No description available.

Resistant hypertension is a condition in which blood pressure remains above the ideal value (120/80mmHg), despite concurrent use of three antihypertensive agents of different classes taken at maximally tolerated doses. Amiloride, a potassium-sparing diuretic agent, when added to the treatment regimen of these drugs has been found suitable for the management of resistant hypertension, especially in diabetic patients and those resistant to a similar diuretic, spironolactone. Currently, it is available as an oral tablet, administered once daily. The oral bioavailability of amiloride is 50%, which gets reduced to 30% when administered with food. In addition, gastrointestinal side effects are also reported. Patient’s adherence to the multi-drug treatment regimen has been found to be low in patients with resistant hypertension and hence, administering amiloride in the oral forms may not solve the problem, in spite of its proven pharmacological efficacy in such situations. Thus, considering the low oral bioavailability, associated side-effects, and prospects of better patient compliance with a skin patch of amiloride, our long term goal is to design a long-acting skin patch for transdermal delivery of amiloride in patients with resistant hypertension. The current study aims to investigate the passive transdermal delivery of amiloride and evaluate the effects of chemical and physical enhancement techniques on its permeation through dermatomed porcine ear skin. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for amiloride was developed. Absence of skin interference in the assay was confirmed using blank skin extract. Solubility of amiloride was screened in different solvents, some of which included propylene glycol, phosphate buffer saline, oleic acid in propylene glycol, etc. In vitro permeation of amiloride across intact and microneedle-treated (500 µm long stainless needles applied for 2 min) porcine ear skin was evaluated using Franz Diffusion cells over 30 h. The optimized reverse-phase HPLC method involved isocratic elution on Kinetex® 5 µm, 100 Ao, 250 X 4.6 mm C18 column using 100% mobile phase (0.2 M phosphate buffer, pH 4.5) at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min, column temperature of 40°C, and UV detection at 360 nm. Drug retention time was found to be around 4 min. Amiloride was found to be most soluble in propylene glycol (57.18 ± 2.41 mg/mL) with least solubility in phosphate buffer saline (0.311 ± 0.004 mg/mL). Microneedles were found to significantly enhance the permeation flux of amiloride by 16 folds as compared to the control intact skin (p

In humans, mammals, and perhaps all vertebrates, sphingolipids exist as a family of cellular signaling molecules and have been shown to be involved in a wide range of biological processes ranging from proliferation to apoptosis. As such, sphingolipid signaling has garnered the attention of numerous researchers as an attractive candidate for pharmacological manipulation. The synthetic pathway of one prominent sphingolipid, sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), has been implicated in a variety of disease states such as cancer, sickle cell disease, multiple sclerosis, and renal fibrosis. Formation of S1P is facilitated from the ATP dependent phosphorylation of sphingosine (Sph) through its generative enzyme's sphingosine kinase 1 and 2 (SphK1 and SphK2). Inhibition of SphK1 and SphK2 results in the manipulation of S1P levels, which has been shown to be therapeutic in various animal models of disease. While there are multiple examples of potent SphK1-selective and dual SphK1/2 inhibitors, SphK2-selective inhibitors are scarce. Herein, we describe the design, synthesis and biological testing of SphK2-selective inhibitors. We first describe the discovery that introducing a trifluoromethyl group onto the internal aryl ring of our inhibitor scaffold led to superior selectivity and potency towards SphK2. We demonstrate that the trifluoromethyl moiety is interacting with a previously unknown side cavity in the substrate binding site of SphK2 that is unique and could be exploited in the design of SphK2-selective inhibitors. The synthesis of 21 derivatives with various substituents spanning off the internal aryl ring was completed, therefore characterizing the preferred size and chemical nature of moieties positioned in that portion of the binding site. This work led to the development of the most potent SphK2-selective inhibitor known at the time. We then describe the transformation of our SphK2-selective inhibitors into an orally bioavailable drug. We explain how the guanidine functionality on our inhibitor scaffold hinders our compounds from being orally bioavailable. Consequently, a library of 24 derivatives with various modifications to the guanidine functionality was synthesized and evaluated for improved orally bioavailability. Highlighted in this work is the development of the most potent SphK2-selective inhibitor currently known 3.14 (SLS1081832), which displays a hSphK2 Ki of 82 nM and 122-fold selectivity for SphK2. Chemical modification and in vivo assessment of 3.14 (SLS1081832) prodrugs was explored. / Doctor of Philosophy / In humans, sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a signaling molecule that is generated through an ATP dependent reaction of sphingosine (Sph) via sphingosine kinase 1 and 2 (SphK1 and SphK2). Furthermore, S1P has been shown to be implicated in various diseases such as cancer, sickle cell disease, multiple sclerosis, and renal fibrosis. Inhibition of SphK1 and SphK2 has been shown to be therapeutic towards the symptoms of these diseases. Therefore, in order to alleviate these disorders, the concentrations of S1P must be controlled through pharmacological inhibition of SphK1 and SphK2. There are multiple reported examples of potent SphK1-selective and dual SphK1/2 inhibitors; however, SphK2-selective inhibitors are scarce. This work describes the synthesis and biological assessment of 21 compounds for their effectiveness in selectively targeting and inhibiting SphK2. The work led to the discovery of a previously unrecognized side cavity in the binding pocket of SphK2 that enhances inhibitor potency and selectivity towards SphK2. Furthermore, studies characterizing the preferred size and chemical nature of moieties positioned in that portion of the binding site led to the development of the most potent SphK2- selective inhibitor known at the time. Building on this work, we next focused on the transformation of our SphK2-selective inhibitors into a drug that could be administered orally. We describe the synthesis of 24 compounds with various modifications to one portion of our scaffold and their effect on improved orally bioavailability. This work led to the development of the most potent SphK2-selective inhibitor currently known 3.14 (SLS1081832).

The majority of drugs available on the market are intended to be administered through the oral route. To achieve the desired therapeutic effect, an orally administered drug must first reach the systemic circulation and then its site of action. The fraction of the administered drug that reaches the systemic circulation is known as oral bioavailability and it is the product of the absorption and first-pass metabolism processes occurring in both the GI tract and the liver. The factors controlling bioavailability are manifold –both drug and physiologically related - and their complex interplay is key to defining a drug’s oral bioavailability. In drug discovery and development it is therefore pivotal to anticipate and understand the bioavailability of a drug candidate; a far from simple task, considering the multifactorial nature of the process. For that reason, the overall aim of this thesis was to provide different modelling and simulation (M&S) strategies that can be used for the prediction of oral bioavailability that can be of use in drug discovery and development. The first part of this thesis was focused on the evaluation of the use of bioavailability data obtained from pre-clinical species as a predictor of the human value, in a more traditional approach. In particular, the aim was to evaluate models that can quantitatively and qualitatively provide a relationship between animal and human bioavailability, by analysing trends in a large bioavailability dataset. This section demonstrated that although pre-clinical species cannot quantitatively predict bioavailability, the data obtained from them can be used for qualitative prediction of the human value. Nevertheless, such a modelling approach does not provide a mechanistic rationale of the factors affecting the bioavailability differences. Consequently, the second part of this thesis was focused on such mechanistic predictions. Particularly, we investigated the impact that drug release patterns can have on drug absorption and intestinal first pass metabolism, taking into account the physiological differences observed across the length of the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract. These release patterns are suspected to lead to bioavailability differences due to changes in the first-pass metabolism, especially for CYP3A substrates. Therefore we investigated this phenomenon applying a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) M&S approach: firstly, from the discovery point of view, using PBPK models in a prospective fashion to investigating the drug-related factors that might lead to such differences and secondly, from the development point of view, to predict the mechanistic differences in absorption and metabolism of oxybutynin, a drug known for its higher bioavailability when formulated as a modified release (MR) product. The latter was done by developing and applying a novel simplified PBPK model to predict such differences. The results of this work showed that the intestinal metabolism can be significantly reduced when having MR formulations of CYP3A substrates which, in some cases, can lead to higher relative bioavailability. Additionally, this thesis provided novel methods and models that have the potential to improve bioavailability predictions when using PBPK models, in particular for drugs formulated as MR.

Understanding the processes that govern pre-systemic drug absorption and elimination is of high importance in pharmaceutical research and development, and clinical pharmacotherapy, as the oral route remains the most frequently used route of drug administration. The emergence of systems pharmacology has enabled the utilisation of in silico physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling and simulation (M&S) coupled to in vitro-in vivo extrapolation in order to perform extrapolation and exploratory M&S in special populations and scenarios were concerns regarding alterations in oral drug exposure may arise, such as following gastrointestinal (GI) surgery or metabolic drug-drug interactions (DDIs).Due to the multi-factorial physiological implications of bariatric surgery, resulting in the partial resection of the GI tract, the inability to rationalise and predict trends in oral drug bioavailability (Foral) following surgery present considerable pharmacotherapeutical challenges. PBPK M&S is a highly implemented approach for the prediction of DDIs. Reoccurring issues have emerged with regards to predictions of the magnitude of mechanism-based inhibition (MBI) where overestimations of DDIs have repeatedly been reported for drugs exhibiting high intestinal extraction. The aim of this thesis was to explore the interplay between oral drug absorption and metabolism occurring in the GI tract through the exploration of the impact of bariatric surgery on oral drug exposure and by theoretically examining the nesting and hierarchy of enterocyte and enzyme turnover and its impact on MBIs in the small intestine. This would be carried out by utilising a systems pharmacology PBPK M&S approach under a general model development framework of identification and characterisation of critical intrinsic factors and parameters, model implementation and validation. Developed post bariatric surgery PBPK models allow a framework to theoretically explore physiological mechanisms associated with altered oral drug exposure pre to post surgery, which could be assigned to the interplay between dissolution, absorption and gut-wall metabolism, where dissolution and formulation properties emerged as the perhaps most important parameters in predicting the drug disposition following surgery. Model validation identified missing critical factors that are essential for additional model refinement. Developed post bariatric surgery PBPK models have the potential of aiding clinical pharmacotherapy and decision-making following surgery. A mechanistic PBPK model was developed to describe the hierarchical dependency of enzyme and enterocyte turnover in the small intestine. Predicted enzyme recovery using the nested enzyme-within-enterocyte turnover model may potentially account for reported overpredictions of mechanism-based inhibition. Developed models in this thesis showcase the advantage of PBPK M&S in the extrapolation of oral drug exposure to special population and the potential of a PBPK approach in understanding underlying the underlying mechanism governing Foral and additionally highlight the need for generation of interdisciplinary data to support model development.

No description available.

La chair de poisson et de mammifères marins constitue une source importante de protéines et de bons nutriments, tels que le sélénium (Se), la vitamine E et les acides gras polyinsaturés à longues chaînes. Cependant, la chair de ces animaux peut aussi bioaccumuler la forme organique de mercure (Hg), le méthylmercure (MeHg). Ce contaminant a fait l’objet de plusieurs études épidémiologiques, notamment en raison de sa neurotoxicité résultant d’une exposition in utero, étroitement reliée à l’ingestion de poissons fortement contaminés en MeHg. En réponse à ce risque toxicologique, les autorités sanitaires ont émis des lignes directrices quant à la consommation de poissons dans le but de protéger la population. Cependant, ces recommandations présentent certaines limites qui sont liées aux prémisses et aux omissions de l’équation déterministe utilisée pour évaluer l’exposition au MeHg par Santé Canada: (1) elles considèrent que 100% du Hg présent dans la chair de poisson est sous forme de MeHg, (2) elles supposent que le MeHg est distribué de façon homogène à l’intérieur de la chair de poisson, (3) elles prennent pour acquis que 100% du MeHg sera absorbé par le consommateur et (4) par l’utilisation d’une approche déterministe, elles omettent la potentielle incertitude et variabilité intra-populationnelle au niveau des données. L’objectif de cette thèse visait à explorer ces limites, afin de mieux comprendre l’exposition du consommateur au MeHg. Nous avons tout d’abord évalué la distribution du MeHg, du Se (antagoniste du MeHg) et de l’arsenic (As : antagoniste du Se) à l’intérieur de l’appareil musculaire d’un même poisson, en fonction de sa composition en biomolécules (protéines et lipides). Nos résultats démontrent que la présence concomitante de muscles rouges et blancs induit un gradient important de biomolécules à l’intérieur de l’appareil musculaire d’un même individu, provoquant par le fait même une variation moyenne de 2.2 fois quant à la distribution des métal(loide)s, qui se distribuent en fonction de leurs affinités biochimiques. Ces résultats confirment que le MeHg peut se distribuer de façon hétérogène à l’intérieur du muscle de poisson, ce qui pourrait mener à une sous- ou surestimation de l’exposition au MeHg pour le consommateur, en fonction de la partie du poisson qui est consommée. Par la suite, nous nous sommes attardés à l’hypothèse stipulant que 100% du MeHg est absorbé par le consommateur. Une des méthodes utilisées pour estimer la fraction de MeHg qui serait disponible à être absorbée par la paroi intestinale consiste à mesurer la bioaccessibilité, c’est-à-dire la fraction soluble de MeHg, à l’aide d’un modèle de digestion in vitro. Plusieurs études ayant utilisé cette approche observent que la cuisson de la chair de poisson diminue significativement la bioaccessibilité du MeHg, ce qui diminuerait sa potentielle absorption intestinale. Nous avons donc conduit une expérience in vivo en utilisant un modèle porcin et en parallèle, nous avons utilisé un modèle de digestion in vitro. Selon les profils sanguins porcins, la biodisponibilité orale du MeHg provenant de la chair de thon cuite n’est pas moins élevée que celle mesurée avec la chair de thon crue. En contraste, nous avons obtenu une bioaccessibilité de MeHg moins élevée avec la chair de thon cuite. Nos résultats démontrent que les modèles de digestion in vitro actuels ne sont pas suffisamment optimisés pour être utilisés directement dans les calculs d’exposition au MeHg, tels que proposés récemment dans la littérature. Finalement, nous avons testé l’impact d’ajout de variables supplémentaires dans l’équation déterministe actuellement utilisée par Santé Canada pour évaluer l’exposition du consommateur au MeHg, en conduisant une évaluation probabiliste du risque. Notamment, nous avons considéré (1) la proportion de Hg méthylée par rapport à la quantité de Hg, (2) la bioaccessibilité et (3) l’augmentation de la concentration du MeHg suite à la cuisson de la chair de poisson, créée par la perte d’humidité. Nos résultats sont clairs : chaque ajout de variable indépendante augmente ou diminue significativement l’exposition calculée, soulignant la sensibilité de l’équation utilisée pour évaluer l’exposition au MeHg. Ceci suggère que de plus amples recherches devront être conduites avant d’effectuer une quelconque modification dans l’équation de l’exposition au MeHg, par souci de ne pas sous-estimer celle-ci. Cette thèse illustre que les recommandations sont difficilement généralisables puisque la chair de poisson et de mammifères présente des propriétés différentes, en fonction de l’espèce animale considérée. Cette thèse démontre que l’équation déterministe utilisée par Santé Canada dans l’évaluation de l’exposition au MeHg devrait être mieux approfondie par la sphère scientifique, particulièrement dans le cas des mammifères marins. / Fish flesh and marine mammals is an important source of proteins and nutrients, such as selenium (Se), vitamin E and long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. However, flesh of those animals may bioaccumulate the organic form of mercury (Hg), methylmercury (MeHg). This contaminant has been the subject of various epidemiological studies, namely because of its neurotoxicity through in utero exposure, closely related to highly MeHg contaminated fish consumption. In response to this toxicological risk, health authorities have set fish consumption guidelines in order to protect the population. Still, those guidelines present limits that are related to premises and omissions of the determinist equation used by Health Canada in order to assess the exposure to MeHg: (1) it considers that 100% of Hg in fish flesh is MeHg, (2) it supposes that MeHg is homogeneously distributed within fish flesh, (3) it takes for granted that 100% of MeHg will be absorbed by the consumer and (4) by using a determinist approach, they omit the potential uncertainty and intra-population variability in the data. The aim of this thesis was to address these limits, in order to better understand the exposure of MeHg for consumers. We first assessed the distribution of MeHg, Se (MeHg antagonist) and arsenic (As, Se antagonist) within fish musculature, as a function of its biomolecule composition (proteins and lipids). Our results demonstrated that the concomitant presence of white and red muscle induces a large gradient of protein and lipid within the muscular apparatus of the same individual. This in turn causes on average a variation by 2.2-fold regarding MeHg, Se and As bioaccumulation, which are distributed according to their biochemical affinity. Those results confirmed that MeHg can distribute heterogeneously within fish muscle, which could lead to an under- or overestimation of MeHg exposure for consumers, as function of the part of the fish consumed. Subsequently, we focused on the hypothesis stipulating that 100% of MeHg is absorbed by the consumer. A method used to assess the fraction of MeHg that would be available to be further absorbed by the gut wall consists of measuring the bioaccessibility, i.e. the soluble fraction of MeHg, using an in vitro digestion model. Several studies that assessed the bioaccessibility of cooked fish flesh observed a decreased of MeHg solubility, that would potentially diminish its intestinal absorption. However, those results have not been yet validated in vivo. To that end, we conducted an in vivo experience using the pig model and, in parallel, we used an in vitro digestion model. According to the pig’s blood profile, the oral bioavailability of MeHg from cooked tuna flesh is not less bioavailable than the MeHg from the raw tuna. Contrasting results have been found with the in vitro model, with a decrease of MeHg bioaccessibility observed when fish flesh is cooked. Our results demonstrated that in vitro digestion models are not optimized to be directly used in MeHg exposure calculus as recently proposed in the literature. Finally, we tested the impact of adding variables to the deterministic equation currently used by Health Canada to assess consumer exposure to MeHg, by conducting a probabilistic risk assessment. We considered (1) the proportion of Hg that is MeHg, (2) the MeHg bioaccessibility and (3) the increased of MeHg level after the cooking of fish flesh due to moisture loss. Our results showed that each individual variable significantly increases or decreases the calculated exposure. Thereby, it highlights the sensitivity of the equation used to assess the exposure of MeHg. It strongly suggests that more research is needed to improve Hg exposure calculation to avoid underestimating the potential health risks of MeHg exposure. This thesis presents important results regarding the exposure of MeHg through fish and marine mammals’ consumption. This thesis shows that the recommendations are difficult to generalize since the flesh of fish and mammals has different properties, depending on the animal species considered. The conclusions of this thesis demonstrate that the premises and omissions of the deterministic equation used by Health Canada in the assessment of exposure to Hg should be better investigated by the scientific sphere, especially in the case of marine mammals.

Gallic acid is a known antioxidant and has anti-inflammatory activity in addition to other biological activities, but GA efficiency is restricted due to low permeability and low oral bioavailability. This study was designed to investigate the solubility, permeability, oral bioavailability, enzymatic stability with cytochrome CYP2D6, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of novel gallic acid sulfonamide derivatives; TMBS, and THBS. In addition, a novel in silico permeability model was designed to predict the permeability and bioavailability of eighty derivatives of GA. In sillico prediction of intestinal permeability of GA derivative indicated an increase in permeability with increased lipophilicity and decreased aqueous solubility, replacing the carboxylic group with sulfonamide group has increased intestinal permeability. A significant (P <0.01) increase was observed in the permeability of TMBS and THBS over GA, in both gastric fluids and HIEC cells. TMBS was O-demethylated by CYP2D6. TMBS had greater ROS scavenging activity than GA in HIEC-6 cells. There was a significant (P< 0.05) increase in anti-inflammatory activity of THBS, and TMBS compared to ibuprofen. TMBS, and THBS had better oral bioavailability than GA. This data suggests that the in silico permeability model can be used in the future to study new candidate of gallic acid, and further in vivo and clinical investigations are required to introduce TMBS and THBS as a new antioxidant and anti-inflammatory drugs.