados a cada semana receberam as dietas por seis dias, uma única vez ao dia. No sexto dia de oferecimento das dietas, foram realizadas aspiração folicular (OPU) e colheita de sangue, em jejum e 3 horas após a alimentação. Imediatamente após a OPU, foi realizada contagem total de CCO recuperados e classificação dos mesmos em viáveis e inviáveis. Apenas os viáveis foram destinados à produção In vitro de embriões. Em relação ao teor de NUP, houve efeito de interação entre tratamento e tempo de colheita (P=0,04) e dentro de cada tempo foi observado aumento significativo (P<0,01) para os animais do tratamento U. Não foi observado efeito de tratamento em relação ao número total de CCO recuperados por animal (média ± EPM: SU=9,15 ± 0,82 vs. U=8,82 ± 0,95), nem sobre a porcentagem de CCO viáveis sobre total de CCO recuperados por animal (SU=73,61% ± 2,47 vs. U=70,26% ± 2,31). A taxa de clivagem obtida no dia 3 após a inseminação In vitro (IIV) e as taxas de blastocisto nos dias 6, 7 e 9 após a IIV, não foram influenciadas pelo tratamento. Porém, no 11º pós IIV, houve diminuição (P=0,04) da taxa de blastocistos eclodidos para o tratamento U (SU=82,50% ± 0,05 vs. U=64,33% ± 0,07). Apesar do aumento do teor de NUP observado nas novilhas do tratamento U, a quantidade, qualidade e competência dos CCO durante as primeiras clivagens até atingirem o estádio de blastocisto In vitro não foram influenciadas pelo oferecimento de 75 g de uréia na dieta, durante seis dias. Porém, foi observada redução da taxa de eclosão dos blastocistos das novilhas do tratamento U. / Urea feeding offered to bovine dams may damage their reproductive performance, probably due to an increase in levels of plasmatic urea nitrogen (PUN). The aim of this study was evaluate if short-term urea feeding of heifers, following high PUN levels, would have an influence on the quantity, quality and competence of cumulus-oocyte complexes (COC). Trial lasted 62 days, divided into eight weeks and two periods. Forty crossbred grazing heifers were allocated to one of two treatments, using a cross-over design: diet without urea (WU): 5 kg (as fed) of corn silage and 1 kg of concentrated/animal/day, or diet with urea (U): 5 kg of corn silage and 1 kg of concentrated with 75 g of urea/animal/day. Heifers selected in each week received these diets once a day, for six days. On the sixth day of diets? offer, ovum pick-up (OPU) and blood sampling at fasting and 3 hours after feeding were carried out. Immediately after OPU, total COC recovered was counted and classified as either viable or unviable. Only viable were destined to In vitro embryo production. In relation to PUN level, there was a significant interaction between treatment and sampling time (P=0.04) and a significant (P<0.01) increase in animals undergoing U treatment for each of the test times. No significant effect was observed relative to either the total number of recovered COC per animal (mean ± SEM: WU=9.15 ± 0.82 vs. U=8.82 ± 0.95), or the viable COC as a percentage of total recovered COC per animal (WU=73.61% ± 2.47 vs. U=70.26% ± 2.31). Cleavage ratio assessed on day 3 post In vitro insemination (IVI) and blastocyst ratio on days 6, 7 and 9 post IVI were not influenced by treatments. However, there was a significant treatment effect (P=0.04) in relation to hatched blastocysts on day 11 after IVI (WU=83% ± 0.05 vs. U=64% ± 0.07). Even though higher PUN levels were observed in animals from treatment U, quantity, quality and competence of the COC during first cleavages until reaching the blastocyst stage In vitro were not influenced by adding 75 g of urea on the diet offered to heifers, during six days. Neverthless, a decline in hatched blastocysts rate was observed in heifers of treatment U.

With the increasing demand for assisted reproduction, more knowledge and understanding towards health requirements of oocytes and their inner workings are required. With current IVF success rates of approximately 40%, oocyte and embryo culture conditions in vitro can be improved by first understanding the finer details of oocyte function. As such, there is a need to better understand the mechanisms through which oocytes can acquire certain nutrients. This thesis focuses on the amino acid serine, which has been shown to improve outcome in developing embryos and also plays a variety of roles in the body that may carry over to oocyte health as well. Using radiolabeled [3H] serine, we measured uptake of serine as a function of time throughout growth and meiotic maturation in mouse oocytes. Serine transport appeared in oocytes during growth and became absent in mature eggs. With a competition assay using substrates diagnostic for several different amino acid transporter systems and culture with and without sodium in the external medium, I identified Na+-dependent SNAT7 of the System A/N (SLC38) family to be the most likely transporter in oocytes. Quantitative RT-PCR was consistent with this result. Transporter activity is also not activated by progression of meiotic maturation, as indicated by unperturbed transport when dbcAMP was provided to maintain meiotic arrest. However, a biological regulator of arrest, NPPC, resulted in enhanced transport activity in vitro. This may be due to signalling mechanisms of the NPPC pathway affecting regulation of serine uptake, which presents a direction for future research.

Orientador: José Buratini Júnior / Resumo: A maturação in vitro (MIV) é uma etapa fundamental da produção in vitro de embriões bovinos (PIV). A conclusão prematura da maturação nuclear durante a MIV é considerada como uma das principais causas da eficiência limitada da PIV. Em camundongos, o fator de crescimento dos fibroblastos 8 (FGF8) regula a atividade do peptÌdeo natriurético tipo C (NPPC) aumentando a expressão de seu receptor (NPR2) e contribuindo assim para o bloqueio meiótico. O principal objetivo deste trabalho foi testar os efeitos do FGF8 sobre a dinâmica da quebra da vesícula germinativa e progresso da meiose durante a MIV induzida com FSH ou ampirregulina (AREG) em bovinos. Paralelamente, os efeitos do FGF8 sobre a expansão do cumulus e metabolismo da glicose também foram testados. Na MIV induzida com AREG, mas não com FSH, o FGF8 diminuiu a porcentagem de oócitos com quebra da vesícula germinativa às 6 e 9 horas do cultivo, enquanto aumentou a expressão do RNAm do NPPC, mas não do NPR2, nas células do cumulus. Distintamente, na MIV com FSH, o FGF8 diminuiu a porcentagem de oócitos em Meiose I às 9 horas de cultivo. O FGF8 não afetou a porcentagem de oócitos em Meiose II às 22 horas da MIV, nem a expansão do cumulus, embora tenha aumentado a expressão do RNAm de genes da cascata ovulatória [prostaglandina endoperoxido sintase 2 (PTGS2) e desintegrina e metaloproteinase de domínio contendo proteÌna 10 (ADAM 10)]. Além disso, o FGF8 diminuiu o consumo de glicose e a produção de lactato na MIV com FSH, m... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Mestre