Quantum measurement is one of the most important features of quantum theory. Although mathematical predictions have been verified in great detail, practical implementation has lagged behind. Only recently have people begun to take advantage of quantum measurement properties to produce new technologies. This research helps fill that technological gap by experimental examination of a continuous, optical measurement for an ensemble of cold atomic spins. The essential physics reduces to the interaction between an atomic ensemble and a weak optical field, which has many well known results. While this work demonstrates many novel applications of the interaction, it also shows that the whole can be more than the sum of the individual parts. Starting with basic characterization of the measurement system using laser-cooled cæsium atoms, the mean value of a spin component is obtained in real time. In essence, the angular momentum of the atomic spins creates a Faraday-like rotation in the polarization of a laser probe beam. With slight modifications, additional spin components are also observed, and are shown to be in good agreement with predictions. In measuring spin dynamics, it is important to account for effects of the probe on the spin states as well. Capitalizing on this as a resource, the probe-induced ac-Stark shift is used to transform a quasi-classical spin-coherent state into a highly quantum Schrödinger cat type of superposition between two spin states. Finally, this work combines all the previous results to demonstrate how a continuous measurement of the spin with a carefully crafted evolution created in part by the probe, allows for nearly real-time determination of the complete spin density matrix. In a single 1.5 millisecond run, a spin density matrix is determined with fidelities ranging from about 85% to 90% across a wide spectrum of test states.

Edward H. Linfoot developed an integral expression for the irradiance in the image of a lens or mirror under the Foucault knife-edge test as a function of figure error. Samuel Katzoff developed a convenient method of inverting the linearized form of Linfoot's equation to express figure error in terms of the irradiance distribution in the image (Foucault pattern). This paper presents the results of an experimental study on a 20-centimeter-diameter f/5 spherical mirror to complement the analytical work of Linfoot and Katzoff. The results clearly affirm the practicability of the Foucault test to quantitative evaluation of figure errors of near-diffraction-limited optical elements via the Linfoot/Katzoff formulation. The evaluation was based on a comparison of Foucault-test figure error data with parallel data from independent scatterplate interferometer measurements. The results are particaularly significant in that they reveal the fallacy of the widespread regard of the Foucault test as limited to qualications for the field of optical testing, since the test is basically simple, its implementation for quantitative figure error analysis is straightforward, and the associated experiemntal data processing is much simpler than that of interferometric testing methods. The question of potential use in figure error sensing in the planned large orbital telescope seems particularly pertinent.

研究目的 主要欲探討大學實驗室的組織平台，以及組織知識流通的重要活動，以及組織平台與組織知識流通的互動。 研究方法 本研究採「多重個案分析」(multi-case)之「個案研究法」，以深入訪談大學實驗室的教授、實驗室成員等為主，次級資料蒐集閱讀為輔，期能夠依照研究目的提出結論與建議。 研究發現 壹、領導者角色與組織的知識流通 1.在光電領域的實驗室中，領導者的研究方向會影響成員題目概念的生成方式。 1-1.在光電領域實驗室中，老師的研究方向愈趨向於執行業界的合作案時，碩士班學生的題目概念生成愈趨於上而下。 1-2.在光電領域實驗室中，老師的研究方向愈趨向於學術研究時，碩士班學生的題目概念生成愈趨於下而上。 1-3.在光電領域實驗室中，老師的研究方向不論是趨向於執行業界的合作案或是學術研究，博士班學生的題目概念生成均趨向於下而上。 貳、教育訓練與組織的知識流通 2.在光電領域實驗室中，成員教育訓練的設計有助於實驗室之知識取得與蓄積。 3.在光電領域實驗室中，聚餐、出遊、球敘以及玩LAN-game是最常見的促進成員感情之方式，良善的群體關係有助於實驗室氣氛的和諧，進而有利群體目標的達成。 叁、激勵制度與組織的知識流通 4.在光電領域的實驗室中，激勵學生最常使用的方法是教授以身作則、培養成功的經驗、給予口頭上的贊許與勉勵、給予適當的獎勵津貼以及提供代表出席研討會的機會。 5.在光電領域的實驗室中，使用具正面增強作用的獎勵津貼制度，有助於實驗室成員知識創造的動機。 肆、團隊溝通合作與組織的知識流通 6.在光電領域的實驗室中，透過團隊與合作有助於實驗室知識在轉換過程中的擴散與蓄積。 6-1.在光電領域的實驗室中，知識經驗透過師徒制，以學長帶領學弟共同實做的方式，有助於知識在共同化過程中的蓄積與擴散。 6-2.在光電領域的實驗室中，知識經驗透過技術化文件、實驗成果文件的方式，有助於知識在外化過程中蓄積與擴散。 6-3.在光電領域的實驗室中，知識經驗透過meeting的舉行以及面對面的直接溝通，有助於知識經驗在結合過程中的創造。 6-4.在光電領域實驗室中，知識經驗透過實驗室內部的資料庫建置，有助於知識經驗在結合過程中的蓄積與擴散。 伍、團隊組成與組織的知識流通 7.在光電領域實驗室中，實驗室成員的組成會影響實驗室的知識流通。 7-1.在光電領域實驗室中，以物理/材料、電機/電子、機械/力學背景的學生居多，並當學生來自於物理/材料、電機/電子相關領域時，有助於縮短教育訓練的時間及加速內隱知識的分享。 7-2.在光電領域實驗室中，老師傾向選擇具有積極的學習態度及意願者，並當新進成員擁有積極的學習態度及意願時，有助於實驗室成員對知識創造的動機。 8.在光電領域實驗室中，擁有知識創造型成員有助於組織內部知識的流通。 8-1.博士後研究員及博士班學生趨向為實驗室中之知識工程師以及知識執行人員，使內部知識可由中而上而下的傳遞，其任務包含計劃的協調和管理、創造新知、引領學弟妹熟悉實驗室、執行計畫、分享知識經驗。 8-2.碩士生及大學專題生趨向為實驗室中之知識執行人員，累積和產生實驗室內隱及外顯知識，其任務包括執行計畫、分享知識經驗。 研究結論 對大學實驗室領導者 1.給予學生適切且明確的目標，降低組織給予成員的焦慮和不確定性 2.提倡增強作用的獎勵機制 3.創造各種知識學習的機會 4.建立利於創造的環境，避免成員遭受被評價的恐懼 5.重視知識的整合與應用，跳脫僵硬化的強記 6.強化實驗室成員知識分享的意願和習慣 對大學實驗室成員 1.加強專業技術的背景 2.增強自我學習的動機 3.培養獨立思考的能力 / Abstract Research Objective It discuss about the Organizational Environment of laboratories in the University, activities which help to circulate the knowledge in an organization and the interaction between Organizational Environment and the knowledge circulation. Research Method According to the Case Study by the Multi-case theory, the major information is base on the interview of both professors and the members in laboratories, and the inferior information is gotten by ways of searching and collecting a large amount of data. Hoping to bring up the conclusion and the suggestion by the aim. Research Conclusion For leaders of laboratories in the University：1. Students are given clear and definite targets and leaders also have to reduce the anxiety and the uncertainty of members.2.Making use of the reward policy according to the Positive Reinforcement Theory.3.Creating opportunities of learning.4. Creating an environment in which creativity is encouraged.5. Instead of cramming the knowledge in to one’s memory, integration and application are paid much attention.6. To form the habit of sharing knowledge. For members of laboratories in the University：1. To reinforce the specialized field or subject.2. To strengthen the motive of self-learning.3. Develop the ability of thinking independently. Keyword：Laboratory, Organizational Environment, knowledge circulation, optical science