Purpose. Despite work-related stress is one of the most studied topic in organizational psychology, many aspects as for example the use of different measures (e.g. subjective and objective, qualitative and quantitative) are still under debate. According to this, in order to enhance knowledge concerning which factors and processes contribute to create healthy workplaces, this thesis is composed by four different studies aiming to understand: a) the role of relevant antecedents (e.g. leadership, job demands, work-family conflict, social support etc.) and outcomes (e.g. workplace phobia, absenteeism etc.) of work-related stress; and b) how to manage psychosocial risk factors in the workplace. The studies. The first study focused on how disagreement between supervisors and their employees on leadership style (transformational and transactional) could affect workers well-being and work team variables. The second and third study used both subjective and objective data in order to increase the quality of the reliability of the results gained. Particularly, the second study focused on job demand and its relationship with objective sickness leave. Findings showed that despite there is no direct relationship between these two variables, job demand affects work-family conflict, which in turn affect exhaustion, which leads to absenteeism. The third study analysed the role of a new concept never studied before in organizational settings (workplace phobia), as a health outcome in the JD-R model, demonstrating also its relationship with absenteeism. The last study highlighted the added value of using the mixed methods research approach in order to detect and analyse context-specific job demands which could affects workers’ health. Conclusion. The findings of this thesis answered both to open questions in the scientific literature and to the social request of managing psychosocial risk factors in the workplace in order to enhance workers well-being.

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Il presente contributo prende le mosse dalla consapevolezza che i modelli lineari tradizionali sulle carriere (Super, 1980) hanno lasciato il passo a concettualizzazioni più complesse e non lineari (Cohen, Duberley & Mallon, 2004; Pryor & Bright, 2007; Richardson, 2002), argomento tra l’altro approfondito operando una disanima delle principali transizioni di carriera e dei fenomeni psicosociali ad esse correlate (Schlossberg, Waters & Goodman, 1995). Vengono affrontati temi attuali quali quelli della Globalizzazione riflessiva (Beck, 1999), della complessità e delle Flessibilità (Sennett, 1998) e se ne mette in luce le interrelazioni con il fenomeno delle carriere, ed in particolare delle dinamiche che ne hanno modificato progressivamente e radicalmente la natura nel corso degli ultimi trent’anni (Hall, 1976, 1996). È stato approfondito il tema dei nuovi percorsi di carriera, con particolare attenzione ai costrutti teorici della Protean Career (Carriera Versatile) e della Boundaryless Career (Carriera senza confini). Sono stati condotti due studi, mediante il metodo dell’inchiesta, proponendo dei questionari autosomministrabili a due gruppi di lavoratori dipendenti. La selezione degli strumenti da inserire nel protocollo, e quindi delle ipotesi da verificare è stata operata in funzione delle caratteristiche intrinseche dei due gruppi coinvolti, cercando comunque di valorizzare sempre il ruolo dei nuovi orientamenti di carriera all’interno del disegno di ricerca. Lo studio 1 è stato condotto su un gruppo di 540 lavoratori dipendenti provenienti da Sardegna e Sicilia. Facendo riferimento agli studi tradizionali sull’insicurezza lavorativa (Sverke & Hellgren, 2002), si è cercato di valutare l’eventuale effetto moderante dei nuovi orientamenti di carriera (Briscoe, Hall & Frautschy De Muth, 2006) circa gli effetti dell’insicurezza su benessere psicofisico (Goldberg, 1972) e coinvolgimento lavorativo (Schaufeli, Bakker & Salanova, 2006; Scaufeli, Salanova, Gonzalez-Romá & Bakker, 2002). I risultati hanno mostrato alcuni effetti parziali, ma d’altro canto è emerso che i medesimi orientamenti di carriera risultano significativamente e direttamente associati a variabili quali l’Autoefficacia, la Proattività, il benessere e il Coinvolgimento. Lo studio 2, riguardante un gruppo di 79 neolaureati di Palermo e provincia al primo inserimento lavorativo, è stato condotto nell’arco di 8 mesi con tre rilevazioni dati. In questo caso si è cercato di evidenziare eventuali effetti causali longitudinali degli orientamenti di carriera sulle variabili dipendenti già incluse nello studio 2. Le ipotesi espresse hanno trovato soltanto parziale conferma nei risultati.

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The present dissertation focuses on burnout and work engagement among teachers, with especial focus on the Job-Demands Resources Model: Chapter 1 focuses on teacher burnout. It aims to investigate the role of efficacy beliefs using negatively worded inefficacy items instead of positive ones and to establish whether depersonalization and cynism can be considered two different dimensions of the teacher burnout syndrome. Chapter 2 investigates the factorial validity of the instruments used to measure work engagement (i.e. Utrecht Work Engagement Scale, UWES-17 and UWES-9). Moreover, because the current study is partly longitudinal in nature, also the stability across time of engagement can be investigated. Finally, based on cluster-analyses, two groups that differ in levels of engagement are compared as far as their job- and personal resources (i.e. possibilities for personal development, work-life balance, and self-efficacy), positive organizational attitudes and behaviours (i.e., job satisfaction and organizational citizenship behaviour) and perceived health are concerned. Chapter 3 tests the JD-R model in a longitudinal way, by integrating also the role of personal resources (i.e. self-efficacy). This chapter seeks answers to questions on what are the most important job demands, job and personal resources contributing to discriminate burned-out teachers from non-burned-out teachers, as well as engaged teachers from non-engaged teachers. Chapter 4 uses a diary study to extend knowledge about the dynamic nature of the JD-R model by considering between- and within-person variations with regard to both motivational and health impairment processes.

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