Phase key, which uses optical encoding techniques for system security, plays an important role in optical storage, optical communication, and optical display. It employs a random phase generator with a volume hologram for optical encoding. The advantages of using phase keys for optical communication is: (1) it is hard to be duplicated and (2) it requires sensitively alignment to decode the desired signal. Thus, it ensures security of the optical system. However, the adjunctive challenge of using a phase key is the difficulty of alignment by users. In this paper, we propose a method for optical alignment of the phase key in a random phase encoded volume holographic storage system. In this method, a holographic correlator is applied to help the optical alignment of the phase key. It has been shown that the desired signal from the random phase encoded volume holographic storage system can be retrieved easily with high security.

Rather than measuring aberrations at several locations across the field to quantify the alignment of an optical system, we show how a simple measurement of the pupil mapping can be used to measure the off-axis performance of the system. This method uses the Abbe sine condition to relate the mapping between the entrance and the exit pupils, where the violations of the generalized sine condition are used to determine the pupil mapping error. From this pupil mapping, the linearly field-dependent aberrations can be calculated. One of the advantages to this method is that all of the test equipment can be aligned to the center of the field while making measurements of the off-axis performance, which reduces the uncertainty of the measurement. This advantage is particularly evident with systems or sub-systems that have large inherent aberrations where off-axis alignment tolerances are very tight. Additionally, in the Sine Condition Test (SCTest), the test equipment can be designed to compensate for the native Siedel coma in the system. This makes it more straightforward to measure the linearly field dependence of the aberrations. By reducing or removing coma, the measurement uncertainty is further reduced. This work begins by explaining the background of the Abbe sine condition, derivation of the pupil mapping error, and an overview of linearly field-dependent astigmatism that arises from misalignment. Next, the general method of implementation is discussed, and expanded further by exploring the two different source options: a point source with a grating or a flat-panel display. Experimental results from proof of concept systems are shown for both cases. Next, this dissertation explains how the SCTest can be implemented on more complex systems. Last, this dissertation shows how the linear aberrations, along with constant field-dependent aberrations, can be used to align a system. Here, the application of the alignment version of the SCTest on a three mirror anastigmat (TMA) is discussed. Using simulation, this dissertation then investigates the behavior of the alignment SCTest for various levels of mirror misalignment, mirror fabrication errors, and misalignment of the test equipment. All of these tests show that the alignment SCTest can successfully align an optical system.

The necessity to align a multi component null corrector that is used to test the 8.4 [m] off axis parabola segments of the primary mirror of the Giant Magellan Telescope (GMT) initiated this work. Computer Generated Holograms (CGHs) are often a component of these null correctors and their capability to have multiplefunctionality allows them not only to contribute to the measurement wavefront but also support the alignment. The CGH can also be used as an external tool to support the alignment of complex optical systems, although, for the applications shown in this work, the CGH is always a component of the optical system. In general CGHs change the shape of the illuminating wavefront that then can produce optical references. The uncertainty of position of those references not only depends on the uncertainty of position of the CGH with respect to the illuminating wavefront but also on the uncertainty on the shape of the illuminating wavefront. A complete analysis of the uncertainty on the position of the projected references therefore includes the illuminating optical system, that is typically an interferometer. This work provides the relationships needed to calculate the combined propagation of uncertainties on the projected optical references. This includes a geometrical optical description how light carries information of position and how diffraction may alter it. Any optical reference must be transferred to a mechanically tangible quantity for the alignment. The process to obtain the position of spheres relative to the CGH pattern where, the spheres are attached to the CGH, is provided and applied to the GMT null corrector. Knowing the location of the spheres relative to the CGH pattern is equivalent to know the location of the spheres with respect to the wavefront the pattern generates. This work provides various tools for the design and analysis to use CGHs for optical alignment including the statistical foundation that goes with it.

Precisely positioned optical lenses are currently required for many highly repetitive mechanics and applications. Thus the need for micron-scale repetition between opto-mechanical units is evident, especially in industrial manufacturing and medical breakthroughs. In this thesis, a novel optical metrology system is proposed, designed, and built whose purpose is to precisely locate the center of a mechanical fixture and then to assemble a plano-convex optical lens into the located position of the fixture. Center location specifications up to ±3 µm decenter and ±0.001° tilting accuracy are required. Nine precisely positioned lenses and fixtures were built with eight units passing the requirements with a repetitive standard deviation of ±0.15 µm or less. The assembled units show satisfactory results.

Um grande número de equipamentos utilizam sistemas ópticos ou eletro-ópticos em suas estruturas, dentre esses equipamentos tem-se os microscópios, telescópios, equipamentos médicos, câmeras de satélites, entre outros. Com isso a necessidade de métodos e ferramentas que auxiliem na determinação do desempenho e da qualidade dos sistemas ópticos é crescente. Um dos métodos mais utilizados para realizar a análise de sistemas ópticos é a determinação da Função de Transferência de Modulação (Modulation Transfer Function - MTF). A MTF representa uma verificação quantitativa e direta da qualidade da imagem, e, além disso, é um teste objetivo que pode ser utilizado em sistemas ópticos concatenados. Esse trabalho apresenta a implementação de um software, denominado de SMTF (Software Modulation Transfer Function), para cálculo da MTF de equipamentos eletro-ópticos. O software foi utilizado para realizar o cálculo da MTF do Retinógrafo Digital, Imageador Termal e Microscópio Cirúrgico Oftalmológico. A informação da MTF auxilia na análise do alinhamento e medição da qualidade óptica, e também define o limite de resolução dos sistemas ópticos, por meio do gráfico da MTF. Os resultados obtidos, com o Retinógrafo e o Imageador Termal, foram comparados com os valores teóricos adquiridos pelo Zemax, que é um software utilizado para desenvolvimento e análise de lentes ou conjuntos ópticos. Já para o Microscópio os resultados obtidos da MTF foram comparados com os resultados obtidos pela MTF medida do Microscópio marca Zeiss, considerado como padrão de qualidade de Microscópios Oftalmológicos. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que o software apresentou ótimo desempenho permitindo uma análise direta e objetiva do comportamento de sistemas ópticos. Com auxílio do software foi feito o alinhamento do Retinógrafo Digital e do Imageador Termal e foi verificada a qualidade da imagem do Microscópio Cirúrgico Oftalmológico. / A number of devices use optics or electro-optics in their structures, such as microscopes, telescopes, medical equipments, satellites cameras, among others. The need for methods and tools that assist in determining the performance and quality of optical systems is increasing. One of the methods most used to perform analysis of optical systems is to measure the Modulation Transfer Function (MTF). The MTF represents a direct and quantitative verification of the image quality, and moreover, it is an objective test that can be used in concatenated optical systems. This paper presents the implementation of software, called SMTF (Software Modulation Transfer Function), in order to calculate the MTF of electro-optical systems. The software was used for calculating the MTF of Digital Fundus Camera, Thermal Imager and Ophthalmologic Surgery Microscope. The information MTF aids the analysis of alignment and measurement of optical quality, and also defines the limit resolution of optical systems, from the graph of MTF. The results obtained with the Fundus Camera and de Thermal Imager were compared with the theorical values acquired by the Zemax, wich is a software used for analysis and development of optical assemblies or lenses. For the Microscope, the results were compared with MTF measured of Microscope Zeiss model, which is the quality standard of ophthalmological microscope. The results show that the software has a good performance by allowing a straightforward analysis of the behavior of optical systems. With the aid of the software was made to align the Fundus Camera and the Thermal Imager and the image quality of Surgical Microscope Ophthalmology was verified.

Um grande número de equipamentos utilizam sistemas ópticos ou eletro-ópticos em suas estruturas, dentre esses equipamentos tem-se os microscópios, telescópios, equipamentos médicos, câmeras de satélites, entre outros. Com isso a necessidade de métodos e ferramentas que auxiliem na determinação do desempenho e da qualidade dos sistemas ópticos é crescente. Um dos métodos mais utilizados para realizar a análise de sistemas ópticos é a determinação da Função de Transferência de Modulação (Modulation Transfer Function - MTF). A MTF representa uma verificação quantitativa e direta da qualidade da imagem, e, além disso, é um teste objetivo que pode ser utilizado em sistemas ópticos concatenados. Esse trabalho apresenta a implementação de um software, denominado de SMTF (Software Modulation Transfer Function), para cálculo da MTF de equipamentos eletro-ópticos. O software foi utilizado para realizar o cálculo da MTF do Retinógrafo Digital, Imageador Termal e Microscópio Cirúrgico Oftalmológico. A informação da MTF auxilia na análise do alinhamento e medição da qualidade óptica, e também define o limite de resolução dos sistemas ópticos, por meio do gráfico da MTF. Os resultados obtidos, com o Retinógrafo e o Imageador Termal, foram comparados com os valores teóricos adquiridos pelo Zemax, que é um software utilizado para desenvolvimento e análise de lentes ou conjuntos ópticos. Já para o Microscópio os resultados obtidos da MTF foram comparados com os resultados obtidos pela MTF medida do Microscópio marca Zeiss, considerado como padrão de qualidade de Microscópios Oftalmológicos. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que o software apresentou ótimo desempenho permitindo uma análise direta e objetiva do comportamento de sistemas ópticos. Com auxílio do software foi feito o alinhamento do Retinógrafo Digital e do Imageador Termal e foi verificada a qualidade da imagem do Microscópio Cirúrgico Oftalmológico. / A number of devices use optics or electro-optics in their structures, such as microscopes, telescopes, medical equipments, satellites cameras, among others. The need for methods and tools that assist in determining the performance and quality of optical systems is increasing. One of the methods most used to perform analysis of optical systems is to measure the Modulation Transfer Function (MTF). The MTF represents a direct and quantitative verification of the image quality, and moreover, it is an objective test that can be used in concatenated optical systems. This paper presents the implementation of software, called SMTF (Software Modulation Transfer Function), in order to calculate the MTF of electro-optical systems. The software was used for calculating the MTF of Digital Fundus Camera, Thermal Imager and Ophthalmologic Surgery Microscope. The information MTF aids the analysis of alignment and measurement of optical quality, and also defines the limit resolution of optical systems, from the graph of MTF. The results obtained with the Fundus Camera and de Thermal Imager were compared with the theorical values acquired by the Zemax, wich is a software used for analysis and development of optical assemblies or lenses. For the Microscope, the results were compared with MTF measured of Microscope Zeiss model, which is the quality standard of ophthalmological microscope. The results show that the software has a good performance by allowing a straightforward analysis of the behavior of optical systems. With the aid of the software was made to align the Fundus Camera and the Thermal Imager and the image quality of Surgical Microscope Ophthalmology was verified.