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Northern Ireland (NI) has the poorest levels of oral health in the United Kingdom (UK) with its children having the highest levels of tooth decay in Europe (Department of Health, Social Services and Public Safety; DHSSPS, 2007). The Oral Health Strategy for Northern Ireland (DHSSPS, 2007) emphasises the need to address these problems, yet there is a lack of research investigating the determinants of young people's toothbrushing behaviour. This study sought to address this research gap by investigating young peoples attitudes and motivations for brushing their teeth. To achieve this aim a mixed-methods sequential research design was employed, with the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) providing the theoretical framework for each of the research stages. In stage one, an elicitation study adopting focus group methodology was conducted to elicit the modal salient beliefs of the target behaviour. These beliefs were then used to inform the development of items contained within the TPB questionnaire. In stage two, the research sought to confirm suitability of the questionnaire measure for use with the target group, schoolchildren aged 9-10 years. Test-retest methodology was employed to explore the psychometric properties of each scale. In stage three, the study investigated the theoretical factors influencing toothbrushing intentions and behaviour among 867 schoolchildren. Participation in the research study was recruited using randomised and stratified sampling techniques. Overall, the findings provide support for the theoretical model of the TPB and highlight the key theoretical constructs in predicting intentions to brush teeth among schoolchildren, namely self-efficacy, attitude and subjective norm. They have also elucidated the relative importance of the factors that are influential in affecting childrens motivations and decisions to brush their teeth. Furthermore, the study has highlighted the important contribution of other variables affecting childrens toothbrushing behaviour such as, various risk factors can impinge upon their toothbrushing routine, including tiredness, laziness, memory and issues related to resources (e.g. types of toothpaste and texture of toothbrush). This study undoubtedly provides support for the theoretical model of the TPB. The questionnaire measure was found to be a valid and reliable instrument for assessing toothbrushing beliefs of schoolchildren, suggesting that the theory is applicable for use with a child population. The findings from this study could be of use to those interested in designing interventions to reduce Nl's oral health problem and given the theoretical framework, identify those factors which influence toothbrushing behaviour amongst a particularly at-risk group. It is hoped that the research will make a valid contribution to the TPB-based literature and also serve as a possible framework for other health psychologists interested in this topic.

Purpose: the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of annealing heat treatment on biaxial flexural strength and reliability of 3Y-TZP, sintered at various temperatures. Materials & methods: 3Y-TZP blanks were pre-sintered at 850°C for 2 hours and sliced into discs (20x1.2mm). Specimens were randomly assigned to 5 groups and subsequently sintered at various temperatures ranging from 1350°C to 1650°C for 2 hours. For each sintering temperature, specimens were divided into three treatment groups. One group (n=20) was left as-sintered as control. One group was air-abraded with 50 micron aluminum oxide powder (n=20). The last group was air-abraded and heat-treated at 1250°C for 20 minutes (n=20). In addition, polished specimens (n=5 per sintering temperature) were prepared to study microstructure, grain size and indentation crack patterns. The mean density was measured by helium pycnometry. The percent porosity was calculated from measured and theoretical density. The mean grain size was determined by the linear intercept method on atomic force micrographs. Crystalline phases were analyzed by x-ray diffraction (XRD). Biaxial flexural strength (BFS) was tested according to ISO standard 6872 using a Universal Testing Machine. Polished specimens were thermally etched, gold coated and Vickers indentations were produced under a 98N load. Indentation crack patterns were analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) on digital images. The length ratio of trans-granular to inter-granular fracture was determined. Results were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test and Turkey's adjustment for multiple comparisons. A 0.05 level of segnificance was used. Reliability was evaluated by weibull analysis. Results: There was an inverse relationship between density and sintering temperature Spearman rank correlation r = -0.982, p<0.0001). Statistically significant differences were found between all the groups (p<0.0001, exact Kruskal-Wallis test). There was strong evidence of an increase in the percentage of porosity with increasing sintering temperature Spearman rank correlation r=1.00, exact p = 0.017). The mean real grain size increased with sintering temperature. Analysis of XRD data showed that the monoclinic phase as well as ferro-elastic domain switching were present for all air-abraded groups. A small amount of monoclinic phase was also present in groups sintered at 1600°C and 1650°C. In The mean BFS was higher for all air-abraded groups compared to as-sintered or air abraded and heat-treated groups. Air-abraded groups sintered at 1350, 1450, 1550, and 1600°C showed the highest mean BFS (1552.97±200.85, 1502.29±102.36, 1391.4±108.3, 1258.5±114.8 MPa), respectively. The highest Weibull moduli (reliability) were obtained with the heat-treated group sintered at 1550°C (19.8), air-abraded group sintered at 1450°C (17.6) and heat-treated group sintered at 1350°C (15.4). The group sintered at 1650°C was the least reliable, independently of treatment state. Based on the data analysis of both the biaxial flexural strength and Weibull modulus, it was found that, the optimal treatment combination was obtained for the air-abraded group sintered at 1450°C, followed by the air-abraded group sintered at 1550°C. Crack patterns analyses showed that the proportion of trans-granular fracture increased with sintering temperature. Conclusions: Annealing heat treatment is not recommended after any adjustments, as it does not improve the reliability of the material. Crack patterns and flexural strength are strongly influenced by the crystalline phase composition of the material. Sintering at 1600°C and 1650°C is not recommended due to the corresponding decrease in mechanical properties independently of treatment. Air-abrasion of zirconia sintered at 1450°C or 1550°C led to the best combination of high strength and reliability.

Introduktion: Tandblekning har förekommit sedan mitten av 1800-talet och är en efterfrågad behandling inom tandvården. Missfärgningar beror på inre och yttre faktorer och för att bleka tänderna finns flera tandblekningstekniker. Väteperoxid och karbamidperoxid med varierande koncentration används. Syfte: Att beskriva hur tandblekning inom tandvården påverkar den hårda och mjuka orala vävnaden Frågeställningar: Hur påverkas oral hårdvävnad av tandblekning? Hur påverkas oral mjukvävnad av tandblekning? Metod: Litteraturstudie  Resultat: Strukturen i emalj och dentin förändras och sensitivitet upplevs i både tand och gingiva. Pulpaskada uppstår vid blekning med 38 % väteperoxid. Koncentration och blekningstid har betydelse. Tandblekningsmedel med neutralt pH-värde är mer skonsamt och närvaro av saliv under behandlingen visar minskad skada i oral hård- och mjukvävnad. Konklusion: Kortare behandlingstid och lägre koncentration av väteperoxid eller karbamidperoxid i tandblekningsmedlet ger mindre skadlig påverkan på oral hård- och mjukvävnad.

Thesis (D. Min.)--Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 111-114).

Thesis (M.A.)--Cincinnati Bible College & Seminary, 2000. / Includes abstract and vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [138]-149).

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-12-14Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:43:15Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 bortolin_s_dr_mar.pdf: 931272 bytes, checksum: 82d098f7eb78d447344ab6bd98c51562 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação Araucária de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Paraná (FAADCT/PR) / A presente tese teve como objetivo construir o conceito de Mediação Oral da Literatura. Ela foi proposta tendo como ponto de partida a percepção da pesquisadora de que a biblioteca e o bibliotecário envolvem-se pouco com as práticas de leitura em suas múltiplas linguagens. Defende que o bibliotecário, além de se preocupar em organizar a informação, estando ela impressa ou em rede, deve ter iniciativas que levem o leitor a apropriação da informação, por meio da leitura. O método escolhido para o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa foi o bibliográfico, com ele a pesquisadora ultrapassou os limites biblioteconômicos aproximandose de áreas de Artes Cênicas, Comunicação, História, Letras e Pedagogia. Esta opção permitiu a construção dos conceitos oralisfera, oralistologia, leitor-ouvinte, leitor-narrador e, principalmente, da mediação oral da literatura. Com isso, teve-se a intenção de trazer para a Biblioteconomia subsídios que levem o bibliotecário a promover novas e diversas ações que envolvam a oralidade, portanto, a estética da recepção, a mediação literária, as narrativas orais utilizando a voz, o corpo, o espaço e a presença foram abordados neste trabalho. Assim, espera-se que as reflexões e propostas aqui apresentadas possam servir para ampliar o uso das bibliotecas e de seus respectivos acervos por meio de atividades literárias, sociais, culturais, educativas e científicas / This thesis aimed to construct the concept of Oral Mediation of Literature. This theory was proposed having as a starting-point the researcher's perception that the library and the librarian engage little with the reading practices in their multiple languages. It argues that the librarian, besides worrying about organizing printed or networked information, should take initiatives that leaded the reader to the appropriation of the information through reading. The bibliographic research was the method chosen for the development of this research; approaching areas such as Arts, Performing Arts, Communication, History, Literature and Pedagogy the researcher exceeded the limits of Librarianship. This option enabled the creation of concepts like oralisfera, oralistologia, listener-reader, narrator-reader and principally of Oral Mediation of Literature. Therefore, the intention is to bring subsidies that lead the librarians to promote new and diverse activities that involve orality and, hence, the reception aesthetics, literary mediation and the oral narrative using the voice, body, space and presence, that were approached in this paper. Thus, it is hoped that the ideas and proposals presented here may be useful to expand the use of libraries and their respective collections through literary, social, cultural, educational and scientific activities

Orientador: Oswaldo Francisco de Almeida Júnior / Banca: Carlos Cândido de Almeida / Banca: Rovilson José da Silva / Banca : Edmir Perrotti / Banca: Ivete Pieruccini / Resumo: A presente tese teve como objetivo construir o conceito de Mediação Oral da Literatura. Ela foi proposta tendo como ponto de partida a percepção da pesquisadora de que a biblioteca e o bibliotecário envolvem-se pouco com as práticas de leitura em suas múltiplas linguagens. Defende que o bibliotecário, além de se preocupar em organizar a informação, estando ela impressa ou em rede, deve ter iniciativas que levem o leitor a apropriação da informação, por meio da leitura. O método escolhido para o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa foi o bibliográfico, com ele a pesquisadora ultrapassou os limites biblioteconômicos aproximandose de áreas de Artes Cênicas, Comunicação, História, Letras e Pedagogia. Esta opção permitiu a construção dos conceitos oralisfera, oralistologia, leitor-ouvinte, leitor-narrador e, principalmente, da mediação oral da literatura. Com isso, teve-se a intenção de trazer para a Biblioteconomia subsídios que levem o bibliotecário a promover novas e diversas ações que envolvam a oralidade, portanto, a estética da recepção, a mediação literária, as narrativas orais utilizando a voz, o corpo, o espaço e a presença foram abordados neste trabalho. Assim, espera-se que as reflexões e propostas aqui apresentadas possam servir para ampliar o uso das bibliotecas e de seus respectivos acervos por meio de atividades literárias, sociais, culturais, educativas e científicas / Abstract: This thesis aimed to construct the concept of Oral Mediation of Literature. This theory was proposed having as a starting-point the researcher's perception that the library and the librarian engage little with the reading practices in their multiple languages. It argues that the librarian, besides worrying about organizing printed or networked information, should take initiatives that leaded the reader to the appropriation of the information through reading. The bibliographic research was the method chosen for the development of this research; approaching areas such as Arts, Performing Arts, Communication, History, Literature and Pedagogy the researcher exceeded the limits of Librarianship. This option enabled the creation of concepts like oralisfera, oralistologia, listener-reader, narrator-reader and principally of Oral Mediation of Literature. Therefore, the intention is to bring subsidies that lead the librarians to promote new and diverse activities that involve orality and, hence, the reception aesthetics, literary mediation and the oral narrative using the voice, body, space and presence, that were approached in this paper. Thus, it is hoped that the ideas and proposals presented here may be useful to expand the use of libraries and their respective collections through literary, social, cultural, educational and scientific activities / Doutor

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