The concept of organ transplantation is not a new concept in South Africa and many organ transplants are performed annually. However, the problem that arises is that there is currently a shortage of donor organs suitable for transplant and this leads to the demand for organs exceeding the supply thereof. This in itself opens the door for unethical and criminal ways of obtaining organs. One of the ways in which these organs are obtained is child trafficking for the sole purpose of removal of organs. Although there are several reasons why children are abducted and used in child trafficking practices, the removal of their organs is discussed as the main reason in this study. The Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children, Supplementing the United National Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (2000) (hereinafter the Protocol), which South Africa signed and ratified, is the international instrument which places an obligation on South Africa to address the issue relating to human trafficking by implementing legislation. Until recently there had been no legislation specifically regulating human trafficking. Through the years, several bills for implementation in the national legislative framework were proposed to parliment. In 2013, the Prevention and Combating of Trafficking in Persons Act was incorporated into national legislation to address South Africa's international and regional obligations. In this study, the international, regional and national framework concerning trafficking is outlined and discussed as well as the Prevention and Combating of Trafficking in Persons Act to determine to what extent they do provide protection to victims of human trafficking. / LLM (Comparative Child Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Submitted by Nara Lays Domingues Viana Oliveira (naradv) on 2015-08-05T19:51:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MarinaBertarelloDireito.pdf: 1423790 bytes, checksum: 4e6203b0249181010c42719c4c6fe82b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-08-05T19:51:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MarinaBertarelloDireito.pdf: 1423790 bytes, checksum: 4e6203b0249181010c42719c4c6fe82b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-01 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A pesquisa em questão propõe-se a ser um instrumento para analisar a judicialização da saúde, através do estudo crítico da fundamentação nas decisões judiciais dos casos específicos de judicialização da definição do receptor de órgãos na Lista Única de Espera para Transplantes, mediante a perspectiva da matriz teórica sistêmica. Por isso, aborda-se a autonomia do sistema da saúde para a definição do receptor, as organizações do Sistema Único de Saúde e do Sistema Nacional de Transplantes que fornecem suporte para tal autonomia, bem como resta aprofundada a análise acerca da Política Nacional de Transplantes, como forma de enfrentamento da complexidade advinda da escolha do potencial receptor e de manutenção do cumprimento da função do sistema, qual seja: a consecução da saúde. Também, busca-se observar o sistema do direito como o sistema da estabilização de expectativas normativas e inferir que a operacionalidade do sistema jurídico deve se pautar por uma atuação fundamentada no código binário e nos programas, o que redunda na constatação de que os juízos de verossimilhança que autorizam a precedência do requerente na Lista Única para Transplantes não são fundamentados na norma, mas exclusivamente na vontade do julgador e, dessa forma, resta prejudicada a consecução do direito à saúde via transplante de órgãos, direito que merece ser tutelado através da interrelação sistêmica entre o sistema do direito e o sistema da saúde. Ainda, salienta-se a necessidade de observância do código binário do sistema do direito e do sistema da saúde na tutela do direito à saúde, afastando assim a corrupção sistêmica advinda de decisões judiciais que não contemplam o seu esquema binário e, por consectário, identificando a autonomia do sistema da saúde como sistema competente para definir o receptor e para sopesar os critérios clínicos de urgência, indicando a prioridade na realocação dos pacientes que integram a Lista Única. Além disso, a decisão judicial advinda da definição do receptor deve observar a política pública, que advém de decisão de vinculação coletiva do sistema político, a fim de elidir pretensões abusivas, como delineado nas decisões favoráveis à definição do receptor pelo sistema do direito, representando risco de lesão à ordem pública administrativa, posto que ignoram os critérios clínicos de seleção estabelecidos na Política Nacional de Transplantes. Procura-se demonstrar que a decisão judicial que defere a priorização do requerente em detrimento do paciente definido pelo sistema da saúde é o símbolo de uma corrupção sistêmica, haja vista o sistema do direito estar decidindo com base no código binário doença/enfermidade (definindo o potencial receptor), quando sua interferência deve ocorrer em casos de ilegalidade na implementação da política pública dos transplantes, através do código direito/não-direito, perpetrando a diferenciação na decisão judicial. / The research in question is proposed to be a tool to analyze the judicialization of health, through the critical study of the grounding in the judgments of specific cases of judicialization of definition of the organs receiver in the Single List of Waiting for Transplants, with the prospect of matrix theoretical systemic. Therefore, it approaches the autonomy of the health system to define the receiver, the organizations of the Unified Health System and National Transplant System that provide support for such autonomy, and thorough analysis of the National Transplant Policy, as a way of coping with the complexity that results from the choice of receptor potential and maintaining the compliance of the system function, namely, the attainment of health. Also, it seeks to observe the law system as the system of stabilization of normative expectations and infer that the operation of legal system must be guided by a performance based on binary code and programs, which leads to the finding that the judgments of likelihood which authorize the precedence of the claimant in the Single List for transplants are not substantiated in the norm, but the sole will of the judge and thus remains hampered the achievement of the right to health care by organ transplant, right that deserves to be protected by systemic interrelationship between the law system and the health system. However, it stresses the need for observance of the binary code of the law system and of the health system for safeguarding the right to health, thus ruling out systemic corruption arising out of judgments that do not consider their binary scheme and, consequently, identifying the autonomy of the health system as the system responsible for selecting the receiver and to weigh the clinical criteria of urgency, indicating the priority in the reallocation of patients participating in the Single List. Moreover, the court decision arising from the definition of the receiver should observe the public policy, because the decision stems from the collective decision of the political system, to rebut claims unfair, as outlined in decisions favorable to the definition of the receiver by law system, representing a risk of injury to the public administration order, because ignore the clinical criteria for selection set out in the National Transplant Policy. It seeks to demonstrate that the court decision granting priority of the claimant at the expense of patient defined by health system is the symbol of a systemic corruption, because the law system is deciding based on the binary code disease/illness (defining the potential receiver), when the interference should occur in cases of illegality in implementing the public policy of transplants, through the code right/no-right, perpetrating the differences in judicial decision.

As the greatest considerations in health-care design have traditionally been functional —hygiene, efficiency, and flexibility for changing technology— hospitals have evolved to become dehumanizing spaces. In this thesis two specific groups of chronically ill children who have among the longest inpatient stays are studied: cancer and organ transplant patients. Being under immunosuppressive drugs, these children are physically vulnerable thus are kept completely isolated. These long stays and isolation can be very depressing for them. This thesis undertakes the challenge of designing a fully isolated space that doesn’t feel like one or in other words “a micro-town within a bubble”. The author intends to achieve this goal through strong visual connections, natural lighting, and creative space planning.

長久以來，台灣一直存在捐贈器官不足的情形，阻滯器官移植的進展。如何在現有的法令規範中，突破面臨的困境，增加器官捐贈及移植的來源？如何適切修正現有法令規範的限制，造福更多等待器官移植的患者，使其重獲生命價值與意義？是筆者一直深切期待的。台灣移植器官來源面臨的困境，包括華人社會特有的文化習俗、器官捐贈登錄制度推廣不易、指定捐贈與親屬限制等原因；其所造成的影響包括國人器官捐贈意願降低、前往中國大陸或海外尋求移植的人數大量增加、可能的違法器官買賣等。本文將逐一加以探究其原因，藉以了解制度面與實際執行面的差異。 為了進一步探討器官移植相關法規在台灣司法實務面運作的情形，本文將整理解析近年相關的民事、刑事及行政裁判。尤其，目前最新《人體器官捐贈移植條例》修正草案正在立法院審議中，本文亦將分析其重要法規內容，探討新舊法規之差異，預測立法通過後執行面之走向，並提出草案未通過前的因應作法，以及歸納分析國外類似法規，以提供未來再修法之參考。 本篇論文的主要目的，期盼藉由上開各個面向的探討與法律制度的論述，檢視器官移植的必要性與適法性，試圖提出應有的建議與策略，以供醫界、法界及相關行政主管機關參考，修正器官移植的適法性，增加合法的器官捐贈來源，以解決台灣目前所存在的器官移植困境。 / In Taiwan, the progress of organ transplants has long been deterred by the shortage of organ donations. As a surgeon, the thoughts of finding ways to increase the numbers and sources of organ transplants under the current laws, and of modifying the inappropriate restrictions of the current laws in order to benefit more patients waiting for organ transplants and hopefully new lives, have always been lingering in my mind. The dilemma of organ donation shortage comes from: Chinese traditional customs, unsuccessful promotion of the organ donation registration system, and the restrictions of laws regarding the designated organ donators and relatives. The results are: the low willingness of organ donations by the general public, the increasing numbers of patients going overseas and to China for organ transplants, illegal organ trading, etc. This paper is aimed to explore the reasons behind the current results so that we can get a better view of the differences between the current legal system and the actual implementation. In order to better understand how the current organ transplant laws are carried out by the legal authorities in Taiwan's judicial systems, this paper will examine and analyze the past civil, criminal, and executive decisions related to the organ transplantations. Currently the new amendment of the “Human Organ Transplant Bill” is still in the Legislative Yuan's review process. So this paper will analyze the detailed contents of this amended bill, discuss the differences between the original and the amended bill and the direction of the legislation execution, recommend the proper solutions before the amended bill is passed, and analyze and induce other countries' organ transplantation bills for future amending reference. The purpose of this paper is aimed to achieve the goal of proposing proper recommendations and strategies, through inspecting the necessity and legitimacy of organ transplant from various legal system discourses and amendments, to the fields of medicine, law and related government authorities regarding to the legitimacy of organ transplant and increasing the sources of the legal organ donations, in order to lessen the current Taiwan's organ donation plight.

Made available in DSpace on 2011-05-04T12:42:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009 / O desenvolvimento do conceito de corpo é marcado pela visão dissociada do homem em sua relação com a natureza, com conseqüentes implicações na epidemiologia. Este estudo tem aperspectiva de entender o corpo como integrado numa rede de elementos constitutivos, numa dinâmica de interações entre seus componentes e entre estes e outros seres e seu ambiente. Esta dinâmica se dá num contexto de alteridade, entendida não apenas no sentido das relações humanas, mas na sua acepção original, como qualidade do que é outro. Estudos recentes da biologia permitem supor um elo entre a questão da alteridade e suas raízes biológicas, integrando-a aos processos do adoecer. A capacidade de ação, de rearranjo do ser vivo em uma dinâmica de relações regulatórias e a noção de identidade são considerados na discussão dos fenômenos imunes. A alteridade aqui é vista como inata e biológica, no interior da qual a subjetividade é construída. Não há como considerar a alteridade sem aludir à subjetividade e à individualidade. Estes aspectos aparecem com clareza na experiência do transplante. Para desvendá-la, foi realizado um estudo qualitativo com base na abordagem fenomenológica, inspirado nas teorias da complexidade e referenciado por aporte teórico de vários saberes,num diálogo interdisciplinar. Foram realizadas vinte entrevistas em profundidade com pessoas que passaram pela experiência do transplante, independentemente do tipo de transplante realizado, do sexo ou grau de instrução. Após análise, foram identificadas as seguintes unidades de significado: a doença, um susto; riqueza de detalhes: a memória do corpo; qualidade (?) de vida antes do transplante; o tempo de espera; um telefonema: o chamado para uma nova vida; acordando diferente: começo de uma nova história; o estranhamento; alteridade: dívida, dádiva e gratidão; a dívida negativa; rejeição: a ameaça que vem de dentro; a dívida positiva; doadores vivos; nascendo de novo: uma vida praticamente normal; mudança de valores: o transplante como um caminho de transformação; a rede de alteridade conexões e esgarçamentos. Estas unidades de significado deram origem a quatro grandes temas que foram distribuídos nos seguintes capítulos: A Vida Antes do Transplante; O Transplante de (uma nova) Vida; Paradoxos da Alteridade: fechamento e abertura; A Vida Depois do Transplante. O estudo conclui considerando que tudo o que o homem é está enraizado na sua biologia, nela incluída e justaposta a dimensão subjetiva. A dimensão subjetiva humana é cunhada nas interações com os outros e com o meio. O ser humano (e, acreditamos, todo ser vivo) é constitutivamente relacional. Está, portanto, atrelado a uma dinâmica de alteridade, vivida de maneira radical pela pessoa transplantada. Sugere, assim, a conclusão de que não há separação entre mente e corpo, embora ainda subsista uma ponte a construir sobre o conhecimento para transpor o hiato entre as questões biológicas, as práticas intervencionistas e a experiência subjetiva. / The development of the concept of body is marked by men’s dissociated vision with his relationship with nature with consequents implication in epidemiology. This study has the perspective of understand the body as a part of a net of constitutive elements, in a dynamic of interaction between its components, and between those, and other beings in its environment. This dynamic happens in an alterity context, understood not only in the human relationship, but in its original acceptation, as “quality of what is the other”. Recent biology studies permit to assume a connection between the alterity issue and its biological roots, integrating it to the sickening process. The action capacity, of rearrangement of living beings in a dynamic of regulatory relationships and the notion of identity is considered in the discussion of the immunes phenomena. The alterity is seen here as innate and biological in the interior of which the subjectivity is built. There is no way to considerate alterity without alluding to the subjectivity and individuality. These aspects appear with clarity in the transplant experiment. To unfold it, a qualitative study was made with base in the phenomenological approach, inspired by the theories of complexity and referencing in theoretical port of several knowledge in an interdisciplinary dialogue. Twenty interviews were made in depth, with people who have gone trough the transplant experience, independently of the kind of transplant performed, gender or instruction degree. After analysis, there were identified the following units of meaning, the disease, a scary; richness of details: the body memory: life quality before the transplant; the waiting period; a phone call: the call to a new life; waking up differently: the beginning of a new story, the strangeness; alterity: debt, gift and thankfulness; the negative debt; rejection: the threat that comes from inside; the positive debt; living donors; being born again; a “practically normal life”; change of values: the transplant as a way of transformation; the alterity net: connections and separations. These units of meaning gave origin to four big themes that were distributed in the following chapters: The Life Before the Transplant; The Transplant of (a new) Life; Alterity paradoxes: closing and opening; The Life after Transplant. The study concludes considering that every thing that men is, is enrooted in our biology, and on it is included and juxtaposed to the subjective dimension. The human subjective dimension is intrinsic to the interaction with others and the environment. The human being (and, we believe all live beings) is constitutively relational. Is, ergo, attached to an alterity dynamic, experienced in a radical manner by the transplanted person. So it is suggested the conclusion that there is no separation between body and mind, even though there is a bridge to still be built over the knowledge to connect the hiatus between the biological issues, interventionist practices and subjective experience.