Goal of this master´s thesis is to experimentally analyse air jet from ventilation outlet of a passenger car dashboard using smoke visualization and to describe this air jet. Air flow was set at 30 m3/h according to requirements from Škoda Auto s.r.o. from previous experiments on a similar ventilation outlet. First type of measuring rig which was developed for previous experiments was disassembled and replaced with a new modern measuring rig which is supposed to be used for next visualizations and experiments. Visualization was performed using smoke method and laser light plane. Air jet was photographed for five defined ventilation outlet adjustments and that for a jet to free space and for a jet flowing along a wall. The wall represented a front left door of a car. Results were processed by computer and presented as pictures and tables. Resulting angles were transformed to the main coordinate system of a car. Ventilation outlet functionality with respect to the air distribution in a car was evaluated afterwards.

Leaflet replacement in aortic valve repair (AVr) is associated with increased long-term repair failure. Hemodynamic performance and mechanical stress levels were investigated after porcine AVr with 5 types of clinically relevant replacement materials to ascertain which material(s) would be best suited for repair. Porcine aortic roots with intact aortic valves were placed in a left-heart simulator mounted with a high-speed camera for baseline valve assessment. Then, the non-coronary leaflet was excised and replaced with autologous porcine pericardium (APP), glutaraldehyde-fixed bovine pericardial patch (BPP; Synovis™), extracellular matrix scaffold (CorMatrix™), or collagen-impregnated Dacron (HEMASHIELD™). Hemodynamic parameters were measured over a range of cardiac outputs (2.5–6.5L/min) post-repair. Material properties of the above materials along with St. Jude Medical™ Pericardial Patch with EnCapTM Technology (SJM) were determined using pressurization experiments. Finite element models of the aortic valve and root complex were then constructed to verify the hemodynamic characteristics and determine leaflet stress levels. This study demonstrates that APP and SJM have the closest profiles to normal aortic valves; therefore, use of either replacement material may be best suited. Increased stresses found in BPP, HEMASHIELD™, and CorMatrix™ groups may be associated with late repair failure.

Leaflet replacement in aortic valve repair (AVr) is associated with increased long-term repair failure. Hemodynamic performance and mechanical stress levels were investigated after porcine AVr with 5 types of clinically relevant replacement materials to ascertain which material(s) would be best suited for repair. Porcine aortic roots with intact aortic valves were placed in a left-heart simulator mounted with a high-speed camera for baseline valve assessment. Then, the non-coronary leaflet was excised and replaced with autologous porcine pericardium (APP), glutaraldehyde-fixed bovine pericardial patch (BPP; Synovis™), extracellular matrix scaffold (CorMatrix™), or collagen-impregnated Dacron (HEMASHIELD™). Hemodynamic parameters were measured over a range of cardiac outputs (2.5–6.5L/min) post-repair. Material properties of the above materials along with St. Jude Medical™ Pericardial Patch with EnCapTM Technology (SJM) were determined using pressurization experiments. Finite element models of the aortic valve and root complex were then constructed to verify the hemodynamic characteristics and determine leaflet stress levels. This study demonstrates that APP and SJM have the closest profiles to normal aortic valves; therefore, use of either replacement material may be best suited. Increased stresses found in BPP, HEMASHIELD™, and CorMatrix™ groups may be associated with late repair failure.

INTRODUÇÃO: A microcirurgia endoscópica transanal (TEM) é uma técnica minimamente invasiva segura e eficiente para o tratamento de neoplasia retal benigna e maligna precoce. As complicações pós operatórias podem ser graves. Existe controvérsia na literatura a respeito da sua incidência e gravidade. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar os fatores de risco relacionados a incidência e gravidade das complicações pós operatórias e seu comportamento temporal em pacientes com neoplasia retal tratados por TEM. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo das complicações pós-operatórias usando a classificação e graduação de Clavien-Dindo. As características estudadas dos pacientes foram: idade, sexo, risco cirúrgico dado pela Associação Americana de Anestesiologia (ASA), quimiorradioterapia neoadjuvante, altura e tamanho da lesão, margens patológicas, histologia do tumor e tipo de sutura: por TEM ou por afastador anal convencional. RESULTADOS: Dentre os cinquenta e três pacientes tratados, a morbidade geral foi de 50%. Incontinência foi a complicação mais frequente (17,3%). Apenas uma paciente teve incontinência persistente. As taxas de complicações pós-operatórias grau I e grau II (GII) foram ambas 21,1%; para grau III (GIII) e IV também foram ambas: 3,8%. Não houve mortalidade. Dos pacientes que tiveram complicações pós-operatórias, 61,54% tinham lesões abaixo da primeira válvula retal, comparado com 38,46% dos pacientes com lesões acima da primeira válvula (p=0.039). Pacientes submetidos à quimiorradioterapia neoadjuvante tiveram 24 vezes mais chance de apresentarem complicações pós-operatórias GII (p=0,002), e 7,03 vezes mais chance de GIII (p=0,098). Quando a sutura da ferida cirúrgica foi realizada por TEM, houve 16 vezes menos chance de ocorrerem complicações pós-operatórias GIII (p=0,043). 53% das complicações pós-operatórias ocorreram em 10 dias e 95%, em 20 dias. CONCLUSÕES: Complicações pós-operatórias pós TEM são frequentes, aceitáveis e geralmente controladas com medicamentos. Pacientes com lesões mais distais têm mais complicações pós-operatórias. Pacientes que receberam quimiorradioterapia neoadjuvante e submetidos a sutura com afastador de ânus convencional tiveram complicações pós operatórias que requereram intervenção médica - cirúrgica ou endoscópica sobre sedação. O comportamento temporal das complicações é progressivo e inespecífico, a maioria ocorrendo nos primeiros 20 dias / INTRODUCTION: Transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) is a safe and efficient minimally invasive treatment for rectal benign and early malignant neoplasia. Postoperative complications may be severe. Controversy exists with regard to incidence and severity. OBJECTIVES: Evaluate risk factors related to incidence and severity of postoperative complications, and time course, in patients with rectal neoplasia treated by TEM. METHODS: Prospective study of postoperative complications using the Clavien-Dindo classification and grading system. Patients\' characteristics included age, sex, ASA score, neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT), lesion height and size, pathologic margins, tumor histology, and suture type: through TEM or conventional retractor. RESULTS: Among fifty-three patients treated,overall morbidity rate was 50%. Incontinence was the most frequent complication (17.3%). One patient had persistent incontinence. Grade I and Grade II (GII) postoperative complication rates were both 21.1%, and Grade III (GIII) and IV rates were both 3.8%. There was no mortality. Of the patients with postoperative complications, 61.54% had lesions under the first rectal valve, compared with 38.46% of patients with lesions over the first valve (p=0.039). Patients submitted to CRT had a 24-fold greater chance of presenting GII complications (p=0.002), and a 7.03-fold greater chance of GIII (p=0.098). When the surgical defect was treated using the TEM device to perform the suture, there was a 16-fold less chance of having GIII complications (p=0.043). Fifty-three percent of complications occurred in the first 10 days, and 95% within 20 days. CONCLUSIONS: Postoperative complications after TEM for the treatment of rectal neoplasia are frequent, acceptable, and usually controllable with pharmacologic treatment. Patients with more distal lesions have more postoperative complications. Patients receiving neoadjuvant CRT and submitted to suture with a conventional anal retractor have more postoperative complications that require intervention under sedation. Over time the nature of complications is progressive and nonspecific, with most occurring within the first 20 days

INTRODUÇÃO: A microcirurgia endoscópica transanal (TEM) é uma técnica minimamente invasiva segura e eficiente para o tratamento de neoplasia retal benigna e maligna precoce. As complicações pós operatórias podem ser graves. Existe controvérsia na literatura a respeito da sua incidência e gravidade. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar os fatores de risco relacionados a incidência e gravidade das complicações pós operatórias e seu comportamento temporal em pacientes com neoplasia retal tratados por TEM. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo das complicações pós-operatórias usando a classificação e graduação de Clavien-Dindo. As características estudadas dos pacientes foram: idade, sexo, risco cirúrgico dado pela Associação Americana de Anestesiologia (ASA), quimiorradioterapia neoadjuvante, altura e tamanho da lesão, margens patológicas, histologia do tumor e tipo de sutura: por TEM ou por afastador anal convencional. RESULTADOS: Dentre os cinquenta e três pacientes tratados, a morbidade geral foi de 50%. Incontinência foi a complicação mais frequente (17,3%). Apenas uma paciente teve incontinência persistente. As taxas de complicações pós-operatórias grau I e grau II (GII) foram ambas 21,1%; para grau III (GIII) e IV também foram ambas: 3,8%. Não houve mortalidade. Dos pacientes que tiveram complicações pós-operatórias, 61,54% tinham lesões abaixo da primeira válvula retal, comparado com 38,46% dos pacientes com lesões acima da primeira válvula (p=0.039). Pacientes submetidos à quimiorradioterapia neoadjuvante tiveram 24 vezes mais chance de apresentarem complicações pós-operatórias GII (p=0,002), e 7,03 vezes mais chance de GIII (p=0,098). Quando a sutura da ferida cirúrgica foi realizada por TEM, houve 16 vezes menos chance de ocorrerem complicações pós-operatórias GIII (p=0,043). 53% das complicações pós-operatórias ocorreram em 10 dias e 95%, em 20 dias. CONCLUSÕES: Complicações pós-operatórias pós TEM são frequentes, aceitáveis e geralmente controladas com medicamentos. Pacientes com lesões mais distais têm mais complicações pós-operatórias. Pacientes que receberam quimiorradioterapia neoadjuvante e submetidos a sutura com afastador de ânus convencional tiveram complicações pós operatórias que requereram intervenção médica - cirúrgica ou endoscópica sobre sedação. O comportamento temporal das complicações é progressivo e inespecífico, a maioria ocorrendo nos primeiros 20 dias / INTRODUCTION: Transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) is a safe and efficient minimally invasive treatment for rectal benign and early malignant neoplasia. Postoperative complications may be severe. Controversy exists with regard to incidence and severity. OBJECTIVES: Evaluate risk factors related to incidence and severity of postoperative complications, and time course, in patients with rectal neoplasia treated by TEM. METHODS: Prospective study of postoperative complications using the Clavien-Dindo classification and grading system. Patients\' characteristics included age, sex, ASA score, neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT), lesion height and size, pathologic margins, tumor histology, and suture type: through TEM or conventional retractor. RESULTS: Among fifty-three patients treated,overall morbidity rate was 50%. Incontinence was the most frequent complication (17.3%). One patient had persistent incontinence. Grade I and Grade II (GII) postoperative complication rates were both 21.1%, and Grade III (GIII) and IV rates were both 3.8%. There was no mortality. Of the patients with postoperative complications, 61.54% had lesions under the first rectal valve, compared with 38.46% of patients with lesions over the first valve (p=0.039). Patients submitted to CRT had a 24-fold greater chance of presenting GII complications (p=0.002), and a 7.03-fold greater chance of GIII (p=0.098). When the surgical defect was treated using the TEM device to perform the suture, there was a 16-fold less chance of having GIII complications (p=0.043). Fifty-three percent of complications occurred in the first 10 days, and 95% within 20 days. CONCLUSIONS: Postoperative complications after TEM for the treatment of rectal neoplasia are frequent, acceptable, and usually controllable with pharmacologic treatment. Patients with more distal lesions have more postoperative complications. Patients receiving neoadjuvant CRT and submitted to suture with a conventional anal retractor have more postoperative complications that require intervention under sedation. Over time the nature of complications is progressive and nonspecific, with most occurring within the first 20 days