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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Closing Gacaca─analysing Rwanda’s challenges with regard to the end of Gacaca courts

Dusabeyezu, Etienne January 2013 (has links)
Magister Legum - LLM / In Rwanda, Gacaca courts, community-based traditional courts, were alternative solution of dealing with the legacy of genocide after the failure of modern model of justice. In 2012, Gacaca courts were repealed by the Organic Law 04 of 2012. These courts left behind a large number of cases which include, inter alia, suspects ranged within first category, new cases of those who were or will be extradited from ICTR or other countries, thousands of perpetrators tried in absentia while abroad that have the right to file opposition as well as applications for review lodged against their judgements. Today, all of these cases fall under the jurisdiction of ordinary courts along with ordinary criminal and civil litigations. This causes practical challenges of inability of domestic courts to deal with the huge number of cases. Besides, the organic Law 04 of 2012 that terminates Gacaca courts provides mechanisms to deal with other issues related to the end of Gacaca courts. However, these mechanisms result in unequal treatment of genocide suspects and violate the victims’ rights. This may lead to qualify this law as discriminatory and unjust provision. Furthermore, this law remains silent vis-à-vis the issue of enforcement of sentences rendered against those tried in absentia while abroad and the issue of reparations. Despite the mechanisms set forth to deal with all those cases and other issues left behind by Gacaca courts, serious challenges remain. Confronting these challenges needs international cooperation to bring genocide perpetrators to trial, administrative schemes for reparations as well as legal harmonisation to adapt the domestic legislation to the post-Gacaca situation.
2

L'application dans le temps des décisions QPC / Temporal application of QPC decisions of the french Conseil constitutionnel

Benigni, Marina 12 November 2018 (has links)
La question prioritaire de constitutionnalité (QPC), instaurée en 2008, permet au Conseil constitutionnel de se prononcer sur la conformité d’une disposition législative déjà entrée en vigueur, aux « droits et libertés que la Constitution garantit ». Les effets substantiels des décisions QPC, c'est-à-dire la suppression ou la modification d’une disposition législative par le prononcé d’une inconstitutionnalité ou d’une réserve d’interprétation, peuvent se révéler importants compte tenu de la portée erga omnes de ces décisions. C’est alors par la maîtrise de leur application temporelle que les effets substantiels vont être encadrés voire modérés. Certains effets temporels revêtent un caractère automatique : la décision QPC en tant qu’elle porte sur une norme (la disposition législative en cause), s’insère dans l’ordonnancement juridique et, à ce titre, génère des conflits de normes. Par ailleurs, les effets temporels peuvent également, et surtout, être choisis par le Conseil constitutionnel, par l’utilisation de son pouvoir de modulation. Ce pouvoir a été conçu de manière à laisser une grande liberté au Conseil constitutionnel. Dans une démarche d’efficacité, le juge constitutionnel s’est fixé l’objectif de faire bénéficier le justiciable d’un« effet utile » de ses décisions et a par conséquent valorisé l’usage de la rétroactivité. Cependant, la liberté seule n’assure pas une pleine maîtrise de ce pouvoir de modulation et ce même pouvoir est parfois insuffisant pour régir les effets substantiels des décisions QPC. La thèse contribue, sur la base d’une analyse exhaustive de l’ensemble des décisions QPC du Conseil et de trèsnombreuses décisions dites « retour de QPC » des juridictions ordinaires, à étudier ces insuffisances et notamment le manque de réflexion sur la compatibilité entre la technique de la modulation et l’office du juge constitutionnel et sur la nécessité d’une collaboration avec les juridictions ordinaires. / The priority question of constitutionality (QPC), created in 2008, allows the french Constitutional Council to operate a judicial review of an adopted law. The substantial effects of a QPC decision, ie the abolition or the modification of a legislation by pronouncing its unconstitutionality or by interpreting it in accordance with the Constitution, can be considerable given the erga omnes impact of these decisions. These substantial effects can however be controlled or moderated by the temporal effects. Some temporal effects are inevitable: the QPCdecision since it concerns a norm (the law), integrates with the legal order and generates norms’ conflicts. Otherwise the temporal effects can be chosen by the Constitutional Council thanks to the ability of modulating the temporal effects of its decisions. This jurisdictional technical lets total liberty to the Constitutional Council. The court, in an efficacy perspective, sets the objectiveof giving a « useful effect » to the litigant and thus accords value to retroactivity. Yet this liberty alone isn’t enough to provide a complete control of this modulating ability and this ability can’t regulate all the substantial effects. This thesis, based on an exhaustive jurisprudential analysis ofthe QPC decisions, aims to study these difficulties and especially the lack of reflection about the compatibility of the technical into the judicial office of the court and about the essential collaboration with the ordinary jurisdictions.

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