A ninhydrin-positive, phosphorus-negative lipid from Paracoccus denitrificans ATCC 13543 has been isolated and purified by mild alkaline methanolysis followed by silicic acid column chromatography and preparative thin-layer chromatography. The lipid was identified as an ornithine-containing lipid. The major ester-linked fatty acid was cis vaccenic acid. Major amide-linked fatty acids were 3-OH-20:1 and 3-OH-18:0. Ornithine-containing lipid was a major lipid component of P. denitrificans. Phospholipids made up about 57% and ornithine-containing lipid about 14% of the weight of the total lipid of the organism. The ratios of lipid ornithine: lipid phosphorus were 0.23, 0.65 and 0.58 in cytoplasmic membrane, outer membrane, and an NaCl extract, which is thought to represent chiefly outer membrane, respectively. Thus ornithine-containing lipid appears to be present in larger amounts in outer membrane than cytoplasmic membrane. No substantial variations in lipid ornithine levels were noted in stationary phase versus exposnential phase organisms, organisms grown in complex medium versus organisms grown in minimal medium with and without amino acid supplements, or in organisms grown in low phosphate-containing medium.

Ornithine is an amino acid of which the side chain contains three pairs of diastereotopic protons. The diastereotopic protons are chemically nonequivalent. The NOEDIF spectra of ornithine were obtained in an acid solution to assign the individual chemical shifts of the β diastereotopic protons with the aid of the theoretical calculation of conformation distribution. The β Pro-S resonance was found to be at a higher field than β pro-R proton. (S,S)-Ethylenediamine-N,N'-disuccinic acid (EDDS) was found to be a good chiral chemical shift reagent ligand in water solution. The Ytterbium complex of EDDS was used to distinguish L-ornithine and D-ornithine. For the α protons, the enantiomeric shift difference was affected by the pH of the solution and the substrate : Yb(EDDS)’ ratio. The association constants between Yb(EDDS)’ and L- or D-ornithine were found to be slightly different. Yb(EDDS)’ may also be useful to distinguish between the diastereotopic protons in ornithine and other molecules in NMR spectra.

No description available.

In Escherichia coli, the speC gene encodes biosynthetic ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), an enzyme that catalyzes the decarboxylation of ornithine to produce putrescine. The two polyamines, putrescine and spermidine, and the cyclic AMP (CAMP) - cAMP receptor protein (CRP) are known to inhibit the expression of ODC via undefined mechanisms. A single copy of the speC’-lacZ fusion plasmid pOL-1, containing an 843 base pair fragment including the spec promoter, was transferred to the E. coli CB806 chromosome to create E. coli λCBOL. In cell-free extracts prepared from E. coli λCBOL supplemented with cAMP, putrescine, or spermidine, the B-galactosidase activity encoded by the speC’-lacZ fusion was compared to the ODC activity encoded by spec. Only cyclic AMP and putrescine repressed the speC’-lacZ fusion. Cyclic AMP, putrescine, and spermidine all repressed the spec gene. A 444 bp AluI restriction fragment, containing a putative CRP binding site and a downstream open reading frame (ORF2) present on the strand complementary to speC, was fused to lacZ to create a transcriptional fusion, pCC2L. Analysis of E. coli CB806/pCC2L revealed that there was no detectable β8- galactosidase activity from the ORF2-lacZ fusion. However, promoter activity was detected in the opposite direction (3’ to 5’) of ORF2 as alkaline phosphatase activity, encoded on the same plasmid, increased in the presence of CAMP. A 678 bp DraI-AatII fragment, containing the CRP binding site and an adjacent open reading frame (ORF3) present on the speC coding strand, was subcloned into plasmid pBR322 to create pBCR. In the presence of 10 mM cAMP, E. coli CB806/pBCR exhibited an 18% inhibition in ODC activity encoded by spec. It is proposed that ORF3 encodes a protein that represses speC in the presence of CAMP. / Master of Science

L’encéphalopathie hépatique (EH) est une complication neuropsychiatrique de la maladie de foie telle que la cirrhose, caractérisée par des dysfonctions cognitives et motrices. Le seul traitement curatif est la transplantation hépatique (TH). Historiquement, l’EH est considérée comme un désordre métabolique réversible et il est attendu qu’il soit résolu suivant la TH. Cependant, il a été démontré que des complications neurologiques persistent chez 47% des patients transplantés. La TH est une opération chirurgicale complexe accompagnée de stress péri-opératoire telle que la perte sanguine et l’hypotension. L’hypothèse de ce projet d’étude est que l’EH minimale (EHm) rend le cerveau plus susceptible à une perte neuronale suite à une insulte hypotensive. Nous avons donc caractérisé un modèle d’hypotension chez des rats cirrhotiques avec ligation de la voie biliaire (BDL) dans lequel une hypovolémie de l’artère fémorale a été faite. Avec ce modèle, nous avons étudié l’impact de différentes pressions sanguines de 120 minutes sur le compte neuronal. Nos résultats démontrent que les BDL hypotendus à une pression artérielle moyenne de 60 mmHg et 30 mmHg ont une diminution du compte neuronal et que les neurones mourraient par apoptose (observée par la présence de caspase-3 clivée). Nous avons également déterminé que le flot sanguin cérébral était altéré chez les rats cirrhotiques BDL. Le second objectif était d’évaluer si le traitement de l’EHm par l’ornithine phénylacétate (OP) permettait d’éviter la perte neuronale chez les BDL hypotendus. Nos résultats ont démontrés que l’OP permettait de partiellement rétablir les fonctions cognitives chez les rats BDL. De plus, les rats BDL traités avec l’OP peuvent éviter la mort neuronale. Cependant, le processus apoptotique est toujours enclenché. Ce résultat suggère la possibilité de mort cellulaire retardée par l’OP. Ces résultats suggèrent que les patients cirrhotiques avec EHm sont plus susceptibles à une mort neuronale induite par hypotension. La combinaison de l’EHm et l’hypotension permet d’expliquer les complications neurologiques rencontrées chez certains patients. Le diagnostic et le traitement de ce syndrome doit donc être fait chez les patients cirrhotiques pour éviter ces complications post-TH. / Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a major neuropsychiatric complication caused by chronic liver disease such as cirrhosis and is characterized by cognitive and motor dysfunction. The only curative treatment to date remains liver transplantation (LT). Historically, HE has always been considered to be a reversible metabolic disorder and has therefore been expected to completely resolve following LT. However, persisting neurological complications remain a common problem affecting as many as 47% of LT recipients. LT is a major surgical procedure accompanied by intraoperative stress and confounding factors, including blood loss and hypotension. We hypothesize, in the setting of minimal HE (MHE), the compromised brain becomes susceptible to hypotensive insults, resulting in cell injury and death. To investigate this hypothesis, six-week bile-duct ligated (BDL) rats with MHE and respective controls (SHAM) were used. Blood is withdrawn from the femoral artery (inducing hypovolemia) until a mean arterial pressure of 30, 60 and 90 mmHg (hypotension) and maintained for 120 minutes. Our results demonstrated that BDL with following hypotension of 30 and 60 mmHg have a lower neuronal cell count compared to SHAM-operated animals. Furthermore, we provide evidence neuronal cell death is occurring due to apoptosis (observed by presence of cleaved caspase-3). In addition, cerebral blood flow is reduced in BDL rats compared to SHAM-operated controls. Second objective was to assess the therapeutic potential of the ammonia-lowering agent ornithine phenylacetate (OP) in preventing hypotension-induced neuronal loss in BDL rats. OP-treated BDL rats, in addition to lowering blood ammonia, also ameliorated cognitive function. However, cleaved caspase-3 levels were still elevated in the brains of OP-treated BDL rats therefore suggesting OP delays the onset of neuronal death in BDL rats. Overall, these findings strongly suggest that cirrhotic patients with MHE are more susceptible to hypotension-induced neuronal cell loss. Moreover, these results suggest a patient with HE (even MHE), with a “frail brain”, will fare worse during LT transplantation and consequently result in poor neurological outcome. Combination of MHE and hypotension may account for the persisting neurological complications observed in a number of cirrhotic patients following LT. Therefore, MHE, i) should not be ignored and therefore diagnosed and ii) merits to be treated in order to reduce the risk of neurological complications occurring post-LT

5 Abstract Definitive diagnosis of inherited metabolic disorders commonly depends on the measurement of enzyme activity (which is often complicated) and/or molecular genetic testing. Yet even the standard mutation analysis can bring false negative results in the case of gross chromosomal rearrangements or incorrect regulation of gene expression due to the mutations in regulatory regions. In the present study I focused on characterization of complex mutations affecting the gene encoding ornithin transcarbamylase (OTC) followed by studies of regulatory regions of OTC and GBA (the gene encoding β-glucocerebrosidase). In the first study we identified 14 novel mutations including three large deletions in a cohort of 37 patients with OTC deficiency (OTCD). Subsequently we evaluated clinical significance of all these mutations. We also found a heterozygote carrying a hypomorphic mutation and manifesting OTCD most likely due to unfavorable X-inactivation which was observed independently in three different peripheral tissues. In order to evaluate the clinical significance of a promoter variation c.-366A>G found in a family with mild OTCD we identified three alternative transcription start sites (TSSs) of human OTC and delimited the promoter. We also found a distal enhancer and performed functional analysis of both...

5 Abstract Definitive diagnosis of inherited metabolic disorders commonly depends on the measurement of enzyme activity (which is often complicated) and/or molecular genetic testing. Yet even the standard mutation analysis can bring false negative results in the case of gross chromosomal rearrangements or incorrect regulation of gene expression due to the mutations in regulatory regions. In the present study I focused on characterization of complex mutations affecting the gene encoding ornithin transcarbamylase (OTC) followed by studies of regulatory regions of OTC and GBA (the gene encoding β-glucocerebrosidase). In the first study we identified 14 novel mutations including three large deletions in a cohort of 37 patients with OTC deficiency (OTCD). Subsequently we evaluated clinical significance of all these mutations. We also found a heterozygote carrying a hypomorphic mutation and manifesting OTCD most likely due to unfavorable X-inactivation which was observed independently in three different peripheral tissues. In order to evaluate the clinical significance of a promoter variation c.-366A>G found in a family with mild OTCD we identified three alternative transcription start sites (TSSs) of human OTC and delimited the promoter. We also found a distal enhancer and performed functional analysis of both...

Contexte et objectifs : L'encéphalopathie hépatique (EH) est un trouble neuropsychiatrique, une complication majeure de la maladie hépatique chronique (MHC). L'EH se manifeste par un large éventail de symptômes, allant d'un léger manque d'attention et de troubles de la mémoire à une léthargie sévère et un coma. L'hyperammoniémie est centrale dans la pathogenèse de l'EH puisque l'ammoniac est neurotoxique et que l'ammoniac dérivé du sang traverse facilement la barrière hémato-encéphalique (BHE). Cependant, d'autres facteurs pathogènes sont également impliqués dans l'EH, notamment le stress oxydatif. Au cours de la MHC, le muscle joue un rôle compensatoire essentiel dans l'élimination de l'ammoniac par l'action de l'enzyme glutamine synthétase (GS), qui transforme le glutamate en glutamine. Étant donné que les cellules endothéliales de la BHE sont l'interface entre le sang et le cerveau, il est plausible qu'elles métabolisent l'ammoniac pour protéger le cerveau de la neurotoxicité induite par l'ammoniac. Cependant, cela n'a jamais fait l'objet d'études. Les thérapies de réduction de l'ammoniac sont les traitements courants de l'EH. Cependant, les réponses des patients aux traitements sont hétérogènes, et les différences de sexe pourraient en être la cause. Par conséquent, nos objectifs étaient 1) d'explorer le métabolisme de l'ammoniac dans les cellules endothéliales de la BHE par la présence de GS et 2) d'évaluer l'impact du sexe sur la MHC et ses complications, y compris la sarcopénie et l'EH. Méthodes : Pour le premier objectif, nous avons évalué l'expression et l'activité de la protéine GS in vitro et ex vivo chez des rats naïfs. Nous avons également évalué l'impact de l'ornithine, du glutamate et du α-kétoglutarate sur l'activité de la GS dans les cellules endothéliales de la BHE via la génération de glutamine 5-13C marquée. Pour le deuxième objectif, nous avons évalué l'impact du sexe sur le neurophénotype (anxiété, mémoire, coordination motrice et activité) chez des rats ligaturés des voies biliaires (BDL) (et contrôles respectifs) ainsi que sur le développement d'une EH sévère (léthargie/perte du réflexe de redressement). Nous avons également évalué les marqueurs des lésions hépatiques, l'hyperammoniémie, le stress oxydatif systémique, la masse et la fonction musculaire et la clairance de l'ammoniac musculaire. Résultats : Nous avons trouvé l'activité et l'expression de la GS in vivo et ex vivo dans les cellules endothéliales de la BHE. L'analyse au microscope confocal a montré que la GS dans les cellules endothéliales est moins abondante que dans les astrocytes. L'exposition de cellules endothéliales cultivées à des substrats marqués a révélé que l'ornithine est la plus efficace pour générer de la glutamine. Chez les femmes, la chirurgie BDL a provoqué une MHC (augmentation des enzymes hépatiques circulantes et de la bilirubine) et de l'EH (altération de la coordination motrice et de l'activité nocturne) par rapport aux rats contrôles respectifs. De plus, le degré d'hyperammoniémie et la clairance musculaire de l'ammoniac étaient similaires entre les sexes. Contrairement aux mâles, les rats femelles n'ont pas développé de perte musculaire, d'œdème cérébral et de perte de mémoire à court terme. De plus, les femelles présentaient un stress oxydatif plus faible et étaient complètement protégées contre les EH sévères précipitées par l'ammoniac par rapport aux mâles BDL. Conclusions : Nous concluons que la GS est exprimée dans les cellules endothéliales de la BHE, jouant peut-être un rôle dans l'atténuation ou le retard de l'entrée de l'ammoniac dans le cerveau et que la supplémentation en ornithine améliore l'activité de la GS en fournissant du glutamate pour la détoxification de l'ammoniac. De plus, nous concluons que le sexe a un impact sur les complications des maladies du foie, y compris la sarcopénie et l'EH, le stress oxydatif systémique jouant un rôle vital dans la susceptibilité à l'EH sévère induite par l'ammoniac. / Background and aims: Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a neuropsychiatric disorder and a major complication of chronic liver disease (CLD). HE manifests with a wide range of symptoms, from mild lack of attention and memory impairments to severe lethargy and coma. Hyperammonemia is central in the pathogenesis of HE since ammonia is neurotoxic, and blood-derived ammonia easily crosses the blood-brain barrier (BBB). However, other pathogenic factors are also implicated in HE, including oxidative stress. During CLD, muscle plays an essential compensatory role in removing ammonia by the action of the enzyme glutamine synthetase (GS), which amidates glutamate into glutamine. Since the endothelial cells of the BBB are the interface between the blood and the brain, it is plausible that they metabolize ammonia to protect the brain from ammonia-induced neurotoxicity. However, this has never been investigated. Ammonia lowering therapies are the mainstream treatments for HE. However, patients' response to treatments are heterogeneous, and sex differences might be the cause. Therefore, our aims were 1) To explore ammonia metabolism in BBB’s endothelial cells through the presence of GS and 2) to assess the impact of sex on CLD and its complications, including sarcopenia and HE. Methods: For the first aim, we assessed GS protein expression and activity in vitro and ex vivo in naïve rats. We also evaluated the impact of ornithine, glutamate, and α-ketoglutarate on GS activity in endothelial cells of the BBB via the generation of labeled 5-13C glutamine. For the second aim, we assessed the impact of sex on the neurophenotype (anxiety, memory, motor coordination, and activity) in bile-duct ligated (BDL) rats (and respective SHAMs) as well as on the development of an ammonia-precipitated severe HE (lethargy/loss of righting reflex). We also assessed liver injury markers, hyperammonemia, systemic oxidative stress, muscle mass and function, and muscle ammonia clearance. Results: We found GS activity and expression in vivo and ex vivo in endothelial BBB cells. The confocal microscope analysis showed that GS in endothelial cells is less abundant than astrocytes. Exposing cultured endothelial cells to labeled substrates revealed that ornithine is the most efficient in generating glutamine. In females, BDL surgery caused CLD (increased hepatic enzymes and bilirubin) and HE (impaired motor coordination and night activity) vs. respective SHAMs. Furthermore, the degree of hyperammonemia and muscle ammonia clearance was similar between sexes. Contrary to males, female rats did not develop muscle loss, brain edema, and short-term memory loss. In addition, females had lower oxidative stress and were completely protected against ammonia-precipitated severe HE compared to male BDLs. Conclusions: We conclude that GS is expressed in endothelial cells of the BBB, possibly playing a role in attenuating or delaying ammonia entry into the brain and, ornithine supplementation enhances GS activity by providing glutamate for ammonia detoxification. In addition, we conclude that sex impacts the complications of liver disease, including sarcopenia and HE, with systemic oxidative stress playing a vital role in the susceptibility to ammonia-induced overt HE.

LOL is a novel secondary metabolite gene cluster associated with the production of loline alkaloids (saturated 1-aminopyrrolizidine alkaloids with an oxygen bridge) exclusively in closely related grass-endophyte species in the genera Epichloë and Neotyphodium. In this study I characterize the LOL cluster in E. festucae, including the presentation of sequence corresponding to 10 individual lol genes as well as defining the boundaries of the cluster and evaluation of the genomic DNA region flanking LOL in E. festucae. In addition to characterizing the LOL cluster in E. festucae, I present LOL sequence from two additional species, Neotyphodium coenophialum and Neotyphodium sp. PauTG-1. Together with two recently published LOL clusters from N. uncinatum, these data allow for a powerful phylogenetic comparison of five clusters from four closely related species. There is a high degree of microsynteny (conserved gene order and orientation) among the five LOL clusters, allowing us to predict potential transcriptional co-regulatory binding motifs in lol promoter regions. The relatedness of LOL clusters is especially interesting in light of the history of interspecific hybridizations that generated the asexual, Neotyphodium lineages. In fact, three of the clusters appear to have been introduced to different Neotyphodium species by the same ancestral Epichloë species, for which present day isolates are no longer able to produce lolines. To address the evolutionary origins of the cluster we have investigated the phylogenetic relationships of particular lol ORFs to their paralogous primary metabolism genes (and gene families) from endophytes, other fungi and even other kingdoms. I present extensive evidence that at least two individual lol genes have evolved from primary metabolism genes within the fungal ancestors of endophytes, rather than being introduced via horizontal gene transfer. I also present complementation studies in Neurospora crassa exploring the functional divergence of one lol gene from its primary metabolism paralog. While it is clear that these insecticidal compounds should convey a selective advantage to the fungus and its host, thus explaining preservation of the trait, this analysis provides an exploration into the evolutionary origin and maintenance of the genes that comprise the LOL and the cluster itself.

LOL is a novel secondary metabolite gene cluster associated with the production of loline alkaloids (saturated 1-aminopyrrolizidine alkaloids with an oxygen bridge) exclusively in closely related grass-endophyte species in the genera Epichloë and Neotyphodium. In this study I characterize the LOL cluster in E. festucae, including the presentation of sequence corresponding to 10 individual lol genes as well as defining the boundaries of the cluster and evaluation of the genomic DNA region flanking LOL in E. festucae. In addition to characterizing the LOL cluster in E. festucae, I present LOL sequence from two additional species, Neotyphodium coenophialum and Neotyphodium sp. PauTG-1. Together with two recently published LOL clusters from N. uncinatum, these data allow for a powerful phylogenetic comparison of five clusters from four closely related species. There is a high degree of microsynteny (conserved gene order and orientation) among the five LOL clusters, allowing us to predict potential transcriptional co-regulatory binding motifs in lol promoter regions. The relatedness of LOL clusters is especially interesting in light of the history of interspecific hybridizations that generated the asexual, Neotyphodium lineages. In fact, three of the clusters appear to have been introduced to different Neotyphodium species by the same ancestral Epichloë species, for which present day isolates are no longer able to produce lolines. To address the evolutionary origins of the cluster we have investigated the phylogenetic relationships of particular lol ORFs to their paralogous primary metabolism genes (and gene families) from endophytes, other fungi and even other kingdoms. I present extensive evidence that at least two individual lol genes have evolved from primary metabolism genes within the fungal ancestors of endophytes, rather than being introduced via horizontal gene transfer. I also present complementation studies in Neurospora crassa exploring the functional divergence of one lol gene from its primary metabolism paralog. While it is clear that these insecticidal compounds should convey a selective advantage to the fungus and its host, thus explaining preservation of the trait, this analysis provides an exploration into the evolutionary origin and maintenance of the genes that comprise the LOL and the cluster itself.