Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:54:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1180585 bytes, checksum: 01c4c350b4c07783116ec08ec12b9325 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-03-02 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / One alternative for water reuse is the utilization of estabilishing/polishing lagoons wastewater treated to supply pisciculture tanks. In estabilishing/polishing lagoons integrated to pisciculture system, the lagoons produce natural feed (plankton) to the fishes, and pisciculture tanks contribute with the better discarded water quality, reducing the eutrofization process in water receiver system. The knowledge of physical and chemistry parameters and the constitution of plankton community in this systems is very important, already that to production viability, is necessary determinate not only the quantity, but the quality from food, thus like evaluate the digestible efficiency of this natural food on culture fish species. In this research, a polishing lagoons system integrated to pisciculture tanks in pilot scale was evaluated with the objectives to (i) identify and quantify the most important phytoplankton and zooplankton organisms groups finding on wastewater treatment and pisciculture systems; (ii) identify which organisms are ingested, digested (all or partially), or no digested, by different sizes of Oreochromis niloticus (Nile Tilapia); and (iii) evaluate the effluent quality after its use in pisciculture tanks. Concluded that, the majority phytoplankton and zooplankton organisms finding on effluent treated were consume and digested, constituting fountain of natural food to Nile Tilapia; and that, the pisciculture system integrated to polishing lagoons system, act like one phase to the treatment, contributing with the final effluent s better water quality. / Uma das alternativas para o reúso de água é a utilização de efluentes sanitários tratados para o abastecimento de tanques de piscicultura. Em sistemas integrados de lagoas de estabilização/polimento e piscicultura, as lagoas promovem a produção de alimento natural (plâncton) para os peixes, e os tanques de piscicultura podem contribuir com a melhoria de qualidade da água descartada, minimizando o processo de eutrofização nos corpos d´água receptores. O conhecimento dos parâmetros físicos e químicos e da composição da comunidade planctônica nestes sistemas torna-se relevante para a prática da piscicultura, uma vez que, para a viabilidade de produção, é necessário determinar não só a quantidade, mas também a qualidade do alimento, bem como avaliar o aproveitamento do alimento natural pelas espécies de peixes de interesse de criação. Neste trabalho, um sistema integrado de lagoas de polimento e tanques de piscicultura em escala piloto foi avaliado com os objetivos de (i) identificar e quantificar os principais grupos de organismos fito e zooplanctônicos encontrados em efluentes sanitários tratados em lagoas de polimento e utilizados em tanques de criação de peixes; (ii) identificar quais desses organismos são ingeridos, digeridos (total ou parcialmente), ou não digeridos, por indivíduos da espécie Oreochromis niloticus (Tilápia do Nilo) de diferentes tamanhos; e (iii) avaliar a qualidade da água descartada como efluente final, após sua utilização em tanques de piscicultura. Concluiu-se que, a maior parte dos organismos fito e zooplanctônicos encontrados nos efluentes utilizados é consumida e aproveitada como fonte de alimento natural pelas tilápias; e que, o sistema de piscicultura contíguo às lagoas de polimento, atua como uma etapa de tratamento, contribuindo com a melhoria da qualidade da água descartada como efluente final.

Submitted by JULIANO JOSÉ DE OLIVEIRA COUTINHO (julianojcoutinho@gmail.com) on 2016-09-23T11:56:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Definitiva PDF com ficha.pdf: 1563871 bytes, checksum: 98095a1f8fb725a3047ea0191b25602b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-09-23T14:29:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 coutinho_jjo_me_jabo.pdf: 1563871 bytes, checksum: 98095a1f8fb725a3047ea0191b25602b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-23T14:29:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 coutinho_jjo_me_jabo.pdf: 1563871 bytes, checksum: 98095a1f8fb725a3047ea0191b25602b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o desempenho produtivo de tilápias do Nilo criadas em gaiolas e alimentadas com dietas extrusadas com quatro níveis de carboidratos e lipídios em diferentes relações. Foram utilizados 1280 peixes machos revertidos sexualmente da linhagem gift (157,54 ± 3,50g), distribuídos em 16 gaiolas (1,0 m³), em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos e quatro repetições, com 80 tilápias do Nilo em cada gaiola. Os peixes foram alimentados com quatro dietas com aproximadamente 3500 kcal kg-1 de energia digestível, contendo quatro níveis de carboidratos e lipídios (CHO35/L9, CHO39/L8, CHO43/L7 e CHO47/L6%) e com diferentes relações de CHO:L (3,89; 4,87; 6,14; 7,83; respectivamente). As tilápias foram arraçoadas quatro vezes ao dia, durante 120 dias. Não houve mortalidade durante o período experimental. As tilápias alimentadas com as dietas contendo a relação CHO:L 6,14, obtiveram as melhores médias para o desempenho produtivo: ganho em peso médio (GPM) 397,24±5,06g; taxa de crescimento específico (TCE) 1,07±0,028%/dia e consumo médio de ração (CS) 462,08±5,06g e também para eficiência de retenção de energia bruta (EREB) 57,17±4,16% e para extrato etéreo no ganho em peso (EEGP) 13,71±1,47%, nas condições de realização do experimento. Na avaliação histológica houve um aumento na concentração de vacúolos de gordura nos tecidos hepáticos quando as relações de CHO:L aumentavam. / The aim of this was to evaluate the performance of Nile tilapia rared in cages fed extruded diets containing four relations of carbohydrates and lipids. 1280 male (157.54 ± 3,50g) were used and distributed in 16 cages (1.0 m³) in a completely randomized design with four treatments and four replicates. Each cage contains 80 Nile tilapia. The fish were fed diets with 3500 kcal kg -1 of digestible energy, containing four levels of carbohydrates and lipids (CHO35/L9, CHO39/L8, CHO43/L7 and CHO47/L6%) with the CHO:L relations: (3.89; 4.87; 6.14; 7.83; respectively). The tilapia were fed four times a day for 120 days. There was no mortality during the trial period. The tilapia fed diets containing the relation CHO:L 6.14, showed the best productive performance mean for weight gain (WG) 397.24 ± 5,06g; specific growth rate (SGR) 1.07 ± 0.028%/day, average feed intake (AFC) 462.08 ± 5,06g, also gross energy retention efficiency (GERE) 57.17 ± 4.16% and ether extract to weight gain (EEWG) 13.71 ± 1.47%, at the experiment conditions. Histological evaluation showed increased in fat vacuoles concentration and liver tissues when as CHO:L relations increased as well.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T16:24:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGCA14MA140.pdf: 91454 bytes, checksum: d7f6d38c8c463559f1c52096a57acd9b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Clinical hematology is a tool that allows diagnosing of diseases and can act as a prognostic indicator of pathological conditions in fish. The aim of this study was the evaluation of hematological parameters of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) with different anesthetics and samples obtained with different anticoagulants. Thirty fishes, apparently healthy, with average weight of 473 ± 35.50 g and mean total length of 29.33 ± 0.37 cm, acquired in the commercial pisciculture localized in the municipality Lages ( SC ) were used. The animals were randomly divided into three groups (n = 10). The anesthetic induction was performed according to the groups with eugenol in a concentration of 70 mg L-1 of water (GE), with Benzocaine hydrochloride (100 mg L-1) (GB) and without anesthesia (GC/control group). The blood samples were obtained by venipuncture of the caudal vessels and placed into microtubes containing sodium heparin or Na2EDTA and subsequently processed. The results were analyzed by Sigma Stat for Windows, the paired t-test for data between different anticoagulants belonging to the same group and analysis of variance followed by Tukey test for comparison of means between groups (p ≤ 0.05) being used. Most of the observed changes in erythrogram were higher with the anticoagulant heparin and benzocaine group compared with the control group. However the leukocyte count, the values obtained were higher with Na2EDTA anticoagulant in all groups, suggesting that heparin can cause cell clustering. Based on these results it is concluded that anesthetics tested minimized the effect of stress caused by handling and invasive procedures when compared to the control group and the anticoagulant heparin caused less hemolysis compared with Na2EDTA for this species. Thus, the hematologic variations from samples obtained with different anesthetics protocols and / or different anticoagulants should be considered for the species Oreochromis niloticus / A hematologia clínica é uma ferramenta que permite a realização de diagnóstico de doenças e pode atuar como um indicador prognóstico das condições patológicas de peixes. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os valores hematológicos de tilápias do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) submetidas a diferentes anestésicos e amostras obtidas com diferentes anticoagulantes. Foram utilizados trinta peixes, aparentemente saudáveis, com peso médio de 473±35,50g e comprimento total médio de 29,33±0,37cm, adquiridos de piscicultura comercial localizada no município de Lages (SC). Os animais foram divididos aleatoriamente em três grupos (n=10) conforme a forma de indução: grupo eugenol (GE), na concentração de 70mg L-1, grupo cloridrato de benzocaína (GB) na concentração de 100mg L-1 e grupo controle (GC) sem o uso de anestésicos. As amostras de sangue foram obtidas por venopunção dos vasos caudais e acondicionadas em microtubos contendo heparina sódica ou Na2EDTA e posteriormente processadas. Os resultados foram avaliados pelo Sigma Stat for Windows, sendo utilizado o testet pareado para dados entre diferentes anticoagulantes pertencentes ao mesmo grupo e à análise de variância, seguida de teste de Tukey para comparação das médias entre grupos (p≤0,05). A maioria das alterações observadas no eritrograma foram superiores com o anticoagulante heparina e no grupo benzocaína, comparados com o grupo controle. Porém no leucograma, os valores obtidos foram maiores com o anticoagulante Na2EDTA em todos os grupos, sugerindo que a heparina pode causar aglomeração celular. Baseado nos resultados encontrados conclui-se que os anestésicos testados minimizaram o efeito do estresse causado por manipulações e procedimentos invasivos quando comparado ao grupo controle e a heparina foi o anticoagulante que causou menor hemólise quando comparado com o Na2EDTA para esta espécie. Assim, as variações hematológicas a partir de amostras obtidas com diferentes protocolosanestésicos e/ou diferentes anticoagulantes devem ser consideradas para a espécie Oreochromis niloticus

Os aspectos construtivos, sobretudo as cores, podem ser mais bem aproveitados na tilapicultura quando hà um conhecimento sobre o conforto tÃrmico proporcionado aos organismos. Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar o efeito tÃrmico das cores em tanques de concreto sobre o desempenho de alevinos masculinizados de tilÃpia do Nilo em duas estaÃÃes do ano. O estudo foi realizado no Centro de Pesquisas em Aquicultura Rodolpho Von lhering, localizado no municÃpio de Pentecoste, CearÃ. Os exemplares foram estocados na densidade de 2,4 pÃs-larvas L-1 em 18 tanques de concreto de 500L, por 28 dias, durante o perÃodo chuvoso e seco. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado com seis tratamentos (controle, branco, preto, azul, amarelo, verde) e trÃs repetiÃÃes cada. Foram monitorados a temperatura, oxigÃnio dissolvido, pH, amÃnia total e nitrito, bem como realizada anÃlise quantitativa e qualitativa fitoplanctÃnica. Duas miniestaÃÃes meteorolÃgicas e Data Loggers foram utilizadas para registro dos dados de temperatura e umidade relativa do ar. Determinou-se a sobrevivÃncia, biometria final (peso e comprimento mÃdio final) e ganho mÃdio em peso e comprimento. Os valores finais em peso e comprimento, respectivamente, foram entre 0,493 e 0,710 g e 3,047 e 3,633 cm no perÃodo seco e 0,947 e 1,573 g e 3,273 e 4,533 cm no perÃodo chuvoso. No perÃodo seco, a cor preta apresentou uma maior sobrevivÃncia (90,6%), quando comparado com a cor azul (75,2%), que resultou em um menor percentual. Jà no perÃodo chuvoso, a sobrevivÃncia foi inferior ao perÃodo seco em todos os tratamentos observados, em que o maior percentual foi encontrado na cor amarela (67,9%), comparada com a cor azul (43,1%), que coincidindo com o perÃodo seco apresentou o menor valor. NÃo houve diferenÃa significativa no ganho em peso e comprimento entre os tratamentos no perÃodo chuvoso e no perÃodo seco (p>0,05), enquanto que entre as estaÃÃes climÃticas houve diferenÃa significativa (p<0,05), no entanto a cor preta no perÃodo seco e cor amarela no perÃodo chuvoso apresentaram os melhores resultados. Sugere-se evitar o uso da coloraÃÃo azul, por promover nas duas estaÃÃes menor sobrevivÃncia. A utilizaÃÃo das cores em tanques de concreto demonstrou ser importante para otimizaÃÃo das tÃcnicas de manejo, apesar da ausÃncia de diferenÃa significativa nas mÃdias da temperatura da Ãgua nas sÃries de horÃrios avaliados, e presenÃa de floraÃÃes fitoplanctÃnicas potencialmente tÃxicas. / The constructive aspects, especially the colors, can be put to better use in tilapia culture, when there is knowledge on the thermal comfort provided to the bodies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the thermal effect of color in concrete tanks on the performance of Nile tilapia fingerlings in two seasons: rainy and dry. The study was conducted at the Research Center for Aquaculture Rodolpho von lhering, located in the city of Pentecoste, CearÃ. The specimens were stocked at 2.4 post- larvae L-1 in 18 concrete tanks of 500L for 28 days during the rainy and dry seasons. The design was completely randomized with six treatments (control, white, black, blue, yellow, green) and three replications. Temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, total ammonia and nitrite were monitored and conducted quantitative and qualitative phytoplankton analysis. Two mini-stations and meteorological data loggers were used to record the data of temperature and relative humidity. Survival was determined, the final biometrics (final weight and mean length) body gain in weight and length. The final values for weight and length, respectively, were between 0.493 to 0.710 g and 3.047 to 3.633 cm in dry and 0.947 to 1.573 g and 3.273 to 4.533 cm in the rainy season. In dry season, the black color had higher survival (90.6 %) compared with the blue color (75.2 %), which resulted in a lower percentage. In rainy season, survival was less than dry season for all treatments, with the highest percentage in yellow (67.9%), compared with blue color (43.1%), which coincides with the season , had the lowest value. There was no significant difference in weight gain and length between treatments in the rainy season and during the dry (p>0.05), while between seasons significant difference (p<0.05), however the bland and yellow colors in the rainy season showed better results. It is suggested to avoid the use of blue color, to promote survival in the two lower stations. The use of color in concrete tanks proved to be important for optimizing management techniques, despite no significant difference in the mean water temperature in the schedules series of reviews and the presence of potentially toxic phytoplankton blooms.

Avaliaram-se os efeitos da administração do extrato seco de maracujá (Passiflora incarnata), veiculado na dieta, sobre a morfologia dos hepatócitos de juvenis de tilápias do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus). Peixes isolados (86,50 &plusmn; 10,17 g) receberam durante 28 dias ração comercial extrusada (32% PB - 2% biomassa) contendo o extrato diluído em alginato de sódio nas doses 0 (controle), 50, 100 e 200 mg/Kg, (n = 6 peixes/tratamento), registrando-se diariamente o consumo. No início e ao final do experimento cada indivíduo foi exposto (30 minutos) à reflexão da própria imagem em espelho (presença virtual de um coespecífico - estresse social), sendo a seguir anestesiado (2-fenoxietanol 0,5 mL/L) para realização de biometria e coleta de sangue (veia caudal) para determinação dos níveis plasmáticos de glicose e cortisol. Após 28 dias todos os animais foram sacrificados para remoção do fígado e obtenção de fragmentos utilizados na contagem de células e avaliação da morfometria do citoplasma dos hepatócitos (H/E), observando-se também as reservas de glicogênio hepático (PAS). Visando a comparação dos efeitos do estresse social natural com aquele empregado no experimento, seis peixes provenientes de um grupo de 30 indivíduos foram também sacrificados e utilizados como referência (valores basais) para avaliação dos parâmetros histológicos. Os dados foram submetidos a ANOVA, utilizando-se o proc mixed SAS 8.0 (p<0,05) para os parâmetros consumo de alimento, ganho em peso e bioquímica sangüínea (cortisol e glicose) e GLM SAS 8.0 (p<0,01) para a contagem de células e morfometria dos hepatócitos. Verificou-se que os pesos e os comprimentos iniciais não diferiram, que o consumo de alimento não foi alterado pela adição do extrato e que todos os peixes, independentemente do tratamento, cresceram significativamente. Os níveis de cortisol e de glicose também não diferiram inicialmente entre os grupos e não foram alterados pela presença do agente ou pela adição do extrato. Porém, observou-se um aumento significativo da glicose e redução dos níveis de cortisol em todos os peixes. A adição do extrato nas diferentes doses provocou aumento crescente e significativo da área citoplasmática e redução do número de células em todos os animais, com destaque para a dose 100 mg/Kg. O mesmo não ocorreu nos peixes do grupo controle, cujas áreas citoplasmáticas foram significativamente menores, em decorrência de um menor acúmulo de glicogênio hepático. Embora os efeitos do agente estressor empregado não tenham sido detectados pela análise dos parâmetros bioquímicos sangüíneos, verificou-se que este procedimento provocou alterações metabólicas que contribuíram para a depleção dos estoques de glicogênio no fígado. Este efeito parece ter sido revertido nos peixes que receberam a dieta contendo o extrato de maracujá que, por meio de mecanismos não elucidados neste trabalho, contribuiu para a manutenção ou aumento dos estoques de glicogênio hepático. Concluiu-se que o extrato de maracujá veiculado na dieta, na dose de 100 mg/Kg, protege juvenis de tilápia da depleção dos estoques de glicogênio hepático causada pelo estresse social. / Effects of Passion fruit (Passiflora incarnata) dry extract administration on hepatocyte morphometry of juveniles Nile tilapias (Oreochromis niloticus) were investigated. Male isolated fish (86,50 &plusmn; 10,17 g) were daily fed (28 days) with extruded commercial ration (32% crude protein - 2% biomass) containing the extract diluted in sodium alginate in graded doses 0 (control), 50, 100 and 200 mg/Kg (n= 6 animals/treatment), registering daily consumption. At the start and after 28 days of experiment each fish was displayed to the reflection of own mirror image (30 minutes) in order to simulate the virtual presence of a coespecific (social stress). Then the animals were anesthetized (2-fenoxietanol) for biometric measures and blood collection (caudal vein) for determination of the plasmatic levels of glucose and cortisol. After 28 days the animals were sacrificed for removal of liver fragments samples used to histological examination (cytoplasmic area and number of cells - HE stained; hepatic glycogen supplies - PAS stained). Aiming the comparison of the natural social stress with that utilized in this experiment, six fish from a group of 30 individuals were also sacrificed and used as reference (basal values) for the histological parameters evaluation. Food consumption, weight gain and sanguine biochemist parameters (cortisol and glucose) were submitted to ANOVA, SAS 8.0 proc mixed (p<0,05) and data of cells counting and hepatocyte morfometry to the same test, using SAS 8.0 GLM (p<0,01). The initial weights and lengths were similar, the food consumption was not modified by the addition of the extract and all the fish grew significantly during the experiment. Initial levels of cortisol and glucose were also similar between groups and did not modify by the stressor agent or treatments with the extract. However, a significant increase of glucose and reduction of cortisol levels were observed for all the fish. The addition of different extract doses provoked significant and noticeable increase of the cytoplasmic area and reduction of the cells number, mainly for 100 mg/Kg dose. In the control group cytoplasmatic area was significantly minor due to lesser hepatic glycogen accumulation. The stressor agent did not affect sanguine biochemists parameters but seems to lead metabolic alterations that had collaborated with the depletion of liver glycogen supplies. This effect seems to have been reverted in the fish that received the diet contend Passion fruit extract that, by means of a mechanism not elucidated in this experiment, contributed for the maintenance or increase of hepatic glycogen supplies. It was conclude that Passion fruit extract diet inclusion at 100 mg/Kg dose protects the tilapia against the hepatic glycogen depletion caused by social stress.

Este estudo teve por objetivos conhecer aspectos da toxicidade de Cu e Cd, separadamente e em combinacao (Cu+Cd) em tilapias (Oreochromis niloticus), verificando possiveis efeitos sinergicos ou antagonicos. Determinou-se nessas situacoes, a bioacumulacao dos metais no tecido muscular, branquias e figado dos especimes, enfase ao potencial bioindicador da especie. Para tanto, ensaios de toxicidade aguda na forma estatica foram conduzidos por um periodo de 96 horas. Previamente a esses, foram realizados testes preliminares com as referidas especies quimicas em concentracoes logaritmicas, com o intuito de se determinar os intervalos onde 100% de mortalidade e 100% de sobrevivencia eram observados para a especie. Atraves desta etapa estabeleceram-se para os ensaios de toxicidade aguda, as concentracoes de 0,0, 0,5, 1,0, 2,5, 5,0 e 10,0 mg L-1 para Cu e Cu+Cd e de 0,0, 1,0, 5,0, 10,0, 25,0 e 50,0 mg L-1 para Cd. As variaveis temperatura, pH, amonia, oxigenio dissolvido e metais dissolvidos foram aferidas no inicio e a cada 24 horas. A dureza total foi monitorada apenas para os tratamentos controle, no inicio e termino dos experimentos para fins de verificar a qualidade da agua. Para os ensaios cronicos, conduzidos na forma semi-estatica e com duracao de 21 dias, duas concentracoes de cada metal foram utilizadas, onde o criterio de estabelecimento dos valores foi a CL50/10 e a media dos logaritmos das CL50/10 e CL50/100. Amostragens para verificacao da bioacumulacao foram realizadas em 24 e 96 horas, 07, 14 e 21 dias, sendo que durante essas amostragens, as variaveis pH, temperatura, oxigenio dissolvido, amonia e teores de metais nas solucoes foram determinadas. Como nos ensaios anteriores, a dureza total foi determinada no primeiro e ultimo dia para controle de qualidade da agua. As CL50-96h para o cobre, cadmio e cobre+cadmio foram respectivamente 3,53 mg L-1, 20,13 mg L-1 e 1,36 mg L-1 Pode-se observar durante os ensaios preliminar e agudo, uma acentuada precipitacao do Cu principalmente nas maiores concentracoes, isso em decorrencia do produto de solubilidade do hidroxido de cobre formado nas cubas experimentais. 8 Nessas concentracoes, observou-se que o Cd apresentou reducao quando em combinacao, atribuido a co-precipitacao ocorrida com o Cu. No que diz respeito a bioacumulacao dos metais nos orgaos e tecidos, pode-se observar, com algumas excecoes, que o figado, devido as suas funcoes metabolicas, apresentou uma maior acumulacao, seguido das branquias e tecido muscular. A tilapia apresentou maior resistencia ao CdCl2.H2O do que ao CuCl2 tendo a combinacao das duas especies quimicas potencializado a toxicidade de forma sinergica. Esse estudo possibilitou concluir que a afericao das concentracoes efetivas dos elementos de interesse durante ensaios de toxicidade e de relevante importancia, pois a concentracao esperada para as especies quimicas dissolvidas podem diferir daquelas esperadas, em funcao do elemento analisado e do tempo de duracao do experimento / The aim of this work was to assess for the toxicity of Cu and Cd, separately and in combination (Cu+Cd) in tilapias (Oreochromis niloticus), checking for the possible synergical or antagonic effects. In these situations, the bioaccumulation of metals in muscle tissue, gill and liver were determinated, emphasizing the potential bioindicator of the specie. Acute toxicity test in static mode were carried out for a period of 96 hours. Prior to these, preliminary tests were performed with such chemical species in logarithmic concentration, in order to establish the range of concentrations in which 100% mortality and 100% survival were observed for the specie. Through this step, concentrations of 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 mg L-1 for Cu and Cu+Cd and of 0.0, 1.0, 5.0, 10.0, 25.0 and 50.0 mgL-1 for Cd were defined in acute toxicity assays. Temperature, pH, ammonia, dissolved oxygen and dissolved metals were measured at the beginning and every 24 hours. Total hardness was monitored only for the control treatments, in the beginning and at the end of the experiments to check the water quality. Semi-static chronic assays, were conducted during 21 days, by using two concentrations of each metal. Concentrations were calculated as CL50/10 and average of logarithms of CL50/10 and CL50/100. Samplings for assessing the metals bioaccumulation were performed at 24 and 96 hours, 07, 14 and 21 days. In a mean time, pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, ammonia and dissolved metals were also determinated. Like in previous assays, total hardness was determined in the first and in the last day. The LC50 for copper, cadmium and copper+cadmium were respectively 3.53 mg L-1, 20.13 mg L-1 and 1.36 mg L-1. A precipitation of copper hydroxide, moreover for the higher concentrations were observed in both, preliminary and acute assays. On these situations, Cd concentration was decreased when combined, assigned to the co-precipitation occurred with Cu. Liver, due to it metabolic functions, showed higher metals accumulation, followed by gills and musclular tissue. It can be concluded that tilapia showed greater resistance to CdCl2.H2O, than to CuCl2 and with the combination of the two chemical species, potentiated the toxicity of synergic form. This study also enabled to conclud that measurement of effective concentrations of the elements of interest during test of toxicity is relevant, because the concentrations obtained may differ to those expected, according to the element and the duration of the experiment

Les ressources génétiques naturelles du Tilapia du Nil (Oreochromis niloticus) se trouvent en Afrique. Ces ressources sont menacées en raison de modifications des habitats naturels des poissons et des introductions incontrôlées d'espèces ou de souches exotiques. Les populations de tilapia du Nil qui vivent dans des habitats extrêmes sont emblématiques de cette situation. Elles représentent des ressources génétiques originales et potentiellement utiles pour l'aquaculture. Cependant, les populations sont menacées soit par des modifications fortes de l'environnement soit par l'introduction d'espèces exotiques dans leur habitat. La caractérisation de ces populations constitue la première étape de leur protection et par conséquent leur utilisation en aquaculture. Dans notre étude, nous nous sommes concentré sur deux populations différentes de tilapia du Nil. L'une d'entre elles vit dans le lac alcalin ‘Crocodile Lake' (10 590 S / cm, pH 10) qui est un lac de cratère situé dans Central Island, au milieu du lac Turkana. La deuxième population (ou groupe de population) vit dans les sources chaudes (Hot Springs) du marais de loboi (Loboi Swamp) près du lac Bogoria au Kenya. Ces poissons vivent dans une eau caractérisée par des températures élevées, autour de 36 ° c. Toutes les populations ci-dessus (Crocodile Lake et Loboi swamp Hot Springs) ont connu ou connaissent un certain nombre de pressions sélectives de la part de leurs environnements difficiles. Pour le lac Crocodile, les poissons ont certainement dû trouver un moyen d'excréter leurs déchets azotés car à pH 10, l'excrétion n'est pas possible par simple diffusion. Pour les populations de sources chaudes, la plupart des individus devraient être des mâles car les hautes températures sont connues pour induire une masculinisation chez O. niloticus. Cette population doit avoir accumulé des mutations nécessaires pour lui permettre de surmonter les effets masculinisants des températures élevées.Pour étudier ces populations, nous avons utilisé la morphométrie géométrique et des marqueurs génétiques (microsatellites et 16 ADNmt) et nous les avons comparés à d'autres populations proches de la région. En outre, trois gènes liés au sexe (Cyp19a, Wt1b, AMH) ont été analysés en utilisant des marqueurs SNP dans trois populations de tilapia du Nil habitant les sources chaudes du marais de Loboi, et nous les avons comparés à ceux que l'on observe chez huit autres populations de l'Afrique de l'Est, la région soudano-sahélienne et éthiopiennes . Des différences morphologiques significatives ont été observées entre toutes les populations étudiées, y compris entre les trois populations voisines du marais Loboi, et entre les deux populations génétiquement liées du Crocodile Lake et du lac Turkana. Nous concluons de cette analyse que les différences morphologiques observées peuvent avoir comme origine pour une part des différences génétiques et pour une autre part des facteurs environnementaux. De même, toutes les populations étudiées sont génétiquement différenciées, et nous avons montré que les populations du marais Loboi et celle du lac Baringo ont été introgresséess par des gèes de O. leucostictus. Les analyses des gènes liés au sexe ont révélé que le gène AMH est un gène candidat pour la détermination du sexe chez le tilapia du Nil, avec 12 SNPs montrant de fortes associations avec le sexe phénotypique des individus. Néanmoins, il n'existe pas de modèle général de la détermination du sexe, il semble plutôt que les mécanismes de détermination du sexe sont différents suivant les populations de cette espèce et qu'il n'existe pas de mécanisme unique pour l'espèce entière. / Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) natural genetic resources are found in Africa. These resources are threatened due to modifications of the natural habitats of fishes and uncontrolled introductions of alien species or strains. Nile tilapia populations living in extreme habitats are emblematic of this situation. They represent original and potentially useful genetic resources for Aquaculture. However, the populations are threatened either by strong modifications or introduction of alien species in their habitats. Characterizing these populations constitutes the very first step of their protection and consequently their utilization in aquaculture. In our study we concentrated on two different populations of Nile Tilapia. One living in the alkaline Crocodile Lake (10,590 µS/cm, 10 pH) which is a Crater Lake located in the central Island of Lake Turkana. The second group of population inhabit the hot springs of Loboi Swamp near Lake Bogoria in Kenya. These fish are living in water characterized by high temperatures, around 36°c. All above populations (Crocodile Lake and Loboi Swamp Hot springs) may have experienced some selective pressures to cope with their challenging environments. For Crocodile Lake, fish may have found a way to excrete their nitrogenous wastes because at pH 10, excretion is not possible by simple diffusion. For the hot spring populations, most individuals should have been males as high temperature is known to induce masculinization in O. niloticus. This population may have accumulated adequate mutations to enable them overcome masculinizing effects of high water temperature. To study these populations we used geometric morphometrics and genetic markers (16 microsatellites and mtDNA) and compared them with other related populations from the region. In addition, three sex-linked genes (Cyp19a, Wt1b, amh) were analysed using SNP markers in three populations of Nile tilapia inhabiting hot springs of Loboi Swamp, and compared them to eight other populations from East Africa, Sudano-Sahelian and Ethiopian regions. Significant morphological differences were observed in all populations studied, including three closely related populations of Loboi Swamp, and two genetically related populations from Lake Turkana basin. Both genetic differences and environmental factors were responsible for the observed morphological differences. Similarly, all studied populations were genetically differentiated, and we demonstrated that populations from Loboi Swamp and Lake Baringo have been introgressed by O. leucostictus genes. Analyses of the sex-linked clustered revealed that amh gene is a candidate gene for sex determination in Nile tilapia, with 12 SNPs showing strong associations to phenotypic sex. Nevertheless there is no general pattern of sex determination, rather it seems that sex determination mechanisms are different with respect to populations, but is not characteristic or unique for the entire species.

Dans ce travail de thèse de doctorat, deux objectifs ont été poursuivis à savoir : i) évaluer la structure génétique des populations du tilapia du Nil (Oreochromis niloticus, Linnaeus, 1758) pour orienter les mesures de gestion à l’échelle de la sous-région du bassin du Congo; ii) et évaluer l’héritabilité des traits de croissance afin d’envisager une amélioration génétique de ladite espèce. Dans la perspective de déterminer la structuration génétique du tilapia du Nil dans le bassin du Congo à l'aide de récents outils génomiques de type GBS, 13,792 SNPs neutres étaient identifiés à partir de 438 tilapias du Nil collectés au Cameroun, en République Centrafricaine et en République Démocratique de Congo. La présence de groupements génétiques distincts a été élucidée par la méthode de regroupement bayésien implémentée dans le programme Admixture exécuté en utilisant 2000 bootstraps avec un nombre de groupes (K) variant de 1 à 14. L’estimation du flux génique potentiel, entre les sites, a été réalisée à l’aide du logiciel Treemix et l’évaluation de degré d’apparentement par paire entre deux individus d’un même site ou écosystème (utilisant les indices de relation de parenté ou relatedness, AJK), par vcftools. L’estimation de l’héritabilité des traits de croissance du tilapia du Nil a été réalisée en utilisant les données de 660 poissons cultivés dans les hapas placés en étang entre 185 et 209 jours d’expérience. Les mesures de masse corporelle et de longueur standard ont été prises in situ tandis que le facteur de condition a été déduit en utilisant la formule de Fulton. La détermination de données liées à la morphologie a été obtenue par analyse Procruste généralisée. Une analyse utilisant le modèle animal mixte a été appliquée à ces traits morphométriques pour estimer les différentes composantes de variance génétique et environnementale à partir desquelles l'héritabilité de chaque caractère, les effets des facteurs environnementaux et les corrélations génétiques entre les traits ont été déduits. Les résultats de l’analyse de structure sur les 13,792 marqueurs neutres ont révélé l’existence d'une structuration génétique mise en évidence avec l’identification de 5 populations génétiquement différentes (moyenne Fst = 0.079; CI: 0.073 à 0.086, P-valeur = 0.001). Il ressort de cette étude qu’il y a eu flux de gènes entre certains sites et qu’il y a moins d’individus apparentés dans les rivières et lacs par rapport aux piscicultures. / On a démontré que l’héritabilité au sens strict (h²) de la masse corporelle était élevée (0.67±0.30), modérée pour la morphologie (0.30 ± 0.12), faible pour la longueur standard (0.10 ± 0.10) et le facteur de condition (0.03 ± 0.04). L’héritabilité au sens large (H²) a varié de 0.22 ± 0.13 à 0.93 ± 0.10 pour tous les traits. La corrélation génétique entre la masse corporelle et la morphologie (0.91) était élevée mais moyenne entre la longueur standard et la morphologie (0.21) ainsi qu’entre la masse corporelle et la longueur standard (0.20). La corrélation phénotypique entre la masse corporelle et la longueur standard (0.95) était élevée tandis qu’elle était moyenne entre la longueur standard et la morphologie (0.21) ainsi qu’entre la masse corporelle et la morphologie (0.27). Au vu de ces résultats, on peut conclure qu’il y a existence d'une structuration génétique pouvant permettre une gestion et utilisation durables de l’espèce tilapia du Nil dans le cadre des activités piscicoles et d’ensemencement. L’existence d’une bonne diversité́ génétique associée à l’héritabilité des caractères de croissance augure de bonnes perspectives pour des programmes d’amélioration génétique de l’espèce dans la sous-région du bassin du Congo. / Strict heritability (h²) of body mass was shown to be high (0.67 ± 0.30), moderate for morphology (0.30 ± 0.12), low for standard length (0.10 ± 0.10), and condition factor (0.03 ± 0.04). Heritability in the broad sense (H²) ranged from 0.22 ± 0.13 to 0.93 ± 0.10 for all traits. The genetic correlation between body mass and morphology (0.91) was high but average between standard length and morphology (0.21) and between body weight and standard length (0.20). The phenotypic correlation between body mass and standard length (0.95) was high while it was average between standard length and morphology (0.21) as well as between body mass and morphology (0.27). In view of these results, it can be concluded that there is a genetic structure that can allow sustainable management and use of the Nile tilapia species in the context of fish farming and fish seed production. The existence of a good genetic diversity associated with the heritability of growth traits is promising for the development of genetic improvement programs of the of Nile tilapia species in the Congo Basin sub region / In this PhD thesis work, two objectives were pursued: i) to assess the genetic structure of Nile tilapia populations (Oreochromis niloticus, Linnaeus, 1758) in order to guide management strategies at the sub-regional scale; region; ii) and assess the heritability of the growth traits in order to consider a genetic improvement of the species. In order to determine the genetic structuring of Nile tilapia in the Congo Basin using recent GBS-type genomic tools, 13,792 neutral SNPs were identified from 438 Nile tilapias collected in Cameroon, Central African Republic and Democratic Republic of Congo. The presence of distinct genetic groupings was elucidated by the Bayesian clustering method implemented in the Admixture program run using 2000 bootstraps with a number of groups (K) ranging from 1 to 14. The estimation of potential gene flow between sites, was performed using Treemix software and peer paired degree evaluation between two individuals from the same site or ecosystem (using kinship or relatedness indices, AJK), by vcftools. The assesment of the heritability of Nile tilapia growth traits was performed using data from 660 fish grown in hapas placed in a pond between 185 and 209 days of experience. The body mass and standard-length measurements were taken in situ while the condition factor was deduced using the Fulton formula. Determining morphology-related data was obtained by generalized Procrustes analysis. An analysis using the mixed animal model was applied to these morphometric traits to estimate the different components of genetic and environmental variances from which the heritability of each trait, the effects of environmental factors and the genetic correlations between traits were derived. The results of the structural analysis on the 13,792 neutral markers revealed the existence of a genetic structure highlighted with the identification of 5 genetically different populations (average Fst = 0.079, CI: 0.073 to 0.086, P-value = 0.001). This study shows that there has been gene flow between some sites and that there are fewer inbred individuals in the rivers and lakes while fish farmers have been more consanguineous.

Mémoire (M.Sc.B.)--Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 1990. / Document électronique également accessible en format PDF. CaQCU

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-03-17Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:40:11Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 favaro_egp_dr_jabo.pdf: 983800 bytes, checksum: 05601fed4d94756e0a8cf4f21dc4f9c0 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / O presente estudo apresenta o papel do sedimento na qualidade da água durante as estações de chuva (fluxo contínuo) e seca (fluxo não contínuo) e balanço parcial de massa do nitrogênio e fósforo nos viveiros de criação extensiva de (Oreochromis niloticus) fertilizados com resíduos de alface. No fluxo contínuo, os valores de NH4, NO2 e NO3 aumentaram (p<0,05). Similarmente, os valores da matéria orgânica, nitrogênio e fósforo no sedimento aumentaram (p<0,05). No fluxo não contínuo, os valores do PO4, clorofila-a, pH, alcalinidade e oxigênio dissolvido aumentaram (p<0,05). O fluxo contínuo da água nos meses chuvosos aumentou a carga de partículas suspensas nos viveiros, reduziu a penetração de luz e promoveu a resuspensão do sedimento e a nitrificação na coluna da água. A re-suspensão prejudicou os processos de mineralização no sedimento, contudo a nitrificação causou o aumento do NO3 e redução do NO2. A menor sedimentação das partículas limitou o desenvolvimento fitoplanctônico. O fluxo não contínuo da água nos meses secos promoveu a sedimentação das partículas suspensas e mineralização da matéria orgânica no sedimento com correspondente liberação de nutrientes para a água. Adicionalmente, a aplicação dos resíduos de alface na taxa de 0,8 kg peso seco semana-1 favoreceu os processos de mineralização no sedimento e enriquecendo a atividade microbiana. Em média, as concentrações do nitrogênio inorgânico e fósforo total foram reduzidas 48,5% e 43,7% através dos viveiros (entrada-saída)... / The role of the sediment in water quality during the rainy (continuous flow) and dry (non-continuous flow) periods and partial equilibrium of nitrogen and phosphorus mass in extensive breeding pools for tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), manured by lettuce wastes, is provided. NH4, NO2 and NO3 rates increased (p<0.05) during the continuous flow from 119.6 μg L-1, 12.8 μg L-1 1, from 132 μg L-1 to 120.5 μg L-1 , 15.7 μg L-1 ,174 μg L-1 Organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus rates in the sediment increased similarly (p<0.05) from 105 μg L-1, 5%, 107 μg L-1 to 108 μg L-1, 7%, 108 μg L-1. In the case of non-continuous flow, PO4, chlorophyll-a, pH, alkalinity and dissolved oxygen rates increased (p<0.05) from 166 μg L-1; 359 mg L-1; 7; 82 mg L-1 and 5 mg L-1 to 178 μg L-1; 391 mg L-1; 7; 84 mg L-1 and 5 mg L-1, respectively. Water continuous flow during the rainy months increased the number of suspended particles in the breeding pools, decreased light penetration and triggered the re-suspension of sediment and nitrification in the water column. Although re-suspension jeopardized the mineralization processes in the sediment, nitrification caused an increase in NO3 and a decrease in NO2. Less sedimentation of particles restricted phytoplankton development. Intermittent water flow during the dry months caused sedimentation of suspended particles and the mineralization of organic matter in the sediment, coupled to a corresponding release of nutrients in the water. Further, the application of lettuce wastes at the rate employed were an asset to the mineralization processes in the sediment and enriched microbial activity. Concentrations of inorganic nitrogen and total phosphorus were at an average reduced by 48.5% and by 43.7% through the breeding pools (entrance-exit), respectively. Further, 82% of Nitrogen and 48% of Phosphorus provided to the fertilizer... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)