El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado. / The continuous flow intersections (CFI) increase the operational capacity of road systems with congestion problems, by using shared lanes located at the access points before the intersection. However, the CFI presents road safety risks that increase the likelihood of vehicle collision. This article proposes a geometric design composed of raised delineators at a traffic-light intersection, whose objective is to eliminate the points of primary conflicts caused by the left turns of the vehicles. To do this, a study was conducted to identify the different maneuvers present in a wide cross-type intersection in a commercial area located in the city of Lima. A total of 3219 vehicles was collected, of which 561 vehicles turned left demonstrating the high density of this type of maneuver. The effectiveness of the proposed design is validated using a microsimulation in the Vissim program. The results show that it was reduced from 58 to 8 points of conflict, increasing operational capacity by 34.97%. Finally, the risks caused by CFI decreased by 83%. / Revisión por pares

<p>Försvarsmaktens slutrapport från perspektivplaneringen 2007 innehåller ett avsnitt vilket avhandlar strategiskt samarbete med andra stater. Flera områden, vilka berör Försvarsmaktens operativa förmåga, identifieras som lämpliga för samarbete med de nordiska länderna. I detta sammanhang uttrycker Försvarsmakten ett bibehållande av nationell strategisk handlingsfrihet trots att uppbyggnaden av den operativa förmågan föreslås delas mellan olika länder. Uppsatsens problem och syfte tar sitt avstamp i ovan beskrivna sammanhang. Detta sker genom att undersöka vad begreppet handlingsfrihet kan sägas betyda när det uttrycks i sammanhang av mellanstatligt samarbete. Resultatet av begreppsanalysen visar att handlingsfrihet i den aktuella kontexten innefattar en för aktören inre kamp kring mål och medel samt en kamp mot de begränsningar traditioner och lagar ger. Vidare innehåller begreppet en yttre kamp syftande till att optimera åtgärder för att undersöka motståndarens intention</p> / <p>The Armed Forces’ final report from the perspective planning in 2007 contains a section which deals with strategic cooperation with other states. Several areas, which affect the Armed Forces operational capability, are identified as suitable for collaboration with the Nordic countries. In this context, the Armed Forces express maintenance of national strategic freedom of action, while building the operational capacity would be allocated between different countries. The essay’s problem and objective takes its starting point in the context described above. This is done by examining what freedom of action can be said to mean when it is expressed in the context of intergovernmental cooperation. The result of the conceptual analysis shows that freedom of action in the current context includes an internal struggle about means and ends, and a struggle against the limitations provided by traditions and laws. The result also makes the notion of an external struggle that is aimed at optimizing measures to investigate the opponent's intentions.</p>

Försvarsmaktens slutrapport från perspektivplaneringen 2007 innehåller ett avsnitt vilket avhandlar strategiskt samarbete med andra stater. Flera områden, vilka berör Försvarsmaktens operativa förmåga, identifieras som lämpliga för samarbete med de nordiska länderna. I detta sammanhang uttrycker Försvarsmakten ett bibehållande av nationell strategisk handlingsfrihet trots att uppbyggnaden av den operativa förmågan föreslås delas mellan olika länder. Uppsatsens problem och syfte tar sitt avstamp i ovan beskrivna sammanhang. Detta sker genom att undersöka vad begreppet handlingsfrihet kan sägas betyda när det uttrycks i sammanhang av mellanstatligt samarbete. Resultatet av begreppsanalysen visar att handlingsfrihet i den aktuella kontexten innefattar en för aktören inre kamp kring mål och medel samt en kamp mot de begränsningar traditioner och lagar ger. Vidare innehåller begreppet en yttre kamp syftande till att optimera åtgärder för att undersöka motståndarens intention / The Armed Forces’ final report from the perspective planning in 2007 contains a section which deals with strategic cooperation with other states. Several areas, which affect the Armed Forces operational capability, are identified as suitable for collaboration with the Nordic countries. In this context, the Armed Forces express maintenance of national strategic freedom of action, while building the operational capacity would be allocated between different countries. The essay’s problem and objective takes its starting point in the context described above. This is done by examining what freedom of action can be said to mean when it is expressed in the context of intergovernmental cooperation. The result of the conceptual analysis shows that freedom of action in the current context includes an internal struggle about means and ends, and a struggle against the limitations provided by traditions and laws. The result also makes the notion of an external struggle that is aimed at optimizing measures to investigate the opponent's intentions.

The small scale fuel ethanol production faces serious problems of inefficiency inherent to the process. The yield increase in distillation step presents a promising way to guarantee technical and economical feasibility to microdistilleries. As the general objective, it is proposed a different still, a hybrid miscellaneous of plates and packing, in stripping and rectifying sections respectively, and as a specific objective, to explore the best technical features of each tower internals. The studied prototype consists of one glass constructed continuous operation bench still, divided in 3 modules of 190cm effective height and a 4cm internal diameter; two modules filled with Raschig rings and one module as vigreux type. Tests were performed under total reflux, and later in continuous operation. In total reflux, the number of transfer units and the height of transfer unit were determined, referred to liquid and gas phases. The obtained values were approximately and respectively: 11,6 and 10,3; and 0,1847cm and 0,1632cm. The theoretical stages number was determined using four different methods that allowed evaluate the height equivalent to a theoretical plate. Standing out is the method proposed by Katayama, whose values were closer to the number and height transfer unit, 9,18 and 0,1733m respectively. Subsequently, seven experiments were performed (A, B, C, D, E, F and G) in continuous operation, differ only on their variable rate of vaporization, in order to assess their influence in the still operating performance (minimal distillated ethanol concentration - 83,04% mol, and maximum bottom ethanol concentration 0,196% mol, operational capacity and energetic factor). Therefore experiment C showed the lowest reflux ratio (2,293)and the highest energy factor (1,342), besides complying the concentration limits for the distillate (83,14% mol) and bottom product (0,16% mol). By comparing the experiments of higher (A 84,24% mol) and lower (E 82,82% mol) distillate concentration was concluded that, in order to obtain a small gain in distillate concentration (1,71%), it was necessary an increase of 226,07% in the A reflux ratio compared to E experiment, resulting in an increase of 51,38% in specific energy consumption. Thereby the A energetic factor experiment was approximately 50% smaller. It can be stated that these results prove the technical feasibility of proposed miscellaneous still, with wide application in microdistillaries. / A produção de álcool combustível em pequena escala, até 25L.h-1, enfrenta sérios problemas relativos à ineficiência inerentes a seus processos. O aumento de rendimento na etapa de destilação apresenta-se como uma maneira promissora de viabilizar técnica e economicamente as microdestilarias. Sendo esse o objetivo geral, propõe-se um destilador diferenciado, um misto composto de pratos e recheios, respectivamente nas seções de esgotamento e retificação, e como objetivo especifico, aproveitar as melhores características de cada um desses internos de torre. O protótipo estudado consiste de um destilador de bancada, construído em vidro, em regime de operação contínuo e dividido em três módulos, com altura efetiva total de 190 cm e diâmetro interno de 4cm; dois módulos preenchidos com anéis de Raschig e um módulo do tipo vigreux. Foram realizados testes em refluxo total e, posteriormente, em regime contínuo. Em refluxo total determinou-se o número de unidades de transferência e a altura da unidade de transferência, referidas às fases líquida e gasosa. Os valores obtidos foram aproximada e respectivamente: 11,6 e 10,3; e 0,1847 cm e 0,1632 cm. O número de estágios teóricos foi determinado utilizando-se quatro diferentes métodos, que permitiram avaliar a altura equivalente ao prato teórico. Destaca-se o método proposto por Katayama, cujos valores obtidos se aproximaram mais do número e altura das unidades de transferência, 9,18 e 0,1733m, respectivamente. Posteriormente foram executados sete experimentos (A, B, C, D, E, F e G), em regime contínuo, diferenciados entre si pela variação na taxa de evaporação, de maneira a permitir avaliar sua influência no desempenho operacional do destilador (concentração de etanol no destilado (mínimo igual a 83,04% mol) e no produto de fundo (máximo igual a 0,196% mol), capacidade operacional e fator energético). Assim, o experimento C apresentou a menor razão de refluxo (2,293) e o maior fator energético (1,342), além de respeitar os limites de concentração para o destilado (83,14% mol) e para o produto de fundo (0,16% mol). Através da comparação entre os experimentos de maior (A 84,24% mol) e menor (E 82,82% mol) concentração do destilado foi possível verificar que, a fim de obter-se um pequeno ganho na concentração do destilado (1,71%), foi necessário um aumento de 226,07% na razão de refluxo de A em relação a E, resultando em um aumento no consumo específico de energia de 51,38%. Assim, o fator energético foi aproximadamente 50% menor para o experimento A. Pode-se afirmar que esses resultados comprovam a viabilidade técnica da proposta desse sistema misto de destilação, com grande aplicabilidade nas microdestilarias.

Las ciudades altamente congestionadas requieren de una óptima gestión de la movilidad urbana. Muchas de estas ciudades se caracterizan porque su infraestructura vial no va acorde con su demanda vehicular, como es el caso de la ciudad de Lima. Por consiguiente, se debe priorizar el desarrollo de la infraestructura vial, ya que existen por ejemplo intersecciones amplias que presentan gran cantidad de puntos de conflicto. En efecto, reducen la capacidad operacional y el nivel de servicio de la intersección. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo reducir los puntos de conflicto y el tiempo de cruce en intersecciones amplias tipo cruz, en base a la Metodología de Flujo Continuo (CFI, por sus siglas en inglés) con delineadores elevados (bolardos compuestos) y detectores (sensores) a fin de mejorar la capacidad y seguridad operacional de la intersección. El objeto de estudio de la presente investigación se encuentra en una zona comercial ubicada entre la Avenida República de Venezuela con la Avenida Aurelio García y García, Lima. Los movimientos vehiculares de giro a la izquierda son los que afectan el rendimiento de las intersecciones señalizadas. Por tanto, se recolectaron 3219 vehículos en total, de los cuales 561 vehículos giraron a la izquierda demostrando así la alta densidad de este tipo de maniobras. La efectividad del diseño propuesto se valida empleando una microsimulación en el software Vissim. Los resultados obtenidos muestran los puntos de conflictos tipo cruz se redujeron a 8 puntos con el modelo propuesto frente al estado actual, el cual posee 58 puntos de conflictos tipo cruz. Por otro lado, el tiempo promedio de cruce de los vehículos disminuyó en 4.20 y 9.79 segundos en la fase 1, debido al rediseño de la geometría de la intersección. En efecto, la capacidad operacional aumentó en 33.85%, ya que el aforo vehicular con el nuevo ciclo semafórico de 150 segundos es de 431vehículos con respecto a los 322 vehículos que se tenía con el modelo anterior. Finalmente, los riesgos de colisiones posteriores y laterales se reducen mediante el uso de delineadores elevados en un 83%. / Highly congested cities require optimal management of urban mobility. Many of these cities are characterized because their road infrastructure does not match their vehicular demand, as is the case in the city of Lima. Therefore, the development of road infrastructure should be prioritized, since there are, for example, wide intersections that present a large number of conflict points. In effect, they reduce the operational capacity and service level of the intersection. This research aims to reduce conflict points and crossing time at wide cross-type intersections, based on the Continuous Flow Methodology (CFI) with elevated eyeliners (composite bollards) and detectors (sensors) in order to improve the capacity and safety of the intersection. The object of study of the present investigation is in a commercial area located between avenue Republica de Venezuela with avenue Aurelio Garcia y Garcia, Lima. The left-turn vehicular movements are those that affect the performance of the signposted intersections. Therefore, 3219 vehicles were collected in total, of which 561 vehicles turned left demonstrating the high density of this type of maneuver. The effectiveness of the proposed design is validated using microsimulation in the Vissim software. The results obtained show the points of cross-type conflicts were reduced to 8 points with the proposed model compared to the current state, which has 58 points of cross-type conflicts. On the other hand, the average crossing time of the vehicles decreased by 4.20 and 9.79 seconds in phase 1, due to the redesign of the intersection geometry. In fact, the operational capacity increased by 33.85%, since the vehicle capacity with the new traffic light cycle of 150 seconds is 431 vehicles with respect to the 322 vehicles that had the previous model. Finally, the risks of posterior and lateral collisions are reduced by the use of elevated eyeliners by 83%. / Tesis