The electroplating wastewater is usually treated by chemical precipitation, and the generated sludge has loose structure to cause the difficulties in sedimentation and filtration. Moreover, the sludge is unstable and the contained heavy metals are easily leached. Solidification is one method to deal with this kind of sludge; however it cause another problem, land requirement. In this study, the contents of electroplating wastewater are divided into two parts organic matters and heavy metals; organic matters are treated by Fenton method and heavy metals are by Ferrite process. The purpose of this study is that through the serial Fenton-Ferrite Process treatment the effluent water and the sludge generated from the procedure could meet the standards in Taiwan. It was well-know that the primary operation factors of Ferrite Process are pH, reaction temperature, ferrous ion concentration, time and aeration. The results showed that the proper factors of FP were pH=10, temperature= 90¢J, Fe/M molar ratio= 7,reaction time=80 min and aeration rate=1.0 L air / min / L solution. However, in Fenton method, the parameters of pH, hydrogen peroxide, ferrous ion concentration, and reaction time were discussed. I had greatest efficiency under the data showed that Fenton method pH = 3, ferrous ion concentration=3000 mg/L, hydrogen peroxide = 13000 mg/L, and reaction time=2 hr. The wastewater measured COD =1162 mg/L, Cr=70 mg/L, Zn=400 mg/L. The treatment efficiency of the procedure combining Fenton method and Ferrite Process were that COD=88.5 mg/L, Cr=1.06 mg/L, and Zn=0.98 mg/Lin effluent water and the TCLP test results of sludge were Cr=3.37 mg/L, Zn=2.46 mg/L. All the data showed that the combination of the two process can significantly treat wastewater to meet the standards. Furthermore, the sludge can be recycled as magnetic materials or other purposes due to it¡¦s specific properties.

No description available.

Humic substances are macromolecules that naturally occur in all environments in which vegetation matter are present. In general, humic acid is part of humic substances which form the major fraction of the dissolved organic matters in surface water and represents 90% of dissolved organic carbon. Humic acid plays a fundamental role in many ecosystems since it interacts with toxic metal ions present in the system, resulting in a decrease in the bio-availability of such ions. Moreover, the availability of humic acid in water can react with other chemical compounds, such as chlorine to form trihalomethanes (including chloroform) and causes an increasing risk of cancer and may be linked to heart, lung, kidney, liver, and central nervous system damage. Therefore, humic acid removal in water treatment processes is very important in order to achieve the drinking water standards. Heavy metals are significant contaminants in aqueous system. All heavy metals can produce toxicity when ingested in sufficient quantities, but there are several important ones such as lead, mercury, copper, cadmium, arsenic, nickel and silver. These heavy metals are so pervasive and produce toxicity at low concentrations. Moreover, they may build up in biological systems and become a significant health hazard. / Adsorption is approved as an effective and simple method for water and wastewater treatment process. Many adsorbents then are developed for use in adsorption process such as montmorillonite, peat, activated carbon, etc. In this research, humic acid and heavy metals were mainly selected for adsorption study. In the sorption experiment, several adsorbents such as synthesised zeolite (SZ), natural zeolite (NZ), powdered activated carbon (PAC) and fly ash (FA), were selected to examine the application of HA and heavy metals both in individual and simultaneous adsorption, The characteristics and interactions of the adsorbents with HA and heavy metals were systematically studied by batch laboratory experiments. In the beginning, the adsorption of HA onto SZ, NZ, PAC and FA was investigated and their adsorption capacity was compared. The equilibrium adsorption of HA on SZ, NZ, PAC and FA was found to be 84.1, 67.8, 81.2 and 34.1 mg/g, respectively, at 30 oC and pH 5.0. Dynamic adsorption data show that these adsorbents could reach their adsorption equilibrium after 50 hours. From pH analysis, HA adsorption is favoured at low pH and an increase in pH will lead to the reduction of HA adsorption. SZ and NZ adsorption capacity were affected by the changing of solution temperature; however, in PAC and FA sorption study, there was no significant effect observed. Two heavy metal ions (Cu, Pb) removal by the adsorbents was then conducted. The results showed that the equilibrium sorption capacity of Cu and Pb ions on SZ, NZ, PAC and FA were 43.5, 24.2, 19.7, 28.6 and 190.7, 129.0, 76.8 mg/g, respectively at 30 oC and a pH value of 5. The appropriate pH for Cu and Pb removal was found to be 5 and 6. In most dynamic cases, these adsorbents needed at least 50 hours to reach the adsorption equilibrium. Only adsorption on FA required more than 150 hours to reach the equilibrium. / In simultaneous adsorption experiments, the influences of HA and heavy metal concentration (in the range of 10 to 50 mg/L for HA and 10 to 30 mg/l for heavy metals) on the HA-heavy metal complexation were investigated. The results demonstrated that increasing HA concentration mostly affected Cu adsorbed on SZ, FA and PAC and Pb adsorbed on SZ, NZ and PAC. For HA adsorption, the adsorption rate decreased rapidly with increased initial metal ion concentration. Moreover, the adsorption of heavy metals increased with increased heavy metals concentration in the presence of HA. In the presence of heavy metal ions, the order of HA adsorption followed PAC > FA > SZ > NZ. According to the results, the individual and simultaneous adsorption of HA and heavy metals on each adsorbent achieved a different trend. It mainly depended on the adsorption property of both adsorbates (HA and heavy metals) and adsorbents (SZ, NZ, PAC and FA) and also the operation factors such as pH, concentration, temperature and operation time. Even though this experiment could not obtain high adsorption performance, especially in coadsorption, as compared with other adsorbents, the adsorbents in this study represented a higher adsorption capacity and provide the potential for further development.

Les eaux côtières du Sud du Golfe de Gascogne sont soumises à l’expulsion d’un panache fluvial au niveau de l’estuaire de l’Adour. Ces eaux douces peuvent entrainer de fortes variations des concentrations en matières minérales en suspension (MSM, en mg,l-1), en chlorophylle- a (Chla, en mg,m-3) et en matière organiques dissoutes colorées (MODC, en mg,l-1) contenues dans les eaux côtières. En modifiant la transparence de l’eau et en charriant des nutriments et des bactéries, elles peuvent affecter la productivité biologique et avoir un impact significatif sur la santé humaine. Notre étude a pour but de développer des algorithmes empiriques et de tester l’efficacité des images MODIS-Aqua pour la cartographie des substances particulaires et dissoutes contenues dans les eaux côtières soumises à l'influence du panache de l'Adour. Dans cet objectif, deux missions océanographiques ont été réalisées afin de mesurer simultanément les MSM, la turbidité (en NTU), la Chla et les MODC et la réflectance de télédétection de l’eau in-situ. Deux algorithmes empiriques opérationnels pour la quantification des matières minérales en suspension et de la turbidité ont été développés. Une automatisation du traitement des images MODIS-Aqua déjà corrigées des effets atmosphériques et à la résolution de 250 mètres (produit MYD09GQ) a été réalisée. Ce système opérationnel a permis de cartographier les concentrations en sédiments en suspension contenus dans le panache sur 246 jours, entre 2006 et 2009. La première étude à grande échelle spatiale et temporelle de la dynamique hydro-sédimentaire du panache de l'Adour a ainsi pu être réalisée. Finalement, plusieurs algorithmes ont été proposés pour la quantification des concentrations en chlorophylle-a dans le sud du Golfe de Gascogne. Ces relations empiriques devront être testées sur de nouvelles mesures in-situ afin de préciser leurs limites de validité. Notre étude montre l’apport de l’imagerie satellitaire MODIS pour la surveillance du panache de l'Adour. A plus long terme, un système efficace de surveillance de la qualité des eaux côtières de la côte Aquitaine pourrait être envisagé. / The southern Bay of Biscay coastal waters are under the direct influence of the freshwater plume from the Adour estuary. The river outflow leads to a strong variability in the concentration of mineral suspended matters (MSM in mg l-1), chlorophyll-a (Chla, mg, m-3) and colored dissolved organic matters (CDOM in mg l-1) contained in coastal waters. By changing the transparency of the water and carrying nutrients and bacteria, they may affect biological productivity and have a significant impact on human health. Our study aims to develop empirical algorithms and test the efficiency of MODIS-Aqua imagery to map particulate and dissolved substances contained in coastal waters under the influence of the Adour plume. In this aim, two oceanographic missions were carried out to measure simultaneously the MSM, turbidity, Chla and CDOM and the remote sensing reflectance of water. Two empirical operational algorithms for quantification of suspended mineral matters and turbidity have been developed. An automated processing of atmospherically-corrected MODIS-Aqua-250m product (MYD09GQ product) was performed. This operating system has been used to map the concentrations of suspended sediment content in the plume at 246 days between 2006 and 2009. Thus, the first study at large spatial and temporal scale of the Adour plume dynamics has been achieved. Finally, several algorithms have been proposed in order to quantify the concentrations of chlorophyll-a in the southern Bay of Biscay. These empirical relations must be tested on new in-situ measurements to clarify their validity limits. Our study shows the contribution of the MODIS satellite imagery to monitor the Adour plume. In future, an effective monitoring system of Aquitaine coastal water quality could be considered.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitrogen-containing polycyclic aromatic compound (N-PAC) are widespread toxic pollutants in environments. The fate of PAHs and N-PACs are of great concern because some of these compounds were identified as caricinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic compounds. As described in literature, dissolved organic matter (DOM) is an important factor in control of their fate; however, the binding behaviors between these compounds and DOM are still not fully understood. The binding constants (KDOC) between humic substances and one selected N-PAC, benzo[h]quinoline, were measured at varying pH levels using fluorescence quenching (FQ) method. As fluorescence characteristics of benzo[h]quinoline change with pH, determination required two optimum sets of excitation and emission wavelength pairs. A simple mixing model was proposed and used to eliminate the inherent fluorescence interference between benzo[h]quinoline (BQ) and its protonated form, benzo[h]quinolinium (BQH+), and to deduce Kmix which represents the overall binding as the sum of that for the individual analogs. The characteristics of humic substances, especially their hydrophobicity and aromaticity, established by principal components analysis of structural and elemental compositions, were the main determinants of their binding affinity with both benzo[h]quinoline and benzo[h]quinolinium (KBQ and KBQH+) across a range of pH values. Hydrophobic interaction is likely to control the binding between humic substance and benzo[h]quinoline and benzo[h]quinolinium, in lower and higher pH ranges (pH<3, pH>6). In contrast, cation exchange seems to control on the binding affinity of benzo[h]quinolinium in the middle range of pH. Determination of PAH concentration is quite essential for investigating the fate of PAHs in environments. Microwave-assisted headspace solid-phase microextraction (MA-HS-SPME) with a polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene (PDMS/DVB) fiber was applied as a single step prior to determination of PAH concentrations in water using GC-MS. To optimize the extraction efficiency of PAHs by MA-HS-SPME, the influence of various parameters, including temperature, duration of thermal desorption, microwave irradiation power and duration, and the temperature of the circulating cooling water system, was studied. The proposed method was demonstrated applicable to environmental water samples. In addition, DOM matrix effect did not influence the determination and extraction efficiency of PAHs. Although the proposed simple mixing model can eliminate the fluorescent interference of hydrophobic organic compounds with acid-base pair forms, it is still limited in using for correcting the KDOC measurement of more than two fluorescent compounds simultaneously. A new alternative protocol, complexation-flocculation combined with MA-HS-SPME/GC-MS method, was proposed to determine the binding constants of seleted PAHs to humic substances. The results obtained are comparable with KDOC data reported in literatures. CF-MA-HS-SPME/GC-MS provides some advantages over other methods, such as applicable not limited to fluorescent compounds, faster in determination and capable in measuring varieties of compounds simultaneously.

Darbo tikslas - ištirti taršos veikiamų reguliuotų upelių savaiminio apsivalymo nuo organinių ir biogeninių medžiagų tendencijas vasaros–rudens sausmečio laikotarpiais atsižvelgiant į gamtines ir antropogenines sąlygas. Darbo rezultatų praktinė reikšmė - disertacijoje nustatytas matematines priklausomybes galima pritaikyti vertinant organinių ir biogeninių medžiagų koncentracijų pokyčius tolstant nuo sutelktosios taršos šaltinio ne tik tirtuose, bet ir kituose upeliuose, tekančiuose panašiomis sąlygomis. Pateiktos matematinės priklausomybės yra naudingos modeliuojant vandens kokybės pokyčius, vertinant išleidžiamų į upelį teršalų poveikį vandens ekosistemai, nustatant leistiną išleidžiamų į upelius teršalų kiekį. Darbo mokslinis naujumas - šiame darbe pirmą kartą Vidurio Lietuvos Nevėžio upės baseino reguliuotuose upeliuose (kai debitas vasaros–rudens sausmečio laikotarpiu mažesnis kaip 0,1 m3/s) nustatyta gyvenviečių (iki 2000 gyventojų) sąlyginė tarša ir vandens kokybės kitimo dinamika upeliuose tolstant nuo sutelktosios taršos šaltinio; nustatyti veiksniai, turintys esminės įtakos savaiminiam upelių apsivalymui nuo organinių ir biogeninių medžiagų, bei ištirti upelių savaiminio apsivalymo dėsningumai ir pateiktos matematinės priklausomybės, leidžiančios prognozuoti upelių savaiminio apsivalymo galimybes. / The target subject of the research – pollution of Nevėžis River sub-basin regulated streams by small settlements (max. 2,000 inhabitants) in Middle Lithuania and their self-purification processes during seasons of low-flow regime. Scientific novelty of the research – for the first time, this paper identifies a relative pollution by settlements (up to 2000 inhabitants) in Nevėžis River basin regulated rivers (at a river discharge less than 0.1 m3/s during seasons of low-flow regime in summer-autumn) in Middle Lithuania and water quality dynamics in streams, moving away from the point pollution source, identifies factors having substantial effect on stream self-purification from organic substances and nutrients, investigates patterns of the stream self-purification, and provides mathematical relations that allow forecasting stream self-purification capabilities. Practical value of research results – mathematical relations, defined in the dissertation, can be applied to the assessment of fluctuations in organic substances and nutrients concentrations, moving away from the point pollution source not only in the studied streams, but also in other ones flowing under similar conditions. The mathematical relations are useful for modelling water quality changes, for assessing an impact of pollutants, discharged into a stream, on the aquatic ecosystem, and for determining the permissible load of pollutants discharged into streams.

The target subject of the research – pollution of Nevėžis River sub-basin regulated streams by small settlements (max. 2,000 inhabitants) in Middle Lithuania and their self-purification processes during seasons of low-flow regime. Scientific novelty of the research – for the first time, this paper identifies a relative pollution by settlements (up to 2000 inhabitants) in Nevėžis River basin regulated rivers (at a river discharge less than 0.1 m3/s during seasons of low-flow regime in summer-autumn) in Middle Lithuania and water quality dynamics in streams, moving away from the point pollution source, identifies factors having substantial effect on stream self-purification from organic substances and nutrients, investigates patterns of the stream self-purification, and provides mathematical relations that allow forecasting stream self-purification capabilities. Practical value of research results – mathematical relations, defined in the dissertation, can be applied to the assessment of fluctuations in organic substances and nutrients concentrations, moving away from the point pollution source not only in the studied streams, but also in other ones flowing under similar conditions. The mathematical relations are useful for modelling water quality changes, for assessing an impact of pollutants, discharged into a stream, on the aquatic ecosystem, and for determining the permissible load of pollutants discharged into streams. / Darbo tikslas - ištirti taršos veikiamų reguliuotų upelių savaiminio apsivalymo nuo organinių ir biogeninių medžiagų tendencijas vasaros–rudens sausmečio laikotarpiais atsižvelgiant į gamtines ir antropogenines sąlygas. Darbo rezultatų praktinė reikšmė - disertacijoje nustatytas matematines priklausomybes galima pritaikyti vertinant organinių ir biogeninių medžiagų koncentracijų pokyčius tolstant nuo sutelktosios taršos šaltinio ne tik tirtuose, bet ir kituose upeliuose, tekančiuose panašiomis sąlygomis. Pateiktos matematinės priklausomybės yra naudingos modeliuojant vandens kokybės pokyčius, vertinant išleidžiamų į upelį teršalų poveikį vandens ekosistemai, nustatant leistiną išleidžiamų į upelius teršalų kiekį. Darbo mokslinis naujumas - šiame darbe pirmą kartą Vidurio Lietuvos Nevėžio upės baseino reguliuotuose upeliuose (kai debitas vasaros–rudens sausmečio laikotarpiu mažesnis kaip 0,1 m3/s) nustatyta gyvenviečių (iki 2000 gyventojų) sąlyginė tarša ir vandens kokybės kitimo dinamika upeliuose tolstant nuo sutelktosios taršos šaltinio; nustatyti veiksniai, turintys esminės įtakos savaiminiam upelių apsivalymui nuo organinių ir biogeninių medžiagų, bei ištirti upelių savaiminio apsivalymo dėsningumai ir pateiktos matematinės priklausomybės, leidžiančios prognozuoti upelių savaiminio apsivalymo galimybes.

La préservation de la richesse aquatique est devenue un souci majeur d'ordre mondial suite au risque de pénurie en eau. Au Liban, les rejets anthropiques incontrôlés et incontrôlables au bord des rivières menacent la qualité de ses eaux de surface. Pour cela, quatre cours d'eau libanais ont été choisis comme cadre d'étude : la rivière Damour, la rivière Kadisha-Abou Ali, la rivière Ibrahim et la rivière Oronte.Les différents paramètres physico-chimiques et microbiologiques étudiés ont permis dans un premier temps la construction d'une base de données de chacune de ces rivières. Une seule analyse spatio-temporelle des paramètres séparément n'aide pas à définir l'état trophique des rivières. Partant de l'idée des corrélations que peuvent exister entre certains paramètres, l'Analyse en Composante Principale (ACP) retenant la totalité de l'information sera utilisée en dépit des méthodes classiques. Cet outil statistique a permis de classer les rivières par niveau de pollution. Il a aussi aidé à observer l'impact des apports des polluants sur les différentes stations de rivières étudiées.Pour suivre le devenir des coliformes fécaux dans les eaux, l'ACP des variables microbiologiques a montré la persistance des colonies bactériennes dans les eaux malgré les conditions climatiques diverses et le régime méditerranéen torrentiel des rivières. En effet, les sédiments constituent des réservoirs potentiels de microorganismes pathogènes. Le décrochage bactérien des agrégats sédimentaires et la remise en suspension dans l'eau pose un problème alarmant de santé publique. / Preservation of aquatic wealth has worldwide become a major concern due to the risk of water shortage. In Lebanon, uncontrolled and uncontrollable anthropogenic rejections along rivers threaten the quality of its surface waters. Four Lebanese rivers were selected as study framework: The Damour river, Kadisha-Abu Ali river, Ibrahim river and Orontes river. The physico-chemical and microbiological parameters analyzed has formed a large database of these rivers. The spatio-temporal analysis of separate parameters did not help defining the trophic status of rivers. The assumption that correlations exist between certain parameters, guides us to use the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) in spite of conventional methods. This statistical tool was used to define the pollution levels in rivers. It also leads to observe the impact of pollutants inflows on different sites studied. To follow the fate of fecal coliform in water, the ACP of microbiological variables showed the persistence of bacterial colonies in water despite the various climatic conditions and the Mediterranean flow rate. Indeed, sediments are potential reservoirs of pathogenic microorganisms. The bacteria aggregated to the sediment can be present again in water column causing an alarming public health problem.

Due to utilization increase of chemical fertilizers and manures and of a large water volume for irrigation, agricultural runoff has significantly accelerated water pollution. The Red River locates in Vietnam where agriculture plays an important role in the country’s economy. This paper presented the observation results of organic matters concentrations in agricultural runoff from different plant fields (vegetable, flower and rice) in the Red River Delta in 2013 -2014. The results showed that DOC concentrations varied in a high range from 1.0 mg.L-1 to 37.1 mg.L-1, averaging 10.2 ± 6.2 mg.L-1 whereas POC concentrations varied from 0.5 to 4.5 mg.L-1, averaging 1.7 ± 0.7 mg.L-1 for a total 104 samples observed. TOC concentrations in water from the vegetable and flower fields (11.7 ± 7.3 mg.L-1 and 12.6 ± 6.0 mg.L-1 respectively) were higher than the one from the rice field (8.5 ± 6.6 mg.L-1). Lower organic matters concentrations were found in the rainy season than in the dry season due to dilution process. The results suggest the needs for regularly monitoring and efforts to control organic matter pollution from agricultural runoff in the Red River basin or other river basins in developing countries. / Do sử dụng phân bón và thể tích nước tưới lớn, canh tác nông nghiệp đã và đang góp phần đáng kể gây ô nhiễm nguồn nước. Sông Hồng nằm ở Việt Nam, nơi ngành nông nghiệp đóng vai trò quan trọng trong nền kinh tế. Bài báo trình bày kết quả quan trắc hàm lượng cacbon hữu cơ (TOC) bao gồm dạng hòa tan (DOC) và không tan (POC), trong nước chảy tràn từ đất canh tác (rau, hoa, lúa) ở đồng bằng sông Hồng năm 2013 -2014. Kết quả cho thấy DOC thay đổi rất rộng từ 1,0 mg.L-1 đến 37,1 mg.L-1, trung bình đạt 10,2 ± 6,2 mg.L-1 trong khi POC thay đổi từ 0,5 mg. L-1 đến 4,5 mg.L-1, trung bình đạt 1,7 ± 0,7 mg.L-1 đối với 104 mẫu nước. TOC từ trồng rau và hoa (11,7 ± 7,3 mg. L-1 và 12,6 ± 6,0 mg.L-1) cao hơn so với trồng lúa (8,5 ± 6,6 mg. L-1). TOC trong mùa mưa thấp hơn so với mùa khô. Cần thường xuyên giám sát và nỗ lực kiểm soát ô nhiễm chất hữu cơ do nước chảy tràn từ đất canh tác ở lưu vực sông Hồng.

The emerging evidence of preferential accumulation and long residence time of proteinaceous compounds in soil are counter to the traditional view that their structure is readily broken down through microbial activity. The shift in thinking of their residence time is, however, heavily influenced by physical and chemical protections in soil, representing an important change for understanding global biogeochemical carbon and nitrogen cycling. We investigated the accumulation patterns of proteinogenic amino acids for a long term (thousands of years) related to their sources and sinks. We found clear patterns of change in the amino acids in a 4000 year-chronosequence adjacent to Lake Michigan, USA (Michigan chronosequence) and they were tightly related to the shifts in their biological sources, namely aboveground vegetative community (r2=0.66, p<0.0001) and belowground microbial community (r2=0.71, p<0.0001). Results also showed great variations of approximately 49% between seasons (summer and winter). Moreover, seasonal dynamic patterns (22% variations) of the amino acids in soil mineral associated fraction were rather counter to the conceptual view that it represents a slow soil organic pool with long residence times. The amino acids enriched in the mineral associated fraction, (e.g., positively charged, aromatic, and sulfur containing amino acids), tended to preferentially accumulate in whole soil pool during the 4000 years of ecosystem development. Their interaction with soil minerals, therefore, may play a critical role in the long-term sink and selective accumulation of proteinaceous compounds with some degree of the displacement. This was further confirmed by another chronosequence system near Haast River, New Zealand, which is geologically separated and climatically- and ecologically- different from the Michigan chronosequence. Common trends between two chronosequences suggested that either polar interactions or redox reactions may be relatively more important in the mineral interaction of amino acids than non-polar interactions. The consistency of results at two disparate locations in the southern and northern hemispheres is strong evidence that the processes of pedogenesis and ecosystem development are parsimonious and predictable. Our research demonstrated fundamental understanding of behavior of proteinaceous compounds at the molecular species level, and further provided their partitioning mechanisms associated with soil components. / Ph. D.