In this thesis, the m-arity tree networks have been investigated to derive equations for their nodes, links and required wavelengths. The relationship among all parameters such as leaves nodes, destinations, paths and wavelengths has been found. Three situations have been explored, firstly when just one server and the leaves nodes are destinations, secondly when just one server and all other nodes are destinations, thirdly when all nodes are sources and destinations in the same time. The investigation has included binary, ternary, quaternary and finalized by general equations for all m-arity tree networks. Moreover, a multicast technology is analysed in this thesis to transmit data carried by specific wavelengths to several clients. Wavelengths multicast switching is well examined to propose split-convert-split-convert (S-C-S-C) multicast switch which consists of light splitters and wavelengths converters. It has reduced group delay by 13% and 29% compared with split-convert (S-C) and split-convert-split (S-C-S) multicast switches respectively. The proposed switch has also increased the received signal power by a significant value which reaches 28% and 26.92% compared with S-C-S and S-C respectively. In addition, wavelengths allocation algorithms in multicast technology are proposed in this thesis using tree networks topology. Distributed scheme is adopted by placing wavelength assignment controller in all parents’ nodes. Two distributed algorithms proposed shortest wavelength assignment (SWA) and highest number of destinations with shortest wavelength assignment (HND-SWA) algorithms to increase the received signal power, decrease group delay and reduce dispersion. The performance of the SWA algorithm was almost better or same as HND-SWA related to the power, dispersion and group delay but they are always better than other two algorithms. The required numbers of wavelengths and their utilised converters have been examined and calculated for the researched algorithms. The HND-SWA has recorded the superior performance compared with other algorithms. It has reduced number of utilised wavelengths up to about 19% and minimized number of the used wavelengths converters up to about 29%. Finally, the centralised scheme is discussed and researched and proposed a centralised highest number of destinations (CHND) algorithm with static and dynamic scenarios to reduce network capacity decreasing (Cd) after each wavelengths allocation. The CDHND has reduced (Cd) by about 16.7% compared with the other algorithms.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 26-29, 1998 / Town & Country Resort Hotel and Convention Center, San Diego, California / The design and testing of an optical fiber telemetry link for use in rugged environments is described. Several potential applications for this cost effective telemetry link built from readily available components are given. The results of testing the simple telemetry link for vibrations up to 20g and temperatures up to 150° C are reported.

This dissertation is a study of error in long haul optical fiber systems and how to coupe with them. First we characterize error events occurring during transmission, then we determine lower bounds on information capacity (achievable information rates) and at the end we propose coding schemes for these systems.Existing approaches for obtaining probability density functions (PDFs) for pulse energy in long-haul optical fiber transmission systems rely on numerical simulations or analytical approximations. Numerical simulations make far tails of the PDFs difficult to obtain, while existing analytic approximations are often inaccurate, as they neglect nonlinear interaction between pulses and noise.Our approach combines the instanton method from statistical mechanics to model far tails of the PDFs, with numerical simulations to refine the middle part of the PDFs. We combine the two methods by using an orthogonal polynomial expansion constructed specifically for this problem. We demonstrate the approach on an example of a specific submarine transmission system.Once the channel is characterized estimating achievable information rates is done by a modification of a method originally proposed by Arnold and Pfitser. We give numerical results for the same optical transmission system (submarine system at transmission rate 40Gb/s).The achievable information rate varies with noise and length of the bit patterns considered (among other parameters). We report achievable numerical rates for systems with different noise levels, propagation distances and length of the bit patterns considered.We also propose two iterative decoding schemes suitable for high-speed long-haul optical transmission. One scheme is a modification of a method, originally proposed in the context of magnetic media, which incorporates the BCJR algorithm (to overcomeintersymbol interference) and Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) codes for additional error resilience. This is a ``soft decision scheme" -meaning that the decoding algorithm operates with probabilities(instead of binary values). The second scheme is ``hard decision" -it operates with binary values. This scheme is based on the maximum likelihood sequence detection-Viterbi algorithm and a hard decision"Gallager B" decoding algorithm for LDPC codes.

Directly modulated lasers (DMLs) are a low cost solution for moderate reach systems due to their small footprint, low power dissipation and high output optical power. However, commercial 10-Gb/s on-off keying DMLs have been limited by an inherent modulation of the optical phase that accompanies the desired modulation of the optical intensity, which reduces their transmission distance to below 20 km. Furthermore, the ability to generate bit rates beyond 10-Gb/s with advanced modulation formats has been limited by the strict requirements on the laser drive current. The primary objective of this research is to dramatically enhance the capability of DML based systems through precise control over the drive current. This is achieved by digital signal processing (DSP) combined with a single digital-to-analog converter (DAC). In this research, a novel method to pre-compensate dispersion for metro and regional networks is demonstrated at 10.709-Gb/s. A look-up table (LUT) for the driving current is optimized for dispersion mitigation. Experimental results show a 25 fold increase in the transmission reach of a DML from 10 km to 252 km. A similar approach applied to a directly modulated chirp managed laser reveals a remarkable increase in the achievable transmission reach from 200 km to 608 km. In the context of access networks the DSP and DAC configuration is utilized for directly modulating a passive feedback laser (PFL) to generate differential phase shift keying (DPSK) signals at bit rates of 10.709-Gb/s, 14-Gb/s and 16-Gb/s. The quality of the DPSK signals is assessed using both noncoherent detection for a bit rate of 10.709-Gb/s and coherent detection with DSP involving a LUT pattern-dependent distortion compensator. For very short reach optical links, a 16-ary quadrature amplitude modulation signal is generated using subcarrier modulation with a subcarrier frequency of half the symbol rate, Nyquist pulse shaping, and a directly modulated PFL at bit rates up to 56-Gb/s. Using polarization multiplexing emulation, a pre-amplified direct detection receiver and DSP, loss margins of 12.6 dB and 8 dB are achieved for a 112-Gb/s dual polarization signal within a 33 GHz optical bandwidth at back-to-back and after 4 km transmission, respectively. / Thesis (Ph.D, Electrical & Computer Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2013-01-31 13:58:56.327

Novel theoretical formulations and efficient simulation methods for polarization-mode dispersion (PMD) and polarization-dependent loss (PDL) that are directly applicable to optical network design are developed. In particular, a formalism based upon the Magnus expansion is advanced for the determination of the frequency evolution of the Mueller matrix in terms of increasing orders of PMD and PDL. Several previous models of polarization evolution are shown to be specializations of this more general formalism. A least-squares algorithm that extracts PMD and PDL coefficients from repeated measurements of the output Stokes vector of an optical system for a random set of input polarization states is introduced and subsequently applied to the rapid experimental determination of the probability density of the differential group delay of a fiber-squeezer based PMD emulator. The applicability of Clifford algebra and Pade-approximant techniques to the efficient simulation of the wavelength dependence of PMD and PDL is also discussed.

Optical signal processing plays a key role in a high capacity all-optical communication network. Rapid advances in the processing technology offers new solutions to enhance fiber communications. This thesis focuses on the development of new components and techniques for optical signal processing. / The application of optical nonlinearities in fibers and in semiconductor devices is of great importance in different fields of research. In this thesis, we report our findings in the development of new techniques for photonic signal processing. Two different approaches for extinction ratio enhancement of an amplitude-shift keying (ASK) signal have been demonstrated using self-phase modulation in a highly nonlinear bismuth oxide fiber. The differential phase-shift keying (DPSK) modulation format is also receiving much attention owing to its improved receiver sensitivity and its higher tolerance to signal degradation by undesired fiber nonlinearities. We demonstrated all-optical processing of DPSK signals using different nonlinear phenomena in a semiconductor optical amplifiers, a dispersion-flattened highly nonlinear photonic crystal fiber, and a highly nonlinear bismuth oxide fiber. Various application areas including extinction ratio enhancement, amplitude noise reduction, phase noise reduction, wavelength conversion and wavelength multicasting have been realized using four-wave mixing, self-phase modulation, and cross-phase modulation in the optical elements. (Abstract shortened by UMI.) / The birefringent comb filter is an important element in the processing of microwave and optical signals. To increase the flexibility in its operation, it is desirable for the filter to be tunable in both the spectral position and the spacing of the comb. By incorporating an electro-optic phase modulator to control the overall birefringence, the output comb can be rapidly modulated in the spectral domain. We also introduced a new architecture of a dual-pass Lyot filter that offers the highest tunability of the comb spacing at a given number of birefringent fiber elements. Selectivity of the spacing is based on different alignments between the fiber axes in our cascadable scheme. We applied the birefringent comb filter to multi-wavelength laser source generation using either a semiconductor or a fiber-based gain element. By electrical tuning of the birefringence inside a semiconductor optical amplifier ring laser, a waveband switchable multi-wavelength source has been obtained. In an erbium-doped fiber (EDF) laser, multi-wavelength lasing is inhibited at room temperature owing to the homogeneously broadened gain medium. To address this problem, two different types of fiber nonlinearities, stimulated Brillouin scattering and four-wave mixing, are incorporated separately to the EDF laser to provide self-stabilization of the multi-wavelength oscillation. In addition to multi-wavelength source generation, we further applied the birefringent comb filter to multiply the repetition rate of a high-speed pulsed source using the spectral elimination approach. Repetition rate multiplication from 10 to 40 GHz has been simultaneously achieved for four ITU-grid laser sources around 1550 nm, resulting in an aggregate pulse rate of 160 GHz. The phase coherence of the output pulses is also preserved. / Fok, Mei Po Mable. / "August 2007." / Adviser: Chester Shu. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 69-02, Section: B, page: 1198. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references. / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.

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This thesis reports the research and industry-related works carried out from the development of a fibre-optic strain sensor system for Civil Engineering applications. A sensor system consists of a number of core components, including the sensing element, interrogation/demodulation, multiplexing, signal processing and hardware equipment. In the process of development, a number of issues have been identified and investigated, which resulted in the improvement of the system performance, as well as the proposal of new techniques for the sensor system. First, an improved demodulation technique for a type of sensor, namely the fibre Fizeau interferometer (FFI), is presented. The technique is based on the improvement of the Fourier transform peak detection method, which suffers severely from the poor resolution and accuracy of finding the sensor cavity length. The improvement over the original method has been compared and verified through simulations and experiments. Second, a simultaneous demodulation technique for multiplexed FFI and fibre Bragg grating (FBG) sensors using the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) is proposed. Third, a multiplexing technique using amplitude-modulated chirped FBGs and the DWT is proposed. These two proposed techniques have been demonstrated experimentally through strain measurements. The strain resolution, crosstalk and limitations are investigated. In addition, simultaneous quasi-static strain and temperature sensing of different metal plates are performed. Fibre-optic sensors have found numerous applications in different areas. In this thesis, the use of FBG sensors in Civil Engineering applications is demonstrated in four experimental studies, including: (i) long-term measurement of drying shrinkage and creep of structural grade concrete; (ii) simultaneous measurement of shrinkage and temperature of reactive powder concrete (RPC) at early-age; (iii) measurement of coefficients of thermal expansion of cement mortar and RPC; and (iv) field-trial on the strain monitoring of the world?s first RPC road bridge. In addition, the experimental and practical issues of using FBG sensors are considered.

Nonlinear optical microscopy (NLOM) utilizing femtosecond laser pulses is well suited for imaging living tissues. This work reports on the design and development of an optical fiber based multispectral NLOM developed around a laser generating broadband sub-10-fs pulses. An all-mirror dispersion-compensation setup is used to correct for quadratic and cubic phase distortions induced within the NLOM. Mouse tail tendon was used to characterize sub-10-fs pulses by interferometric autocorrelation. This is an effective method for characterizing dispersion from the optical system, immersion medium, and wet biological sample. The generation of very short autocorrelations demonstrates the ability to compensate for phase distortions within the imaging system and efficient second-harmonic upconversion of the ultrashort pulse spectrum within collagen. Reconstruction of ultrashort pulses at the focal plane of the objective allows the excitation of multiple fluorescent probes simultaneously. Multiple fluorescent probe excitation and spectral discrimination is demonstrated using mixtures of fluorescent dye solutions and an in-vitro angiogenesis model containing human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC’s) expressing multiple fluorescent proteins. Sub-10-fs pulses can be propagated through polarization-maintaining single mode fiber (PMF) for use in NLOM. We demonstrate delivery of near transform-limited, 1 nJ pulses from a Ti:Al2O3 oscillator via PMF to the NLOM focal plane while maintaining 120 nm of bandwidth. Negative group delay dispersion (GDD) introduced to pre-compensate normal dispersion of the optical fiber and microscope optics ensured linear pulse propagation through the PMF. Nonlinear excitation of multiple fluorophores simultaneously and polarization sensitive NLOM imaging using second harmonic generation in collagen was demonstrated using PMF delivered pulses. Two-photon excited fluorescence spectra and second harmonic images taken with and without the fiber indicates that the fiber based system is capable of generating optical signals that are within a factor of two to three of our traditional NLOM.

Fiber-optic networks are continually evolving to accommodate ever-increasing data transport rates demanded by modern applications, devices, and services. Network operators are now beginning to deploy systems with 100 Gb/s per-wavelength data rates while maintaining the 50 GHz dense wavelength division multiplexing grid that is (generally) standard for 10 Gb/s systems. Advanced modulation formats incorporating both amplitude- and phase-based data symbols are necessary to meet the spectral efficiency requirements of fiber-optic data transport. These modulation formats require coherent detection, enabling future networks to take advantage of advances in silicon CMOS via digital signal processing algorithms and techniques. The primary challenge for future networks is the fiber nonlinear response; changes in the intensity of the propagating optical signal induce changes in the optical fiber refractive index. Limiting the allowed propagation intensity will reduce these nonlinear effects and correspondingly limit the total available signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) within the channel. Predicting the nonlinear SNR limits of fiber-optic transport for data rates 100 Gb/s and beyond is a primary purpose of this research. This dissertation expressly matches several novel expressions for nonlinear interference accumulation to experimental data and demonstrates robust theoretical prediction of nonlinear transmission penalties. The experiments were performed to isolate the transmission performance of the fiber medium in the highly dispersive regime -- no dispersion compensation or Raman amplification was employed and all other hardware was kept static. These results are the first experimental validation of the nonlinear interference expressions on a fiber-type basis. Second, this dissertation moves to data transport beyond per-wavelength rates of 100 Gb/s by employing 16QAM at baud rates as high as 32 GHz. It examines signal processing strategies for 16QAM transport and extends the nonlinear interference prediction techniques to 16QAM. The results reveal that the SNR requirements of 16QAM as limited by nonlinear interference will likely limit deployments to high-density regional and metro networks.