La classification se base sur un jeu de données étiquetées par un expert. Plus le jeu de données est grand, meilleure est la performance de classification. Pourtant, la requête à un expert peut parfois être coûteuse. Le but de l'apprentissage actif est alors de minimiser le nombre de requêtes à l'expert. La collection des données non-étiquetées reste aisée cependant et illimitée, il est donc nécessaire de faire un choix sur les données à annoter, l'idée est alors de profiter de ce choix pour maximiser les performances en ne lui fournissant que les données les plus informatives à étiqueter. Pourtant, le niveau d'informativité de chaque donnée ne peut pas être calculé exactement et ne peut être estimé qu'à une incertitude près. Améliorer la précision de l'estimation nécessite d'annoter de nouvelles données. Il y a donc un dilemme entre utiliser le budget d'annotations disponible pour améliorer la performance du classifieur selon l'estimation actuelle du critère ou pour améliorer la précision sur le critère. Ce dilemme est bien connu dans le cadre de l'optimisation en budget fini sous le nom de dilemme entre exploration et exploitation. Les solutions usuelles pour résoudre ce dilemme dans ce contexte font usage du principe d'Optimisme Face à l'Incertitude. Dans cette thèse, nous montrons donc qu'il est possible d'adapter ce principe au problème d'apprentissage actif pour la classification. Pour cela, plusieurs algorithmes ont été être développés pour des classifieurs de complexité croissante, chacun utilisant le principe de l'Optimisme Face à l'Incertitude, et leurs résultats ont été évalués empiriquement / A Classification problem makes use of a training set consisting of data labeled by an oracle. The larger the training set, the best the performance. However, requesting the oracle may be costly. The goal of Active Learning is thus to minimize the number of requests to the oracle while achieving the best performance. To do so, the data that are presented to the oracle must be carefully selected among a large number of unlabeled instances acquired at no cost. However, the true profitability of labeling a particular instance may not be known perfectly. It can therefore be estimated along with a measure of uncertainty. To Increase the precision on the estimate, we need to label more data. Thus, there is a dilemma between labeling data in order to increase the performance of the classifier or to better know how to select data. This dilemma is well studied in the context of finite budget optimization under the name of exploration versus exploitation dilemma. The most famous solutions make use of the principle of Optimism in the Face of Uncertainty. In this thesis, we show that it is possible to adapt this principle to the active learning problem for classification. Several algorithms have been developed for classifiers of increasing complexity, each one of them using the principle of Optimism in the Face of Uncertainty, and their performances have been empirically evaluated

Insourcing, outsourcing and co-sourcing are three approaches to procuring an information system. This research contributes to the body of knowledge on insourcing an information system; exploring and discussing the enabling and inhibiting factors of the insourcing of an information system in selected government agencies in Malaysia. This study was undertaken in response to a paucity of similar projects and a limited literature focused on developing countries. It considers the post outsourcing context following the decision to insource a major Malaysian Government Information System in 2011. A qualitative research method was used to obtain empirical evidence from selected government agencies through 69 semi-structured interviews in two data collection periods: 2013-2014 and 2015. Interviews were conducted with civil servants at all levels, from senior management to clerical staff, including users of the government information system. By using coding principles from grounded theory to analyse the data, seven exciters and six inhibitors of insourcing a government information system were identified and mapped in the analytical framework. Further, this is the first research to use an enhanced model, devised by combining the OPTIMISM model and two distinct theoretical traditions: institutional theory and the capability approach; in order to analyse the insourcing of government information system adoption. The enhanced model was created by mapping the OPTIMISM model (that has a set of dimensions) to an analytical framework comprising the capability approach, institutional theory and technology (ICTs). The main research contribution of this thesis is in the area of capacity building of the internal development team. The increased budget for training, the selection of appropriate training providers and knowledge sharing among experienced and novice developers all contribute to building capacity in the internal development team; and consequently help to improve the quality of the system which will improve service delivery to the general public. The approach and findings of this study contribute to the body of knowledge and understanding of the subject in government information system development and implementation, and can also be applied to improving the quality of service delivery. While this study has focused on government information systems, the wider area of eGovernment, and applications serving the needs of the general public, is equally important, and therefore the researcher suggests that insourcing eGovernment applications would also assist in the capacity building of internal IT staff.

Submitted by SBI Biblioteca Digital (sbi.bibliotecadigital@puc-campinas.edu.br) on 2018-02-15T12:28:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JOSE MARIO LIMONGI JUNIOR.pdf: 1520868 bytes, checksum: 2fab462a6f26c6c60ff93adc8543e65d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-15T12:28:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JOSE MARIO LIMONGI JUNIOR.pdf: 1520868 bytes, checksum: 2fab462a6f26c6c60ff93adc8543e65d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-18 / Introduction: Epilepsy is a chronic neurological condition characterized by seizures recurring caused by excessive neuronal activity in the brain, usually self-limited. Several studies have reported impaired quality of life in epilepsy associated with different clinical and psicossocial aspects. However, it is still little studied in adult patients with epilepsy (PWE) the ability to deal with adverse events and whether there is relationship between resilience and aspects of epilepsy. Objetive: Assess the resilience and its relationship with sociodemographic, clinical and the perception of life in PWE. Materials and procedures: 80 consecutive adults PWE were included, treated in the clinic Clinical Neurology Hospital Celso Pierro (PUC-Campinas). The PWE were assessed: sociodemographic questionnaire, medical history, economic classification criteria Brazil, Wagnild & Young resilience scale, life orientation test (LOT-R) and Inventory of depression in neurological disorders epilepsy (NDDI-E) . Statistical tests were used with significance level of p <0.05. Results: The average age of PWE was 45.4 (? 14.4) years, 46 (57.5%) were females; 38 (47.5%) and 42 are unemployed (52.5%) and 41 (51.2%) patients were married. The average age of the first patients seizure was 21.1 (? 17.1) years; 49 (61.2%) were seizure for less than a year and the average duration of epilepsy was 27.7 (? 16.2) years. The seizure type was focal in 67 (83.75%) cases and generalized only in 13 (16.25%). Fifty-one PWE were using one antiepileptic drug (AED), and more than two drugs, 29 (36.2%) cases. The epileptic syndrome was, idiopathic generalized epilepsy in 13 cases (16.25%), symptomatic focal in 45 (56.25%) and probably symptomatic focal in 22 cases (27.50%). In symptomatic epilepsies etiology was temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis in 27 (33.7%) cases. The average score of the resilience scale was 139.2 (? 15.6). In classification level resilience was observed that 15 (18.7%) patients had low resilience (?125), middle (> 125 and ?145) and high resilience (> 145) were respectively 32 (40%) and 33 (41.2%) patients. The average score TOV-R was 20.5 (? 3.4) and NDDI-E 12.6 (? 2.6). The PWE that used two or more AED had significantly lower scores on scale resilience when compared to those using single drug (142.3 ? 14.7 133.9 ? 16.1 x; t-test, p = 0.025). It was observed that the PWE presenting depressive episode (values above 15) in NDDI-E show significantly lower scores on scale resilience (141.7 ? 14.1 x 119.8 ? 14.2; T-test; p = 0.000) and lower scores on TOV -R (21.0 ? 2.6 x 16.5 ? 6.1, t-test, p = 0.000). There was a significant positive correlation between the scores of resilience scale with the TOV-R. There was a negative correlation between the scores of resilience and range scores NDDI-E. Discussion and conclusion: Most PWE showed medium and high resilience, suggesting that persons with high resilience can develop skills to overcome challenges and adversity and unpredictability of epilepsy. In screening for depressive episodes in NDDI-E was observed average values do not suggestive of depressive symptoms. Low resilience was significantly associated with the use of more than one AED. There was no association with other clinical and socio-demographic aspects of epilepsy. PWE with greater optimism in the perception of their lives (LOT-R) have more resilience. There was an association between depressive symptoms (NDDI-E) and lower resilience. In conclusion, less resilients PWE use more than one AED, show less optimism to perceive their lives and more depressive symptoms. / Introdu??o: Epilepsia ? uma condi??o neurol?gica cr?nica caracterizada por crises epil?pticas (CE) recorrentes, causada pela atividade neuronal excessiva no c?rebro, usualmente autolimitada. V?rios estudos descrevem comprometimento da qualidade de vida na epilepsia associado a diferentes aspectos cl?nicos e psicossociais. Entretanto, ainda ? pouco estudada em pacientes adultos com epilepsia (PCE) a capacidade de lidar com eventos adversos e se h? rela??o entre resili?ncia e aspectos da epilepsia. Objetivo: Avaliar a resili?ncia e sua rela??o com aspectos sociodemogr?ficos, cl?nicos e com a percep??o da vida em PCE. Casu?stica e procedimentos: Foram inclu?dos 80 PCE adultos consecutivos, atendidos no ambulat?rio de Neurologia Cl?nica do Hospital e Maternidade Celso Pierro (PUC-Campinas). Os PCE foram avaliados com: Question?rio sociodemogr?fico, hist?ria cl?nica, crit?rio de classifica??o econ?mica Brasil, Escala de resili?ncia de Wagnild & Young, Teste de orienta??o da vida (TOV-R) e Invent?rio de depress?o em transtornos neurol?gicos para epilepsia (IDTN-E). Foram utilizados testes estat?sticos com n?vel de signific?ncia p< 0,05. Resultados: A idade m?dia dos PCE foi 45.4 (?14.4) anos, 46 (57.5%) eram do g?nero feminino; 38 (47.5%) estavam desempregados e 42 (52.5%) e 41 (51.2%) pacientes casados. A idade m?dia da primeira crise epil?ptica (CE) foi de 21.1 (?17.1) anos; 49 (61.2%) estavam com CE h? menos de um ano e a dura??o m?dia da epilepsia foi de 27.7 (?16.2) anos. O tipo de CE foi focal em 67 (83.75%) casos e exclusivamente generalizada em 13 (16.25%). Cinquenta e um PCE estavam utilizando uma droga antiepil?ptica (DAE) e, mais que duas drogas, 29 (36.2%). A s?ndrome epil?ptica foi: epilepsia generalizada idiop?tica em 13 casos (16.25%), focal sintom?tica em 45 (56.25%) e focal provavelmente sintom?tica em 22 casos (27.50%). Nas epilepsias sintom?ticas a etiologia foi epilepsia de lobo temporal com esclerose hipocampal em 27 (33.7%). O escore m?dio da escala de resili?ncia foi 139.2 (?15.6). Na classifica??o dos n?veis de resili?ncia foi observado que 15 (18.7%) pacientes tinham baixa resili?ncia (?125) e, m?dia (>125 e ?145) e alta resili?ncia (>145) foram respectivamente, 32 (40%) e 33 (41.2%) pacientes. O escore m?dio do TOV-R foi 20.5 (?3.4) e do IDTN-E, 12.6 (?2.6). Os PCE que utilizavam mais de uma DAE apresentaram de modo significativo menores escores na escala de resili?ncia quando comparados ?queles que utilizavam droga ?nica (142.3?14.7 x 133.9?16.1; Teste T; p=0.025). Foi observado que os PCE em epis?dio depressivo (valores acima de 15) no IDTN-E tiveram de modo significativo menores escores na escala de resili?ncia (141.7?14.1 x 119.8?14.2; Teste T; p=0.000) e menores escores no TOV-R (21.0?2.6 x 16.5?6.1; Teste T; p=0.000). Houve correla??o positiva significativa entre os escores da escala de resili?ncia com o TOV-R. Houve correla??o negativa significativa entre os escores da escala de resili?ncia e os escores do IDTN-E. Discuss?o e conclus?o: A maioria dos PCE foram classificados em m?dia e alta resili?ncia, o que sugere que indiv?duos com elevada resili?ncia podem desenvolver habilidades para superar os desafios e adversidades frente a imprevisibilidade da epilepsia. No rastreamento de epis?dios depressivos, no IDTN-E, foi observado valores m?dios n?o sugestivos de sintomas depressivos. Baixa resili?ncia foi associada de modo significativo ? utiliza??o de mais de uma DAE. N?o foi observada associa??o com outros aspectos cl?nicos da epilepsia e sociodemogr?ficos. PCE com maior otimismo na percep??o de suas vidas (TOV-R) apresentam maior resili?ncia. Houve associa??o entre sintomas depressivos (IDTN-E) e menor resili?ncia. Concluindo, PCE com menor resili?ncia utilizam mais de uma DAE, apresentam menor otimismo ao perceberem suas vidas com mais sintomas depressivos.

Esta pesquisa investiga empiricamente as possíveis influências de gestores cognitivamente enviesados sobre as decisões de financiamento e de investimento das empresas. Especificamente, dois vieses cognitivos amplamente documentados na literatura comportamental e psicológica são enfocados: o otimismo e o excesso de confiança. As hipóteses de pesquisa são derivadas de um crescente corpo de teorias dedicadas à exploração das implicações para a empresa da presença destes traços psicológicos nos seus gestores. Embora o otimismo e o excesso de confiança tendam a se manifestar conjuntamente, é possível tratá-los separadamente para fins analíticos. Genericamente, o otimismo costuma ser modelado como uma superestimação da probabilidade de ocorrência de eventos favoráveis, ao passo que o excesso de confiança reflete-se na subestimação da volatilidade ou do ruído de processos que envolvem incerteza. Argumenta-se que uma predição central emerge do conjunto dos modelos considerados, qual seja, empresas geridas por indivíduos otimistas e/ou excessivamente confiantes são mais propensas ao endividamento, ceteris paribus. Alguns modelos que enfocam apenas o viés do otimismo também sugerem que estas empresas são mais propensas a adotar uma hierarquização de preferências por fontes de financiamento conhecida como pecking order. Quanto ao impacto destes vieses sobre o valor de mercado e sobre as decisões de investimento das empresas os resultados teóricos são ambíguos. O estudo oferece duas contribuições principais. A primeira é o teste pioneiro das predições referidas acima e a segunda é a proposição de uma estratégia inovadora de identificação destes vieses entre os gestores. Especificamente, sólidas evidências empíricas apoiadas por argumentos teóricos diversos sugerem que os indivíduos que gerenciam o seu próprio negócio (empreendedores) são particularmente propensos a exibir excesso de confiança e otimismo exacerbado em seus julgamentos. Alternativamente, estes vieses são identificados com base no padrão de posse de ações da própria empresa por parte dos seus gestores. Utiliza-se uma amostra de 153 empresas brasileiras observadas entre os anos de 1998 e 2003. Diferentes métodos foram empregados para estimar os parâmetros dos modelos empíricos, com destaque para o procedimento baseado no Método dos Momentos Generalizado conhecido como GMM Sistêmico, sempre com o objetivo de controlar os problemas de endogeneidade relacionados, em particular, com variáveis omitidas, erros de mensuração e com a provável determinação simultânea de algumas variáveis. Os dados não mostram evidências favoráveis à hipótese da hierarquização de fontes de financiamento. Tampouco é possível divisar qualquer impacto sistemático das variáveis substitutas do otimismo/excesso de confiança dos gestores sobre medidas do valor de mercado e do volume geral de investimentos das empresas. Um resultado bastante significativo emerge, não obstante, da análise empírica: empresas geridas por indivíduos classificados como otimistas/excessivamente confiantes revelam-se, depois de isolados diversos fatores intervenientes, substancialmente mais alavancadas financeiramente do que as demais. Esta evidência, compatível com a predição central do conjunto de teorias comportamentais consideradas, é robusta a variações do método de estimação, da especificação do modelo empírico e da definição operacional escolhida para os vieses de interesse. A significância econômica aliada à significância estatística da influência observada sugere que otimismo e o excesso de confiança dos gestores podem exercer impacto significativo sobre decisões corporativas e, em especial, podem ser importantes determinantes da estrutura de capital das empresas. / This research empirically investigates the possible impacts of cognitively biased managers on firms\' financing and investment decisions. Specifically, two cognitive biases that are widely recorded in the behavioral and psychological literature are considered: optimism and overconfidence. The testable hypotheses are derived from a growing body of theories that focus on the implications of biased managers for firms. Although optimism and overconfidence tend to appear together, it is possible to treat them separately for analytical purposes. Generically, optimism is usually modeled as an overstatement of the probability of occurrence of favorable events and overconfidence is reflected in the understatement of the volatility or of the noise of processes that involve uncertainty. It is argued that one central prediction emerges from the set of models considered, namely, that companies managed by optimistic and/or overconfident individuals are more inclined towards debt financing, ceteris paribus. Some models that focus on the bias of optimism alone suggest, in addition, that these companies are more prone to establishing an ordering of preferences for alternative sources of financing known as pecking order. When it comes to the impact of these biases on the firm\'s market value and on its investment decisions the theoretical results are more ambiguous. The study offers two main contributions. Firstly, it pioneers in testing the above mentioned predictions. Secondly, it proposes a novel strategy for identifying these biases among managers. Specifically, solid empirical evidence supported by diverse theoretical arguments suggests that people who run their own business (entrepreneurs) are particularly prone to showing overconfidence and optimism in their judgments. Alternatively, these biases were identified based on the amount of firm\'s stock owned by its manager. The available sample comprises 153 Brazilians firms observed from years 1998 to 2003. Different methods were applied for estimating the parameters of the empirical models, emphasizing a procedure based on the Generalized Method of Moments and known as System GMM, aiming at controlling endogeneity problems related to omitted variables, measurement errors and the likely simultaneous determination of some variables. The empirical evidence obtained does not favor the pecking order hypothesis. It is also not possible to distinguish any systematic impact of the proxies for managerial optimism/overconfidence on indicators of firm\'s market value or of its general level of investments. A quite significant result emerges from the empirical analysis, nevertheless: firms managed by individuals that were classified as optimists/overconfident reveal themselves, after intervening factors have been isolated, to be substantially more financially leveraged. This evidence is compatible with the central prediction of the set of theories considered and is robust to variations of the estimation method, specification of the empirical model and to differing operational definitions for the cognitive biases of interest. The economic significance allied to the statistical significance of the observed impact suggests that managerial optimism and overconfidence can indeed play a role in corporate decision making and, specifically, they may be important determinants of firms\' capital structure.

SummaryThis study intends to give the reader explanations of attitudes regarding the importance of global warming issues and modification of behaviors in order to mitigate problems. Measurements of optimism, locus of control and self-esteem have been used as mediat-ing factors. Data is collected from Indonesia and Sweden through questionnaires.BackgroundGlobal warming problems are today one of the most important missions politicians together with scientists have to resolve, and this includes an economic division of re-sponsibility worldwide. Psychology has a huge role in order to understand and change individuals&apos; attitudes toward global warming issues.ObjectiveOur purpose with the study is to explore cultural differences in attitudes regarding global warming, specifically regarding the importance of global warming issues and regarding modification of behaviors in order to mitigate problems.MethodWith the use of questionnaires a quantitative study was conducted in the two cultures Indonesia and Sweden. Measurements of individualism/collectivism, Locus of control, Optimism and Self-esteem were used as mediating variables between culture and attitudes regarding global warming.ResultIndonesian respondents found global warming issues to be more important, than Swedish respondents. Swedish respondents were more willing to modify their behavior in order to mitigate global warming problems, than Indonesian respondents.

No description available.

Suicidal behavior, including suicide attempt, may result from maladaptive explanatory patterns for past negative life events, in which a person attributes the causes of stressors to internal, stable and global factors. Conversely, an optimistic explanatory style involves perceiving negative life events as external, transient and specific, and may be related to reduced suicide risk. We examined the association between attributional style and lifetime suicide attempts in 135 college students, covarying age, race and ethnicity. Participants provided informed consent and completed an online survey. An optimistic explanatory style was associated with reduced risk of suicide attempt; this effect persisted in a model controlling for hopelessness and depressive symptoms. The manner in which an individual interprets negative life events may buffer against suicidal behavior. Therapeutic strategies to promote an optimistic explanatory style may be successful in the prevention of suicide.

Patient adherence to medical treatment recommendations can affect disease prognosis, and may be beneficially or deleteriously influenced by psychological factors.AimWe examined the relationships between both adaptive and maladaptive psychological factors and treatment adherence among a sample of primary care patients.MethodsOne hundred and one rural, primary care patients completed the Life Orientation Test-Revised, Trait Hope Scale, Future Orientation Scale, NEO-FFI Personality Inventory (measuring positive and negative affect), and Medical Outcomes Study General Adherence Scale.FindingsIn independent models, positive affect, optimism, hope, and future orientation were beneficially associated with treatment adherence, whereas pessimism and negative affect were negatively related to adherence. In multivariate models, only negative affect, optimism and hope remained significant and, in a comparative model, trait hope was most robustly associated with treatment adherence.ImplicationsTherapeutically, addressing negative emotions and expectancies, while simultaneously bolstering motivational and goal-directed attributes, may improve adherence to treatment regimens.

No description available.

Aging is associated with an increase in need for assistance. Preparation for future care (PFC) is related to improved coping ability as well as better mental and physical health outcomes among older adults. We examined the association of optimism with components of PFC among older adults. We also explored race differences in the relationship between optimism and PFC. In Study 1, multiple regression showed that optimism was positively related to concrete planning. In Study 2, optimism was related to gathering information. An exploratory analysis combining the samples yielded a race interaction: For Whites higher optimism, but for Blacks lower optimism was associated with more planning. High optimism may be a barrier to future planning in certain social and cultural contexts.