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Úlceras esofágicas em portadores do Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana: etiologia e análise comparativa entre métodos diagnósticos / Esophageal ulcers in Human Immunodeficiency virus carriers: Etiology and comparative analysis among diagnostic methodsMariângela Ottoboni Brunaldi 19 February 2010 (has links)
As infecções virais são as maiores responsáveis pelas úlceras esofágicas no portador do HIV, sendo o Citomegalovírus (CMV) o agente mais observado, seguido pelo Herpes Vírus Simples (HSV). A abordagem clínica adequada e a utilização de métodos diagnósticos precisos são de grande relevância para o estabelecimento etiológico. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: avaliar a prevalência de úlceras esofágicas em portadores do HIV; pesquisar os agentes etiológicos associados; verificar a acurácia dos métodos diagnósticos comparando as impressões obtidas pela endoscopia digestiva alta (EDA), histologia utilizando o método de Hematoxilina-Eosina (H&E) e Imuno-histoquímica (IH) para pesquisa de CMV e HSV; avaliar o impacto da coloração para fungos (Gomori metenamina prata- GMS) e bacilos álcool-ácidos resistentes [BAAR- Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN)] e a relevância numérica da amostragem tecidual na avaliação etiológica. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, retrospectivo, do tipo transversal, baseado em levantamento de dados demográficos, clínico-laboratoriais, endoscópicos obtidos por revisão de prontuários e análise histológica às cegas de biópsias endoscópicas (H&E, IH, GMS e ZN) de úlceras esofágicas em 41 portadores do HIV, no período de agosto de 2002 a setembro de 2006. A IH foi considerada método padrão. No período avaliado, 399 portadores do HIV submeteram-se à EDA, detectando-se úlcera esofágica em 41 pacientes (23 homens, 25 a 56 anos) com uma prevalência de 10,27%. A mediana da contagem de CD4 foi 49 céls/mm3 e da carga viral 58869,5 cópias/ml. A EDA revelou 29/41úlceras esofágicas suspeitas de infecção pelo CMV; 7/41 pelo HSV; 2/41 relacionada ao refluxo gastroesofágico (DRGE); 1/41 por monilíase; 1/41 por paracoccidioidomicose (PCM) e 1/41 inespecífica. O H&E detectou: 25/41 úlceras com aspectos inflamatórios inespecíficos (61%); 6/41 associadas à monilíase (16%); 4/41 por infecção pelo CMV (10%); 2/41 HSV (5%); 1/41CMV e HSV (2%); 1/41 por PCM (2%); 1/41 devido a Histoplasmose (2%) e 1/41 infiltração neoplásica por Linfoma não Hodgkin (2%). A IH para CMV e HSV confirmou os achados do H&E e detectou mais um caso. A EDA revelou sensibilidade alta (100%) para a detecção da úlcera esofágica, especificidade baixa para a caracterização etiológica viral (15%) quando comparada ao H&E e a IH. O H&E mostrou-se um método adequado para avaliação etiológica com sensibilidade de 87% e especificidade de 100% quando comparada a IH. A pesquisa de BAAR pelo ZN foi negativa nas 34 amostras realizadas. O GMS confirmou a presença de fungos detectados ao H&E e foi fundamental na caracterização morfológica do Histoplasma capsulatum e do Paraccocidioides brasiliensis. O número de amostras não influenciou na avaliação etiológica final. Os nossos achados recomendam o H&E como método adequado na avaliação etiológica de úlceras esofágicas no portador do HIV e indicam a IH para pesquisa viral somente nos casos suspeitos, porém, não típicos ao H&E. / Viral infections are the main cause of esophageal ulcers in HIV carriers, cytomegalovirus (CMV) being the most frequently observed, followed by Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV). An appropriate clinical approach and the use of precise diagnostic methods are very important for etiological evaluation. The aim of this work has been: to evaluate the prevalence of esophageal ulcers in HIV carriers; to research the associated etiological agents; to check the accuracy of the diagnostic methods, comparing the impressions obtained by the upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (UGE), histology using the Hematoxiline-Eosin (H&E) method, and immunohistochemistry (IH) to investigate CMV and HSV; to evaluate the impact of the staining for fungus (Gomori methenamine silver GMS) and for resistant alcohol-acid bacillus (BAAR-Ziehl-Neelsen ZN), and the numerical relevance of tissue samples in the etiological characterization. This is a descriptive, retrospective, transversal study, based on demographic, clinic-laboratorial and endoscopic data, obtained by the review of medical charts and blind histological analysis of endoscopic biopsies (H&E, IH, GMS an ZN) of esophageal ulcers of 41 HIV carriers, from August 2002 to September 2006. The IH has been chosen as the standard method. Along the evaluated period, 399 HIV carriers were submitted to UGE, and esophageal ulcer was detected in 41 patients (25 to 56 years old, 23 males), with a prevalence of 10.27%. The median of the CD4 count was 49 cells/mm3, and the viral load 58869.5 copies/ml. UGE has revealed 29/41 esophageal ulcers under suspicion of infection by CMV; 7/41 by HSV; 2/41 related to gastroesophageal reflux (GER)/ 1/41 by moniliasis; 1/41 by paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) and 1/41 non-specific. H&E has detected 25/41 ulcers with non-specific inflammatory aspects (61%); 6/41 associated with moniliasis (16%); 4/41 caused by CMV infection (10%); 2/41 by HSV (5%); 1/41 by CMV and HSV (2%); 1/41 by PCM (2%); 1/41 due to Hystoplasmosis (2%) and 1/41, to neoplastic infiltration by non-Hodgkin lymphoma (2%). IH for CMV and HSV has confirmed the H&E findings and has detected another case. UGE has revealed high sensitivity (100%) for the detection of esophageal ulcer and low specificity for the viral etiological characterization (15%), as compared to H&E and IH. H&E has shown to be an adequate method for the etiological evaluation, with 87% of sensitivity and 100% of specificity, as compared to IH. BAAR research by ZN was negative in the 34 samples studied. GMS has confirmed the presence of fungus detected by H&E and has been fundamental in the morphological characterization of Histoplasma capsulatum and Paraccocidioides brasiliensis. Our findings support the use of H&E as a suitable method for the etiological evaluation of esophageal ulcers in HIV carriers and indicate IH for viral search only in suspect cases that are non-typical under H&E.
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Substratos neuropatológicos das alterações do sistema nervoso central relacionadas à infecção pelo HIV / Neuropathological substrates of the central nervous system changes related to HIV infectionNathalia Lopes Schiavotelo 02 February 2016 (has links)
INTRODUÇÃO: Embora a mortalidade geral tenha diminuído na era da terapia antirretroviral de alta potência (TARVAP), o envolvimento do Sistema Nervoso Central (SNC) ainda é elevado nos pacientes com infecção pelo HIV. O estudo sobre possíveis correlações entre neuroinfecções, a presença de déficts neurocognitivos e o uso da TARVAP é importante para se avaliar os efeitos de longo prazo do tratamento com drogas antirretrovirais em uma população. Desta forma, são necessários estudos para se avaliar a neuropatologia da infecção pelo HIV e os efeitos do tratamento bem como a adesão ao mesmo. OBJETIVOS: Analisar a frequência e o tipo de infecções oportunistas e da infecção crônica pelo HIV no SNC na era pós-TARVAP, de pacientes necropsiados em um hospital universitário, no período de 2007 a 2014. Nestes casos, avaliar o substrato neuropatológico de pacientes com Aids e histórico clínico de demência. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foram analisados os achados dos exames neuropatológicos de 123 encéfalos de pacientes autopsiados com AIDS no Serviço de Patologia do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMRP/USP), seus dados clínicos e respectivos os laudos necroscópicos. RESULTADOS: Dos 123 casos analisados, 73 (59,3%) eram do sexo masculino e a média de idade foi de 40,56 anos. Destes, 69 (56,1%) tiveram neuroinfecções causadas por agentes oportunistas, sendo a neurotoxoplasmose a mais prevalente. Da correlação entre a contagem de células CD4 e o uso da TARVAP houve diferença significativa para uma delas, àquela que foi analisada como sendo a terceira mais próxima da data do óbito (p = 0,03). Apenas 6 pacientes fizeram uso regular da TARVAP no decorrer da doença e nenhum deles apresentaram neuroinfecções durante o tratamento. CONCLUSÕES: Podemos concluir que mesmo na era pós TARVAP as infecções no SNC causadas por agentes infecciosos permanecem presentes e no caso da população estudada podem estar correlacionadas com a baixa adesão ao tratamento. / RATIONALE: Although overall mortality has decreased in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), the involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) is still high in patients with HIV infection. The study of possible correlations between neuroinfections, the presence of neurocognitive payment deficits and the use of HAART is important to evaluate the long-term effects of treatment with antiretroviral drugs in a population. Thus, studies are needed to evaluate the neuropathology of infection by HIV and the treatment effects and it adhesion. OBJECTIVES: To analyze the changes caused by opportunistic infections and chronic HIV infection in the CNS in the post-HAART era of autopsied patients at a university hospital, from 2007 to 2014. In these cases, assess the neuropathologic of AIDS patients and clinical history of dementia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The findings of neuropathological examinations of 123 brains of patients were analyzed autopsied AIDS in Hospital Pathology Service of the Clinics of Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (HCFMRP / USP) clinical data and their postmortem reports. RESULTS: The 123 cases analyzed, 73 (59.3%) were male and the average age was 40.56 years. Of these 69 (56,1%) had neuroinfections caused by opportunistic agents, toxoplasmosis being the most prevalent. The correlation between CD4 cell count and use of HAART were no significant differences for one of them to that which was analyzed as being the closest third of the date of death (p = 0.03). Only 6 patients made regular use of HAART during the disease and none of them showed neuroinfections during treatment. CONCLUSIONS: We can conclude that even in the post HAART era CNS infections caused by infectious agents remain present and in the case of the studied population can be correlated with low adherence to the treatment.
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Pulmonary tuberculosis and Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in HIV-infected patients in Ethiopia /Aderaye, Getachew, January 2007 (has links)
Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2007. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.
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Pulmonary tuberculosis and HIV interaction in a setting with a high prevalence of HIV : clinical, diagnostic and epidemiological aspects /Bruchfeld, Judith, January 1900 (has links)
Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2002. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.
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Challenges and opportunities for tuberculosis prevention and care in an HIV epidemic area, Chiang Rai, Thailand /Ngamvithayapong-Yanai, Jintana, January 2003 (has links)
Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2003. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.
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Prevalence and susceptibility of Cryptococcus neoformans to fluconazole in HIV patients in KenyaMdodo, Rennatus M. January 2010 (has links) (PDF)
Thesis (D.P.H.)--University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2010. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on July 1, 2010). Includes bibliographical references.
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Determinants of self-efficacy to seek care for tuberculosis and complete tuberculosis treatment among HIV-positive individuals attending HIV/AIDS clinics in HondurasArias, Mayra S. January 2010 (has links) (PDF)
Thesis (D.P.H.)--University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2010. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on July 7, 2010). Includes bibliographical references.
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Current status of serious fungal infections in NigeriaOladele, Rita January 2018 (has links)
Fungal infections are ignored by social and political communities. However, they are estimated to affect more than a billion people, resulting in approximately 11.5 million life-threatening infections in the 'at risk' population and more than 1.5 million deaths annually. Though there have been huge advances in diagnostics and antifungal drug development over the past two decades, however, resource limited settings have not benefited from these advances. The aim of this research was to determine the burden of serious fungal infections in Nigerians with the appropriate underlying diseases. This epidemiological research was conducted across four study populations. Study 1; HIV-infected patients with CD4+ counts < 250 cells/mm³, irrespective of their ART status, a CrAg lateral flow assay was used for detecting cryptococcal antigenaemia (n=214). Study 2; a cross-sectional multicentre survey of TB patients being managed for smear negative or treatment failure TB irrespective of their HIV status (n=208). Study 3; a multicentre histoplasmin skin sensitivity survey amongst healthy HIV-infected and non-HIV infected participants; intradermally; induration ≥ 5 mm was considered to be histoplasmin positive (n=750). Study 4; a prospective cohort study of critically ill patients in a Nigerian ICU (n=71). Two retrospective studies to analyse the clinical picture of serious fungal infections in two at risk populations (HIV/AIDS and neonatal intensive care babies) in Nigerians was also conducted (n=7034; n=2712 respectively). Results revealed an overall seroprevalence of cryptococcal antigenemia of 8.9% with 6 (9.8%) in those with CD4+ cell counts < 100cells/mm³, 4 (5.0%) in the 100-200 group and 9 (12.3%) in 200-250 cells/mm³ group; a CPA prevalence of 8.7% (6.5% had HIV infection and 14.5% were HIV-negative) and a prior subclinical histoplasmosis of 4.4%. The ICU study revealed a 45% healthcare associated infection rate representing an incidence rate of 79/1000 patient-days in the ICU. The retrospective studies revealed a 2.3% rate of neonatal ICI with a case fatality rate of 18.5%. In the 12 years retrospective study 18% had a fungal OI with 88% of patients having initiated ART. In conclusion, serious fungal infections do occur in the at risk population in Nigeria and they constitute a significant public health challenge. Our findings demonstrate that there has been an underestimation of the burden of the problem in Nigerians. There is a dire need to design guidelines for the management of fungal infections in at risk population.
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Microbiota bucal e sua relação com infecções oportunistas em pacientes edêntulos mantidos em unidades de terapia intensivaPereira, Maurício Fabiano [UNESP] 27 July 2015 (has links) (PDF)
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000857768.pdf: 1204540 bytes, checksum: 89db662b79a3371070dc58369f2917f9 (MD5) / Introdução: A relação entre a microbiota bucal e infecções graves em pacientes mantidos internados em unidades de terapia intensiva (UTI) vem sendo estabelecida, principalmente para os portadores de próteses totais ou parciais, visto que o biofilme bucal pode se converter em reservatório de microrganismos que não fazem parte dessa microbiota. Objetivo: Esse estudo objetivou avaliar a presença dos principais patógenos periodontais e oportunistas na boca de pacientes mantidos em unidades de terapia intensiva. Material e Método: Foram obtidos dados referentes às condições de saúde de 156 pacientes mantidos por mais de 72 horas em ambiente de UTI. Realizou-se exames clínicos intrabucais e coleta de amostras de saliva e mucosas bucais, de secreções respiratórias, sangue e urina. A presença dos principais microrganismos bucais e oportunistas associados às infecções hospitalares foi avaliada por meio da reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR). A análise estatística foi realizada pelos testes de Mann-Whitney e Test T, enquanto a correlação entre as variáveis foi obtida pelo Teste de Spearman, todos ao nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Houve correlação negativa entre a presença de leucócitos e alguns patógenos oportunistas bucais e exógenos. Os microrganismos estudados foram mais prevalentes no gênero masculino e os anaeróbios obrigatórios e microrganismos capnofílicos oriundos do ambiente bucal se mostraram mais relevantes nas infecções sistêmicas do que os patógenos oportunistas exógenos, como as enterobactérias e os pseudomonados. Conclusão: Concluiu-se que a fragilidade da saúde bucal de pacientes internados em UTI, por vezes com imunossupressão, associada a colonização e/ou infecção de microrganismos oportunistas, pode ser um fator agravante na deterioração e piora do quadro sistêmico do paciente / Introduction: The relationship between the oral microbiota and serious infections in patients kept in intensive care units (ICU) has been established, mainly for patients with dentures or partials, since oral biofilm can become reservoir of micro-organisms that are not part of this microbiota. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the presence of the main periodontal pathogens and infections in the mouth of patients kept in intensive care units. Material and method: Data were obtained on the health conditions of 156 patients held for more than 72 hours in the ICU environment. Intraoral clinical examination was carried out and collection of samples of saliva and oral mucosa, respiratory secretions, blood and urine. The presence of the main oral and opportunistic micro-organisms associated with hospital-acquired infections were evaluated by means of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Statistical analysis was performed by Mann-Whitney tests and Test T, while the correlation between the variables was obtained by Spearman test, all at a significance level of 5%. Results: There was a negative correlation between the presence of leukocytes and some oral opportunistic pathogens and exogenous. The microorganisms studied were more prevalent in male gender and obligate anaerobes and capnofilicos microorganisms from oral cavity were more relevant in systemic infections than the exogenous opportunistic pathogens, such as Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas. Conclusion: It was concluded that the fragility of the oral health of patients admitted to ICU, sometimes with immune suppression associated with the colonization and/or infection from opportunistic micro-organisms can be an aggravating factor in the deterioration and worsening of the patient's systemic framework
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Microbiota bucal e sua relação com infecções oportunistas em pacientes edêntulos mantidos em unidades de terapia intensiva /Pereira, Maurício Fabiano. January 2015 (has links)
Orientador: Elerson Gaetti Jardim Junior / Banca: Ana Cláudia Okamoto / Banca: Adriana de Sales Cunha Correia / Resumo: Introdução: A relação entre a microbiota bucal e infecções graves em pacientes mantidos internados em unidades de terapia intensiva (UTI) vem sendo estabelecida, principalmente para os portadores de próteses totais ou parciais, visto que o biofilme bucal pode se converter em reservatório de microrganismos que não fazem parte dessa microbiota. Objetivo: Esse estudo objetivou avaliar a presença dos principais patógenos periodontais e oportunistas na boca de pacientes mantidos em unidades de terapia intensiva. Material e Método: Foram obtidos dados referentes às condições de saúde de 156 pacientes mantidos por mais de 72 horas em ambiente de UTI. Realizou-se exames clínicos intrabucais e coleta de amostras de saliva e mucosas bucais, de secreções respiratórias, sangue e urina. A presença dos principais microrganismos bucais e oportunistas associados às infecções hospitalares foi avaliada por meio da reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR). A análise estatística foi realizada pelos testes de Mann-Whitney e Test T, enquanto a correlação entre as variáveis foi obtida pelo Teste de Spearman, todos ao nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Houve correlação negativa entre a presença de leucócitos e alguns patógenos oportunistas bucais e exógenos. Os microrganismos estudados foram mais prevalentes no gênero masculino e os anaeróbios obrigatórios e microrganismos capnofílicos oriundos do ambiente bucal se mostraram mais relevantes nas infecções sistêmicas do que os patógenos oportunistas exógenos, como as enterobactérias e os pseudomonados. Conclusão: Concluiu-se que a fragilidade da saúde bucal de pacientes internados em UTI, por vezes com imunossupressão, associada a colonização e/ou infecção de microrganismos oportunistas, pode ser um fator agravante na deterioração e piora do quadro sistêmico do paciente / Abstract: Introduction: The relationship between the oral microbiota and serious infections in patients kept in intensive care units (ICU) has been established, mainly for patients with dentures or partials, since oral biofilm can become reservoir of micro-organisms that are not part of this microbiota. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the presence of the main periodontal pathogens and infections in the mouth of patients kept in intensive care units. Material and method: Data were obtained on the health conditions of 156 patients held for more than 72 hours in the ICU environment. Intraoral clinical examination was carried out and collection of samples of saliva and oral mucosa, respiratory secretions, blood and urine. The presence of the main oral and opportunistic micro-organisms associated with hospital-acquired infections were evaluated by means of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Statistical analysis was performed by Mann-Whitney tests and Test T, while the correlation between the variables was obtained by Spearman test, all at a significance level of 5%. Results: There was a negative correlation between the presence of leukocytes and some oral opportunistic pathogens and exogenous. The microorganisms studied were more prevalent in male gender and obligate anaerobes and capnofilicos microorganisms from oral cavity were more relevant in systemic infections than the exogenous opportunistic pathogens, such as Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas. Conclusion: It was concluded that the fragility of the oral health of patients admitted to ICU, sometimes with immune suppression associated with the colonization and/or infection from opportunistic micro-organisms can be an aggravating factor in the deterioration and worsening of the patient's systemic framework / Mestre
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