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Plants produce secondary (or specialized) metabolites to respond to a variety of environmental changes and threats. Especially, volatile compounds released by plants facilitate short and long distance interaction with both beneficial and harmful organisms. Comparatively little is known about the organization and role of specialized metabolism in root tissues. In this study, we have investigated the root-specific formation and function of volatile terpenes in the model plant Arabidopsis. As one objective, we have characterized the two root-specific terpene synthases, TPS22 and TPS25. Both enzymes catalyze the formation of several volatile sesquiterpenes with (E)-β-farnesene as the major product. TPS22 and TPS25 are expressed in the root in distinct different cell type-specific patterns and both genes are induced by jasmonic acid. Unexpectedly, both TPS proteins are localized to mitochondria, demonstrating a subcellular localization of terpene specialized metabolism in compartments other than the cytosol and plastids. (E)-β-Farnesene is produced at low concentrations suggesting posttranslational modifications of the TPS proteins and/or limited substrate availability in mitochondria. We hypothesize that the mitochondrial localization of TPS22 and TPS25 reflects evolutionary plasticity in subcellular compartmentation of TPS proteins with emerging or declining activity. Since (E)-β-farnesene inhibits Arabidopsis root growth in vitro, mitochondrial targeting of both proteins may fine tune (E)-β-farnesene concentrations to prevent possible autotoxic or inhibitory effects of this terpene in vivo. We further investigated the role of volatile terpenes in Arabidopsis roots in interaction with the soil-borne oomycete, Pythium irregulare. Infection of roots with P. irregulare causes emission of the C11-homoterpene (or better called C4-norterpene) 4,8-dimethylnona-1,3,7-triene (DMNT), which is a common volatile induced by biotic stress in aerial parts of plants but was not previously known to be produced in plant roots. We demonstrate that DMNT is synthesized by a novel, root-specific pathway via oxidative degradation of the C30-triterpene, arabidiol. DMNT exhibits inhibitory effects on P. irregulare mycelium growth and oospore germination in vitro. Moreover, arabidiol and DMNT biosynthetic mutants were found to be more susceptible to P. irregulare infection and showed higher rates of Pythium colonization in comparison to wild type plants. Together, our studies demonstrate differences and plasticity in the metabolic organization and function of terpenes in roots in comparison to aboveground plant tissues. / Ph. D.

Phytophthora cinnamomi is a soil-borne oomycete pathogen causing root rot in susceptible host species. P. cinnamomi is thought to have originated in Southeast Asia, but has since been introduced to many regions around the world, where it causes dramatic declines in many forest tree species. In the eastern US, the primary susceptible tree species of concern are American chestnut (Castanea dentata), white oak (Quercus alba), and shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata). American chestnut, functionally eliminated in the early 1900s by the rapidly acting chestnut blight (Cryphonectria parasitica), has been the subject of decades-long breeding efforts aimed at improving chestnut resistance to chestnut blight. To improve chestnut restoration success, and restoration of other susceptible species, the distribution patterns of P. cinnamomi on a landscape scale must be better understood. This project was initiated to develop an improved method for detecting P. cinnamomi to permit high-throughput screening of forest soils, and to implement the improved detection approach in characterizing the distribution patterns of P. cinnamomi in developing soils on reclaimed surface mines in eastern Kentucky, as well as mature forest soils within an undisturbed watershed in a reference-quality eastern Kentucky forest. We developed an improved detection method using a molecular DNA-amplification approach (PCR), which demonstrated similar sensitivity to traditional culture-based methods, but required less time and space than traditional methods. We used this detection approach to screen soils from a chronosequence of reclaimed surface mines (reclaimed at different points in time) to evaluate whether reclaimed surface mined sites become favorable for P. cinnamomi colonization over time. Our analysis detected P. cinnamomi at the two older sites (reclaimed in 1997 and 2003), but we did not detect P. cinnamomi at the two newer sites sampled (reclaimed in 2005 and 2007). These results suggest that surface mined sites become favorable for P. cinnamomi colonization over time, and should not be considered permanently “Phytophthora-free.” We also collected ~200 samples from a watershed in UK’s Robinson Forest, from plots representing a gradient of topographic position, slope, and aspect. This survey indicated that P. cinnamomi distribution in forests is complex and can be difficult to predict; however, P. cinnamomi was detected in both drier upslope sites and in moister drainage sites.

<p>The crayfish plague refractory crayfish, <i>Pacifastacus leniusculus</i>, which can harbour the fungal parasite within melanotic sheath, are found to constitutively express the gene encoding for prophenoloxidase (proPO) after mimicking parasite attack. In contrast, the susceptible crayfish, <i>Astacus astacus</i>, responds to the parasite by increased levels of proPO transcript, particularly in the semigranular haemocytes. The upregulation of proPO could confer a temporary resistance towards the fungal infection, suggesting that additional factors are involved in maintaining the balance between host and parasite. The resistant crayfish may have adapted to the parasite by increasing the transcript level of immune genes. The parasite can be considered as a symbiont since it does not harm the host rather than it activates the immune gene and possibly preventing other pathogens to become established.</p><p>Two serine proteinase genes encoding a subtilisin-like (<i>AaSP1</i>) and a trypsin (<i>AaSP2</i>) enzyme were isolated from the crayfish plague fungus, <i>Aphanomyces astaci</i>. These proteinases are prepropeptides and generate mature proteins of 39 kDa and 29 kDa, respectively. Characterisation of <i>AaSP1</i> suggests that the enzyme may be involved in intracellular control mechanisms rather than playing a role in pathogenesis. The <i>AaSP2 </i>transcript was not controlled by catabolic repression, but was induced by crayfish plasma, implying a role in pathogenesis toward the crayfish host. </p><p>Physiology and genetics of five <i>Aphanomyces</i> strains, which were isolated from moribund crayfish, were characterised with regard to their pathogen diversity. These strains are not virulent against crayfish. Some physiological properties of these strains differed from <i>A. astaci</i>, such as growth rate, germination and production of chitinase. Genetic analysis clearly indicated that they are not related to <i>A. astaci</i> and their name are proposed to be <i>Aphanomyces repetans</i>.</p><p>The crayfish <i>P. leniusculus </i>was found to be susceptible to white spot syndrome virus infection. The virus has a significant effect to the population of crayfish haemocyte. The number and proportion of granular cell from virus-infected crayfish were higher than in controls, indicating granular cells are more resistant to and may interact by some means with the virus.</p><p>Two morphotypes of the crayfish parasite <i>Psorospermium haeckeli</i> obtained from different crayfish hosts of different geographical origin were analysed for ribosomal ITS DNA in order to compare their genetic diversity. The sequence difference between them was found largely in ITS 1 and ITS 2 regions, which was variable in length and showed 66% and 58% sequence similarity. Thus, different morphotypes of <i>P. haeckeli</i> are genetically diverse.</p>

The crayfish plague refractory crayfish, Pacifastacus leniusculus, which can harbour the fungal parasite within melanotic sheath, are found to constitutively express the gene encoding for prophenoloxidase (proPO) after mimicking parasite attack. In contrast, the susceptible crayfish, Astacus astacus, responds to the parasite by increased levels of proPO transcript, particularly in the semigranular haemocytes. The upregulation of proPO could confer a temporary resistance towards the fungal infection, suggesting that additional factors are involved in maintaining the balance between host and parasite. The resistant crayfish may have adapted to the parasite by increasing the transcript level of immune genes. The parasite can be considered as a symbiont since it does not harm the host rather than it activates the immune gene and possibly preventing other pathogens to become established. Two serine proteinase genes encoding a subtilisin-like (AaSP1) and a trypsin (AaSP2) enzyme were isolated from the crayfish plague fungus, Aphanomyces astaci. These proteinases are prepropeptides and generate mature proteins of 39 kDa and 29 kDa, respectively. Characterisation of AaSP1 suggests that the enzyme may be involved in intracellular control mechanisms rather than playing a role in pathogenesis. The AaSP2 transcript was not controlled by catabolic repression, but was induced by crayfish plasma, implying a role in pathogenesis toward the crayfish host. Physiology and genetics of five Aphanomyces strains, which were isolated from moribund crayfish, were characterised with regard to their pathogen diversity. These strains are not virulent against crayfish. Some physiological properties of these strains differed from A. astaci, such as growth rate, germination and production of chitinase. Genetic analysis clearly indicated that they are not related to A. astaci and their name are proposed to be Aphanomyces repetans. The crayfish P. leniusculus was found to be susceptible to white spot syndrome virus infection. The virus has a significant effect to the population of crayfish haemocyte. The number and proportion of granular cell from virus-infected crayfish were higher than in controls, indicating granular cells are more resistant to and may interact by some means with the virus. Two morphotypes of the crayfish parasite Psorospermium haeckeli obtained from different crayfish hosts of different geographical origin were analysed for ribosomal ITS DNA in order to compare their genetic diversity. The sequence difference between them was found largely in ITS 1 and ITS 2 regions, which was variable in length and showed 66% and 58% sequence similarity. Thus, different morphotypes of P. haeckeli are genetically diverse.

Invasive growth through a substrate requires a massive amount of penetrative force, and this is generated in the space of a few microns in a growing tip. This process is known to be critical in the root hair, pollen tube, rhizoids, and the topic of this thesis, hyphal growth. However defining the mechanisms underlying the tip growth remains a contentious issue. Shortcomings in control of direction and regulation of growth began to undermine early turgor-based theories, and the cytoskeletal protein actin, ubiquitous in nature and with crucial roles in structure and motility became a target for investigation. A major breakthrough came with the discovery that a characteristic actin depleted zone (ADZ) occurs at the growing tip of hyphae during invasive but not non-invasive hyphal growth. The ADZ is likely to have an important role in generating the greater protrusive force required for invasive growth. However, since its discovery, little has been determined about the characteristics of the ADZ. Uncertainty in the description of the physical environment the hyphae face adds a layer of complexity to interpretation of results. This thesis aims to address this issue, studying the impact of increasing agarose substrate concentration on the presence and dimensions of the ADZ in the oomycete A. bisexualis. Furthermore, agarose is examined by compression and imaging to compare the physical characteristics of the agar samples over the range of concentrations, and determine whether increasing agarose concentration influences agarose gel structure. Results suggest a difference in the number of ADZ observed in non-invasive compared with invasive samples, however no significant differences in the number or dimensions of ADZ were found amongst the 1-4% w/v agarose concentrations. The 0% sample showed 20.7 percent of hyphae exhibited depleted zones, while 1, 2, 3 and 4% samples showed 56.9%, 48.8%, 40.9% and 54.2% respectively. ADZ dimensions did not correlate with agarose concentration. The average ADZ area:hyphal diameter ratio was 0.634, 0.526, 0.430, 1.09, and 0.65 for 0-4% agarose concentrations respectively. Additionally, investigation of gel compression forces revealed gel strength increases with agarose concentration. The force required to compress the agarose increased from 1.85 Psi in 1% agarose to 4.85, 7.09 and 12.22 Psi in 2, 3 and 4% agarose concentrations respectively. SEM imaging, however, suggests heterogeneity of the fibrous interconnected network of agarose gels at a microscopic scale with variable porous structure at all agarose concentrations. This scale is relevant to hyphal tip growth. In combination, these results suggest F-actin depletion may be a response mechanism to provide greater force for invasive growth. Additionally, this response is not dependent on the concentration of the agarose media, possibly due to the variability encountered within the media. These results contribute another important step forward in unraveling the elusive mechanism of tip growth.

Invasive growth through a substrate requires a massive amount of penetrative force, and this is generated in the space of a few microns in a growing tip. This process is known to be critical in the root hair, pollen tube, rhizoids, and the topic of this thesis, hyphal growth. However defining the mechanisms underlying the tip growth remains a contentious issue. Shortcomings in control of direction and regulation of growth began to undermine early turgor-based theories, and the cytoskeletal protein actin, ubiquitous in nature and with crucial roles in structure and motility became a target for investigation. A major breakthrough came with the discovery that a characteristic actin depleted zone (ADZ) occurs at the growing tip of hyphae during invasive but not non-invasive hyphal growth. The ADZ is likely to have an important role in generating the greater protrusive force required for invasive growth. However, since its discovery, little has been determined about the characteristics of the ADZ. Uncertainty in the description of the physical environment the hyphae face adds a layer of complexity to interpretation of results. This thesis aims to address this issue, studying the impact of increasing agarose substrate concentration on the presence and dimensions of the ADZ in the oomycete A. bisexualis. Furthermore, agarose is examined by compression and imaging to compare the physical characteristics of the agar samples over the range of concentrations, and determine whether increasing agarose concentration influences agarose gel structure. Results suggest a difference in the number of ADZ observed in non-invasive compared with invasive samples, however no significant differences in the number or dimensions of ADZ were found amongst the 1-4% w/v agarose concentrations. The 0% sample showed 20.7 percent of hyphae exhibited depleted zones, while 1, 2, 3 and 4% samples showed 56.9%, 48.8%, 40.9% and 54.2% respectively. ADZ dimensions did not correlate with agarose concentration. The average ADZ area:hyphal diameter ratio was 0.634, 0.526, 0.430, 1.09, and 0.65 for 0-4% agarose concentrations respectively. Additionally, investigation of gel compression forces revealed gel strength increases with agarose concentration. The force required to compress the agarose increased from 1.85 Psi in 1% agarose to 4.85, 7.09 and 12.22 Psi in 2, 3 and 4% agarose concentrations respectively. SEM imaging, however, suggests heterogeneity of the fibrous interconnected network of agarose gels at a microscopic scale with variable porous structure at all agarose concentrations. This scale is relevant to hyphal tip growth. In combination, these results suggest F-actin depletion may be a response mechanism to provide greater force for invasive growth. Additionally, this response is not dependent on the concentration of the agarose media, possibly due to the variability encountered within the media. These results contribute another important step forward in unraveling the elusive mechanism of tip growth.

O oomiceto aquático Pythium insidiosum, classificado no Reino Stramenipila, é o agente etiológico da pitiose, uma doença crônica, piogranulomatosa, que acomete eqüinos, caninos, felinos, bovinos, ovinos e humanos que habitam regiões tropicais e subtropicais. Diversos protocolos para o tratamento da enfermidade têm sido utilizados, incluindo terapia com antifúngicos, cirurgia e imunoterapia. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar a suscetibilidade in vitro de 27 isolados clínicos de Pythium insidiosum ao acetato de caspofungina, bem como correlacionar os resultados obtidos in vitro com a resposta da terapêutica in vivo e comparar a eficácia de dois tratamentos, acetato de caspofungina e imunoterapia, utilizando coelhos como modelo experimental. Vinte e seis isolados de Pythium insidiosum provenientes de casos clínicos de pitiose em animais no Brasil (24 eqüinos, 01 canino e 01 ovino) e um isolado ATCC (58637) foram avaliados neste estudo. Os testes in vitro foram desenvolvidos utilizando-se a macrotécnica em caldo seguindo o protocolo internacional M38-A do CLSI. O inóculo consistiu de uma suspensão de 2-3x103 zoósporos de Pythium insidiosum diluído 1:10 em caldo RPMI. As concentrações finais do acetato de caspofungina variaram de 0,25 – 128 μg/mL. A leitura dos CIMs foi visual, considerando-se o crescimento ou não de hifas em 24 horas de incubação a 370C, sendo adotados 3 critérios de leitura: CIM0; CIM1 e CIM2 (100%, 90% e 50% de inibição de crescimento, respectivamente), assim como também foi determinada a concentração fungicida mínima. No ensaio in vivo, 15 coelhos inoculados subcutaneamente com 20.000 zoósporos de Pythium insidiosum foram divididos em 3 grupos de 5 animais (grupo 1, controle; grupo 2, tratado com imunoterápico Pitium Vac® e grupo 3, tratado com acetato de caspofungina). Os tratamentos iniciaram-se 25 dias após a inoculação e consitiram de: 1) 8 doses de imunoterápico administradas em intervalos de 14 dias; 2) 1 mg/kg/dia de acetato de caspofungina durante 20 dias consecutivos. Dezoito semanas após o início do experimento, os animais foram necropsiados e fragmentos de lesões foram coletados para análise histopatológica e morfométrica. Quatorze isolados (51,8%) evidenciaram CIM0 de 64 μg/mL e 24 (88,8%) CIM1 com variação de ≥ 8μg/mL a 64 μg/mL. Na determinação da concentração fungicida mínima, 17 (62,9%) amostras requereram 64 μg/mL. Os animais de ambos os tratamentos apresentaram redução da área de lesões, quando comparados aos animais do grupo controle (P<0.05). As áreas de lesões dos coelhos tratados com acetato de caspofungina evidenciaram redução durante o tratamento, porém rapidamente retornaram a progredir quando a administração do fármaco foi suspensa. O aspecto histológico das lesões foi similar entre os grupos estudados e a avaliação morfométrica evidenciou que os animais dos grupos 2 e 3 apresentaram menor quantidade de hifas nas áreas de necrose (P<0.05). Os resultados obtidos evidenciam que, embora não tenha havido diferença entre os tratamentos avaliados, a imunoterapia, em função de seu custo, continua sendo a melhor alternativa para o tratamento da pitiose. A ocorrência de altas CIMs associada a falta de atividade fungicida do acetato de caspofungina observados neste estudo, sugerem que Pythium insidiosum é pouco suscetível a este antifúngico. / For the in vivo assay, fifteen rabbits were subcutaneously inoculated with 20,000 Pythium insidiosum zoospores and were divided into 3 groups of 5 animals (group 1, control; group 2, treated with Pitium Vac® immunotherapic; and group 3, treated with caspofungin acetate). The treatments were started 25 days after the inoculation, and consisted of: 1) 8 doses of the immunotherapic administered at 14-day intervals; and 2) 1mg/kg/day of caspofungin acetate during 20 consecutive days. The animals were necropsied eighteen weeks after the start of the experiment, and lesion fragments were collected for histopathologic and morphometric analyses. Fourteen isolates (51.8%) had an MIC0 of 64 μg/mL, and 24 (88.8%) had an MIC1 that varied between ≥ 8μg/mL and 64 μg/mL. When subjected to the minimum fungicidal concentration assay, 17 (62.9%) samples required 64 μg/mL. The animals in both treatment groups displayed smaller lesion sizes compared to the animals of group control (P<0.05). The subcutaneous lesion areas of rabbits treated with caspofungin acetate exhibited a reduction in their progression during the treatment. However, lesions quickly resumed growth when the administration of the drug was suspended. The histological aspect of the lesions was similar between the groups under study, and the morphometric evaluation showed that the animals in groups 2 and 3 had lower amounts of hyphae in necrotic areas (P<0.05). The results obtained indicate that, even though the treatments did not differ significantly, the immunotherapic treatment is still the best alternative to treat pythiosis. In addition, the high MICs and lack of fungicidality of caspofungin acetate suggest that Pythium insidiosum is poorly susceptible to this antifungal drug.

Phytophthora spp are responsible for a major disease of citrus crops. The difficulties of control and the impact caused by the use of agrochemicals have led the search for alternative control methods. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the control of Phytophthora sp using natural products, thermotherapy, and Trichoderma spp rhizobacteria. Experiments were performed to evaluate the effect of manipueira, Ecolife ®, neem oil, eucalyptus oil, citronella oil, oil of Piper aduncum and fungicide (metalaxyl + mancozeb) at different concentrations, as well as the effect of rhizobacteria and Trichoderma spp, on the inhibition of mycelial growth of the pathogen in potato-dextrose-agar medium. Orange fruits variety pêra inoculated with a suspension of the pathogen (20 sporangia/fruit) were sprayed with oils and plant extracts (5 mL/fruit) or underwent thermotherapy in a water bath, at different temperatures, to assess the ability of the treatments decrease in the percentage of injured areas. Seeds of cravo lemon were microbiolized and sown in test tubes containing water-agar and incubated at 28 °C under constant light, to assess the ability of microorganisms to colonize the root system. In another experiment, microbiolized seeds were sown in pots and infested autoclaved substrate, kept in a greenhouse for 45 days. The incidence of the disease and the promotion of growth were measured at the end of the incubation period. In all tests were used a randomized design and means were compared by Tukey test (5%). Among the concentrations of oils, extracts and the fungicide concentrations stood out: manipueira 20%, citronella oil 1.5%, eucalyptus oil 1.0%, oil of Piper aduncum 0.5%, Ecolife ® 1.0%, neem oil 1.5% and fungicide 2.5 g. L-1 showed that the percentage of inhibition of mycelial growth of the pathogen, ranging from 73.8% to 100%. Some of rhizobacteria and Trichoderma spp tested were able to inhibit the mycelial growth of the pathogen. Treatment with oil of Piper aduncum presented the injured areas in the smaller fruits with an average of 8.57%. The disease control was obtained treating orange fruits variety pêra at 52 °C for three minutes and 50 °C, 51 ºC, 52 ºC and 53 °C for five minutes. The isolates of rhizobacteria have the ability to colonize the roots of citrus, but Trichoderma spp didn&#8223;t show this behavior. All isolates studied had the ability to control the severity of disease caused by Phytophthora sp under controlled conditions. Alternative methods showed promise in control of Phytophthora sp. / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas / Phytophthora spp são responsáveis por uma das principais doenças da cultura dos citros. As dificuldades de controle e o impacto causado pelo uso de agroquímicos têm levado a procura de métodos alternativos de controle. Assim, este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o controle de Phytophthora sp, utilizando produtos naturais, termoterapia, Trichoderma spp e rizobactérias. Foram realizados experimentos visando avaliar o efeito da manipueira, Ecolife®, óleo de nim, óleo de eucalipto, óleo de citronela, óleo de pimenta-de-macaco e fungicida (metalaxyl + mancozeb) em diferentes concentrações, bem como o efeito de rizobactérias e Trichoderma spp, sobre a inibição do crescimento micelial do patógeno em meio batata-dextrose-ágar. Frutos de laranja pêra inoculados com uma suspensão do patógeno (20 esporângios/fruto) foram pulverizados com os óleos e extratos vegetais (5 mL/fruto) ou foram submetidos à termoterapia em banho-maria, sob diferentes temperaturas, para avaliar a capacidade dos tratamentos em diminuir a porcentagem das áreas lesionadas. Sementes de limão cravo foram microbiolizadas, semeadas em tubos de ensaio contendo Ágar-Água e incubados a 28°C sob luz constante, para avaliar a capacidade dos microrganismos em colonizar o sistema radicular. Em outro ensaio, as sementes microbiolizadas foram semeadas em vasos contendo substrato autoclavado e infestado, mantidos em telado por 45 dias. A incidência da doença e a promoção de crescimento foram avaliados ao final do período de incubação. Em todos os ensaios foi utilizado delineamento inteiramente casualizado e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (5%). Dentre as concentrações de óleos, extratos e do fungicida destacaram-se as concentrações: manipueira 20%, óleo de citronela 1,5%, óleo de eucalipto 1,0%, óleo de pimenta-de-macaco 0,5%, Ecolife® 1,0%, óleo de nim 1,5% e fungicida 2,5 g. L-1 que apresentaram porcentagem de inibição de crescimento micelial do patógeno, variando de 73,8% a 100%. Algumas das rizobactérias testadas e Trichoderma spp foram capazes de inibir o crescimento micelial do patógeno. O tratamento com óleo de pimenta-de-macaco foi o que apresentou as menores áreas lesionadas nos frutos com média de 8,57%. O controle da doença foi obtido tratando-se os frutos de laranja pêra a 52ºC por três minutos e 50ºC, 51ºC, 52ºC e 53ºC por cinco minutos. Os isolados de rizobactérias possuem a capacidade de colonizar as raízes de citros, mas Trichoderma spp não apresentaram esse comportamento. Todos os isolados estudados apresentaram a capacidade de controlar a severidade da doença causada por Phytophthora sp sob condições controladas. Métodos alternativos se mostraram promissores no controle de Phytophthora sp.

O oomiceto aquático Pythium insidiosum, classificado no Reino Stramenipila, é o agente etiológico da pitiose, uma doença crônica, piogranulomatosa, que acomete eqüinos, caninos, felinos, bovinos, ovinos e humanos que habitam regiões tropicais e subtropicais. Diversos protocolos para o tratamento da enfermidade têm sido utilizados, incluindo terapia com antifúngicos, cirurgia e imunoterapia. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar a suscetibilidade in vitro de 27 isolados clínicos de Pythium insidiosum ao acetato de caspofungina, bem como correlacionar os resultados obtidos in vitro com a resposta da terapêutica in vivo e comparar a eficácia de dois tratamentos, acetato de caspofungina e imunoterapia, utilizando coelhos como modelo experimental. Vinte e seis isolados de Pythium insidiosum provenientes de casos clínicos de pitiose em animais no Brasil (24 eqüinos, 01 canino e 01 ovino) e um isolado ATCC (58637) foram avaliados neste estudo. Os testes in vitro foram desenvolvidos utilizando-se a macrotécnica em caldo seguindo o protocolo internacional M38-A do CLSI. O inóculo consistiu de uma suspensão de 2-3x103 zoósporos de Pythium insidiosum diluído 1:10 em caldo RPMI. As concentrações finais do acetato de caspofungina variaram de 0,25 – 128 μg/mL. A leitura dos CIMs foi visual, considerando-se o crescimento ou não de hifas em 24 horas de incubação a 370C, sendo adotados 3 critérios de leitura: CIM0; CIM1 e CIM2 (100%, 90% e 50% de inibição de crescimento, respectivamente), assim como também foi determinada a concentração fungicida mínima. No ensaio in vivo, 15 coelhos inoculados subcutaneamente com 20.000 zoósporos de Pythium insidiosum foram divididos em 3 grupos de 5 animais (grupo 1, controle; grupo 2, tratado com imunoterápico Pitium Vac® e grupo 3, tratado com acetato de caspofungina). Os tratamentos iniciaram-se 25 dias após a inoculação e consitiram de: 1) 8 doses de imunoterápico administradas em intervalos de 14 dias; 2) 1 mg/kg/dia de acetato de caspofungina durante 20 dias consecutivos. Dezoito semanas após o início do experimento, os animais foram necropsiados e fragmentos de lesões foram coletados para análise histopatológica e morfométrica. Quatorze isolados (51,8%) evidenciaram CIM0 de 64 μg/mL e 24 (88,8%) CIM1 com variação de ≥ 8μg/mL a 64 μg/mL. Na determinação da concentração fungicida mínima, 17 (62,9%) amostras requereram 64 μg/mL. Os animais de ambos os tratamentos apresentaram redução da área de lesões, quando comparados aos animais do grupo controle (P<0.05). As áreas de lesões dos coelhos tratados com acetato de caspofungina evidenciaram redução durante o tratamento, porém rapidamente retornaram a progredir quando a administração do fármaco foi suspensa. O aspecto histológico das lesões foi similar entre os grupos estudados e a avaliação morfométrica evidenciou que os animais dos grupos 2 e 3 apresentaram menor quantidade de hifas nas áreas de necrose (P<0.05). Os resultados obtidos evidenciam que, embora não tenha havido diferença entre os tratamentos avaliados, a imunoterapia, em função de seu custo, continua sendo a melhor alternativa para o tratamento da pitiose. A ocorrência de altas CIMs associada a falta de atividade fungicida do acetato de caspofungina observados neste estudo, sugerem que Pythium insidiosum é pouco suscetível a este antifúngico. / For the in vivo assay, fifteen rabbits were subcutaneously inoculated with 20,000 Pythium insidiosum zoospores and were divided into 3 groups of 5 animals (group 1, control; group 2, treated with Pitium Vac® immunotherapic; and group 3, treated with caspofungin acetate). The treatments were started 25 days after the inoculation, and consisted of: 1) 8 doses of the immunotherapic administered at 14-day intervals; and 2) 1mg/kg/day of caspofungin acetate during 20 consecutive days. The animals were necropsied eighteen weeks after the start of the experiment, and lesion fragments were collected for histopathologic and morphometric analyses. Fourteen isolates (51.8%) had an MIC0 of 64 μg/mL, and 24 (88.8%) had an MIC1 that varied between ≥ 8μg/mL and 64 μg/mL. When subjected to the minimum fungicidal concentration assay, 17 (62.9%) samples required 64 μg/mL. The animals in both treatment groups displayed smaller lesion sizes compared to the animals of group control (P<0.05). The subcutaneous lesion areas of rabbits treated with caspofungin acetate exhibited a reduction in their progression during the treatment. However, lesions quickly resumed growth when the administration of the drug was suspended. The histological aspect of the lesions was similar between the groups under study, and the morphometric evaluation showed that the animals in groups 2 and 3 had lower amounts of hyphae in necrotic areas (P<0.05). The results obtained indicate that, even though the treatments did not differ significantly, the immunotherapic treatment is still the best alternative to treat pythiosis. In addition, the high MICs and lack of fungicidality of caspofungin acetate suggest that Pythium insidiosum is poorly susceptible to this antifungal drug.