Zuerst wird die Idee einer gechirpten photonischen Kristallfaser vorgestellt. Aus einem stark vereinfachten Modell, die qualitativen Eigenschaften dieses neuen Fasertyps abgeleitet. Hier gelingt es, alle wichtigen Designparameter zu bestimmen. Die hervorragenden Leitungseigenschaften dieser Fasern werden dann in Experimenten demonstriert. Ohne jegliche Dispersionskompensation wird die Übertragung eines 25 fs Impulses in einer 1 Meter langen Faser gezeigt. Wird zusätzlich eine Dispersionskompensation verwendet, lassen sich sogar Impulse mit weniger als 20 fs Dauer übertragen. Im Anschluss daran wird eine photonische Kristallfaser untersucht, die mit einer Flüssigkeit gefüllt ist. Die hergestellte Faser ist dahingehend optimiert, einen hoch effizienten Soliton-Fission Mechanismus zu ermöglichen, der zur Erzeugung von Weißlicht genutzt wird. Diese Weißlicht-Impulse haben eine mit Soliton-Fission bisher noch nie erreichte Energie von 390 nJ. Auf Grundlage einer guten Übereinstimmung mit den experimentellen Resultaten lässt sich aus numerischen Simulationen der zugrunde liegende Effekt bestimmen. Abschließend wird über ein Experiment berichtet, das die nichtlineare Wechselwirkung zwischen zwei Impulsen verschiedener Wellenlänge ausnutzt, um einen optischen Schalter zu verwirklichen. Dieses Experiment erfordert genaueste Kontrolle der Dispersion und der Nichtlinearität in der Faser. Bei der gleichzeitigen Propagation von zwei Impulsen wird ein neuartiger Schalteffekt beobachtet. Beide Impulse haben nahezu die gleiche Gruppengeschwindigkeit, und ihre nichtlineare Wechselwirkung basierend auf Kreuz-Phasen-Modulation wird dadurch deutlich verstärkt. Hiermit wird ein voll funktionsfähiger optischer Transistor mit gutem Schaltkontrast experimentell demonstriert, der insbesondere einen schwachen Impuls einen stärkeren Impuls schalten lässt. / First, the concept of a novel chirped photonic crystal fiber is introduced. The qualitative dispersion and loss properties of this new fiber are theoretically derived. The calculated results agree excellently with experimental data obtained from fabricated fiber samples. The superior guiding properties of this new photonic fiber are demonstrated in two experiments. The delivery of 25 fs pulses over a 1 meter distance is realized without any dispersion compensation. Moreover, using dispersion compensation, the delivery of even sub-20-fs pulses becomes possible. Subsequently, a photonic crystal fiber with a liquid core is investigated, work presents effective methods for the preparation and explains a scheme for successfully reducing the insertion loss. The fiber is optimized to support the highly efficient soliton-fission mechanism at unprecedented pulse energies in white-light supercontinuum generation. Because of the liquid core, the supercontinuum generation scheme can be scaled beyond the peak-power limitations of solid-core fibers. The generation of a two-octave spanning supercontinuum with 390 nJ pulse energy is demonstrated. The experimental results are compared to a numerical simulation and the underlying mechanism is identified. Finally, an experiment is presented that exploits strong nonlinear interaction of two pulses inside a photonic crystal fiber for all-optical switching. A novel effect is observed during the co-propagation of two ultrashort pulses with different wavelengths. Because of the dispersion properties in the chosen fiber, these pulses are propagating at nearly identical group velocities, which dramatically increases the nonlinear interaction via cross-phase modulation between the two pulses. Based on this interaction, a fully functional optical transistor is experimentally demonstrated with good switching contrast. In particular, the demonstrated optical transistor enables switching of a strong pulse by a much weaker pulse.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:15:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5145.pdf: 3696466 bytes, checksum: a50814528dfffc17767d4ca059a77ac6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-27 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / We investigate in this thesis the control of absorptive optical bistability in a standing wave optical cavity filled with a collection of two and three-level noninteracting atoms weakly coupled to a single electromagnetic mode of a optical resonator. The observed control for the three-level configuration happens under cavity coherent population trapping conditions, it is sensitive to the induced atomic coherence in the system and it can be manipulated through different parameters. We propose some applications presenting a new effect, named by ourselves as complementary optical bistability. It is very interesting to exploit bistability phenomenon to perform bistable cascade devices, such as an optical transistor. We also study the all-optical control of the quantum fuctuations of a beam via a combination of single-atom cavity quantum electrodynamics (CQED) and electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). Specifically, the EIT control field is used to tune the CQED transition frequencies in and out of resonance with the probe light. In this way, single-photon and two-photon blockade and anti-blockade effects are employed to produce sub-Poissonian and super-Poissonian light fields, respectively. The achievable quantum control paves the way towards the realization of a prototype of a quantum transistor which amplifies or attenuates the noise. Its feasibility is demonstrated by calculations using realistic parameters from recent experiments. / Nesta tese estudamos o controle da biestabilidade óptica absortiva em uma cavidade linear contendo uma coleção de átomos de dois e três níveis não interagentes fracamente acoplados a um único modo do campo. Mostramos que o controle para a configuração atômica de três níveis ocorre apenas nas condições de aprisionamento coerente de população e que o mesmo é sensível à coerência atômica induzida no sistema podendo ser manipulado através de diferentes parâmetros. Propomos algumas aplicações apresentando um efeito novo, o qual denominamos de biestabilidade óptica complementar, muito interessante para explorar dispositivos ópticos biestáveis com funções de cascatabilidade, como um transistor óptico. Estudamos também o controle óptico das flutuações do campo de prova pela combinação do fenômeno de transparência eletromagneticamente induzida para um único átomo no regime de acoplamento forte em eletrodinâmica quântica de cavidades. Especificamente, o campo de controle é utilizado para ajustar as frequências de transição dos estados vestidos ressonantemente ou quase ressonantemente com o campo de prova do sistema. Desta forma, efeitos de bloqueio de um e dois fótons e anti-bloqueio são observados produzindo campos sub- e super-Poissonianos, respectivamente. O controle quântico obtido pode ser promissor para a realização de um protótipo de um transistor quântico que amplifica e atenua flutuações quânticas do campo transmitido pelo sistema. A viabilidade desse dispositivo é demonstrada através de cálculos utilizando parâmetros de experimentos recentes.