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This research presents the results of general linear modeling (GLM) of 131 school divisions in Virginia. The purpose of this research is to answer the question: What is the relationship between teacher salaries and student achievement as measured by Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP)? Utilizing an equity theory and distributive justice perspective, data related to achievement in English and mathematics by high school students, as measured by the requirements of AYP, were culled from the Virginia Department of Education for every school division in Virginia in the subjects of reading, writing, algebra I, geometry, and algebra II. These data represent the dependent variables and are analyzed with teacher salary and principal salary data, which represent the independent variables. Intervening variables identified in the education, public policy and economic literature are also included in the modeling. An analysis of nine general linear models produced evidence that the relationship between teacher salaries and student achievement, as measured by AYP, is relatively weak. Though the results do not support a wide range of policy recommendations, one recommendation is for school divisions in the northern region of the state to consider a readjustment of their pay scales in order for teacher salaries in those Northern Virginia school divisions to be more competitive with other school divisions in the state when adjusted for cost-of-living.

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In their highly influential work on the labour market impact of unions termed the collective voice/institutional response model (CVIR), Freeman & Medoff (1984) proposed that whether the unions monopoly or voice face would prevail greatly depended on the unions and managements willingness to compete or cooperate, respectively. However, these authors and the researchers that tested their ideas afterwards neither theorized about nor tested this key moderating condition of a unions impact. The result has been a confusing, mixed and generally inconclusive litany of research findings about the impact of unions at both the individual and organizational levels of analysis. I attempt to resolve this gap in CVIR by using the appropriateness framework (March 1994) to identify when and under what conditions management and unions, along with their members, will respond cooperatively or competitively toward each other. My empirical results are consistent with the idea that management response is a key moderating mechanism of a unions power and thus impact, contributing to zero or negative sum outcomes when management chooses to compete (i.e., union power is exerted in the direction of harmful monopoly effects) and positive sum outcomes when management chooses cooperation (i.e., union power is exerted in the direction of beneficial voice effects). In particular, when environmental cues lead the union and/or unionized employees to believe that management values voice, they will consider cooperation an appropriate response under the circumstances and reciprocate in-kind with other-regarding behaviors. On the other hand, when environmental cues lead the union or unionized employees to believe that management may potentially behave opportunistically, they will consider competition appropriate under the circumstances, and respond in-kind with self-serving, competitive behaviours. Drawing upon the resource-based view of the firm, I argue how a cooperative union-management relationship can be a source of sustainable competitive advantage for the organization (Barney, 1991). / Human Resources Management and Industrial Relations

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:26:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jorge Ramon DAcosta Rivera.pdf: 1159002 bytes, checksum: dfbdda65087f0c04b7a1cd38ef698021 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-05-14 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / Several studies relate organizational outcomes to the performance of top management teams (TMT), who are accountable for formulating environment-adaptive responses. Defining such responses involves strategic choices in the face of unstructured problems. Studies often suggest that the process of strategic choice is influenced by the cognitive background and values of the executives in those teams. Many of the studies on top management teams have focused on their composition, using demographic variables as proxies for deep-level characteristics to understand team behavior and outcomes. The present investigation aims to verify the influence of deep-level characteristics the dissimilarities in TMT members individual values on the team s outcomes. Individual values, in the context of this study, are desirable, transituational goals with various degrees of importance that function as principles in a person s life, referring both to life in general, as to specific contexts such as work. The research was carried out within a simulated Business Games environment. A group of 186 Business and Accounting undergraduate students filled out Schwartz s QPV and Porto and Tamayo´s EVT value inventories, both validated in Brazil. The students, gathered in 44 management teams, played the role of executives and made strategic choices that determined the outcomes for the simulated organizations they managed. The quantitative descriptiveexploratory research revealed relationships between team members values dissimilarities the independent variables and the teams outcomes - the dependent variables - using bi- and multivariate statistical treatments. Two statistically significant regression models were found, relating, respectively, team outcomes to the dissimilarities in second order general values Openness to Change and Conservation and to the work values Fulfillment at Work and Prestige . The findings suggest that management teams strategic choice in the face of unstructured problems is influenced by the dissimilarities in some types of their members values and not by others. The regression models also point out that this influence on outcomes can be either positive or negative, depending on the motivational type of the value under consideration. / Numerosos estudos atribuem os resultados organizacionais à atuação de times de alta gerência (TAG), aos quais compete formular respostas adaptativas ao ambiente. A definição dessas respostas envolve escolhas estratégicas, diante de problemas não estruturados. Com freqüência, esses estudos sugerem que o processo de escolha estratégica é influenciado pela base cognitiva e pelos valores dos executivos que compõem esses times. Muitas pesquisas sobre times de alta gerência têm centrado a atenção sobre a composição desses times, utilizando variáveis demográficas como proxies de características em nível profundo para entender o comportamento do time e seus resultados. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a influência de características em nível profundo - as dissimilaridades de valores individuais de membros de TAG - nos resultados desses times. Valores individuais são metas desejáveis e transituacionais que variam em importância e servem como princípios na vida de uma pessoa, podendo dizer respeito tanto à vida em geral quanto a contextos específicos como o trabalho. Este estudo foi realizado em um ambiente simulado de Jogos de Empresas, onde 186 graduandos de administração e contabilidade responderam os inventários de valores QPV de Schwartz e EVT de Porto e Tamayo, validados no Brasil. Os estudantes desempenharam o papel de executivos agrupados em 44 times gerenciais, fazendo escolhas estratégicas que determinaram o resultado das organizações simuladas, administradas por esses times. Mediante uma pesquisa de natureza descritivo-exploratória, utilizando o método quantitativo, foram determinadas as relações entre a dissimilaridade de valores dos membros de times, como variáveis independentes, e o resultado desses times, como variável dependente, por meio de tratamento estatístico bi e multivariado. Foram encontrados dois modelos de regressão estatisticamente significativos que relacionam, respectivamente, o resultado dos times às dissimilaridades dos valores gerais de segunda ordem Abertura à mudança e Conservação e aos valores relativos ao trabalho Realização no trabalho e Prestígio, mostrando que a escolha estratégica de times gerenciais, diante de problemas não estruturados, é influenciada pelas dissimilaridades de alguns tipos de valores individuais e não de outros. Os modelos de regressão encontrados apontam, ainda, que essa influência sobre os resultados pode ser positiva ou negativa, dependendo do tipo motivacional do valor considerado.