Background: Cerebral palsy (CP) is a diagnosis found worldwide. Literature indicates the importance of teaching families how to support the child. Orphan children are an exposed group and if the child also is diagnosed with CP the child is even more exposed. A literature search on how the lack of social support from close family, for example a child being orphan, affects the physical therapy intervention for CP showed no results. Purpose: The purpose of this bachelor thesis was to investigate views and experiences from physical therapists at “The Center of Rehabilitation and Support For Children With Disabilities”, Ho Chi Minh City, about their work with orphan children diagnosed with CP. Method: A qualitative interview study with physical therapists working with orphan children diagnosed with CP. The data was collected through five semi-structured interviews. Summary of result: The result was divided into four categories and 14 subcategories. The treatment for the orphan children was motor skill oriented and included a psychosocial view. “Love” was very important in physical therapy treatment, as a substitute for social support from close family. The participants had examples of obstacles and experiences on ways to overcome lack of social support. Conclusion: The most prominent views and experiences from the physical therapists were to love the orphan children as their own and act in their professional roles in ways that compensate for strong social support. There is a need for more research in this area. / Bakgrund: Cerebral pares (CP) är en diagnos som finns över hela världen. Litteratur och riktlinjer anger vikten av att lära familjer hur man kan stödja barnet. Föräldralösa barn är en utsatt grupp och om barnet också är diagnostiserat med CP är barnet ännu mer utsatt. En litteratursökning om hur bristen på socialt stöd, till exempel ett barn som är föräldralöst, påverkar fysioterapeutisk behandling för CP visade inga resultat. Syftet: Syftet med denna kandidatuppsats var att intervjua fysioterapeuter vid ”The Center for Rehabilitation and Support For Children with Disabilities” i Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh City, om erfarenheter av deras arbete med föräldralösa barn som har fått diagnosen CP. Metod: En kvalitativ intervjustudie med fysioterapeuter som arbetade med föräldralösa barn diagnostiserade med CP. Datan samlades in genom fem semistrukturerade intervjuer. Sammanfattning av resultatet: Resultatet delades in i fyra kategorier och 14 subkategorier. Behandlingen för de föräldralösa barnen var motorisk färdighetsorienterad och inkluderade ett psykosocialt perspektiv. ”Kärlek” var mycket viktigt i fysioterapibehandlingen, som en ersättning för bristen av socialt stöd från nära familj. Deltagarna hade exempel på hinder som uppkom men också erfarenheter av sätt att övervinna bristen på socialt stöd. Slutsats: De mest framstående erfarenheterna från fysioterapeuterna var att älska de föräldralösa barnen som sina egna och agera som ett starkt socialt stöd. Det finns ett behov av ytterligare forskning inom detta område.

Los medios de comunicación, especialmente el cine y televisión, ocupan un papel importante en la población, pues estos recrean, fomentan o adaptan diversos aspectos de la sociedad. Un claro ejemplo es la ficción televisiva, la cual suele ser la que fomenta la aparición de identidades y representaciones, generando así estereotipos. Si bien existe un gran número de programas y series de representaciones culturales, también han ido apareciendo otros sobre representaciones de género, sobretodo de la identidad femenina. Gracias a las distintas revoluciones y protestas femeninas, estos programas han ido pasando de representar a la mujer como el “sexo débil” a representar a una mujer “empoderada”. A partir de esta investigación buscamos identificar la manera en la que la serie Orphan Black (2012-2017) subvierte los estereotipos femeninos existentes en la sociedad y cómo es que fomenta la aparición de nuevas representaciones femeninas. En este trabajo se desarrolla una ardua investigación no solo de los movimientos femeninos que llevaron a lo que se ve hoy en día en los medios, sino también de las formas de representación y estereotipos en el cine y televisión sobre la mujer. Finalmente, el análisis de las temporadas escogidas de la serie determina que la serie recoge los estereotipos existentes sobre la mujer y los destruye: a nivel figurativo, es decir, en la manera de representar físicamente al personaje; y a nivel narrativo, la manera en como el personaje se desarrolla y cambia sus acciones. Así es cómo la serie construye nuevas representaciones femeninas. / The media, especially film and television, play an important role in the population, as they recreate, promote or adapt various aspects of society. A clear example is television fiction, which is usually the one that encourages the appearance of identities and representations, thus generating stereotypes. Although there are a large number of programs and series of cultural representations, others have also appeared on gender representations, especially of feminine identity. Thanks to the various revolutions and female protests, these programs have gone from representing women as the "weaker sex" to representing an "empowered" woman. From this research we seek to identify the way in which the Orphan Black series (2012-2017) subverts existing female stereotypes in society and how it encourages the emergence of new female representations. In this work an arduous investigation is developed not only of the feminine movements that led to what is seen today in the media, but also of the forms of representation and stereotypes in film and television about women. Finally, the analysis of the selected seasons of the series determines that the series collects the existing stereotypes about women and destroys them: on a figurative level, that is, in the way of physically representing the character; and at the narrative level, the way in which the character develops and changes his actions. This is how the series builds new female representations.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(薬科学) / 甲第18924号 / 薬科博第38号 / 新制||薬||5(附属図書館) / 31875 / 京都大学大学院薬学研究科医薬創成情報科学専攻 / (主査)教授 岡村 均, 教授 中山 和久, 教授 竹島 浩 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Pharmaceutical Sciences / Kyoto University / DGAM

No description available.

Pharmaceutical industry is today struggling with its productivity as products keep failing after long and expensive development programs. The protability is further threatened by erce competition from cheaper product copies. As an attempt to increase the pipeline output, pharmaceutical companies have lately turned to the strategy of drug repositioning. By applying an already developed drug in new disease areas the lifetime of the product is prolonged and return time on already made investments elongated.  Such development is imbued by less risk than a de novo development and has proven to be a faster and cheaper way to meet the medical demand. With limited company budgets and the often many repositioning possibilities, an informed repositioning selection must be made. As such theoretical model is not publicly available this thesis takes on the task to determine which parameters to take into consideration and how these should be weighted in relation to each other in order to evaluate di erent drug repositioning possibilities. Six main topics are identied to a ect the repositioning success, these are: medical need, economic return, scientic support, timing, life cycle extenders and external relations. These ndings are derived from empirics collected during interviews with employees from ve di erent competence areas involved in repositioning initiatives, na mely: research & development, clinical studies, regulatory a airs, pricing, and commercial. By further support from literature within the elds of drug repositioning and R&D project selection a three-step repositioning model was developed. The first step in the three-step repositioning model consists of primary parameters, these are essential parameters that have to be fullled in order to perform a repositioning strategy. If any of the primary parameters are not fullled, the repositioning opportunity should be killed in a go/no-go decision. In a second step, the secondary parameters are evaluated in a scoring model in order to determine the economical outlook of each repositioning opportunity. The opportunities showing greatest economical outlook should further be evaluated in the third and nal step in the three-step repositioning model. In this nal step the di erent repositioning opportunities are evaluated by their coherence with an overall corporate strategy. By applying this repositioning model to a repositioning selection scarce company resources  ay be focused on the repositioning opportunities showing best future prospect. Evaluating the potential of repositioning opportunities in a structured way should also increase chances to succeed. If successful, a repositioning initiative may a ect both company and society as the company improves return on earlier investments, while more patients in need of treatment will receive access to it. However, the three-step repositioning model presented in this thesis should be tested for more cases and perhaps be complemented with additional parameters or di erent gradings in order to optimize the selection.

Arguably one of the most prevalent issues in the field of Intellectual Property law, both international and domestic, is that of the emerging orphan works problem. Orphan works are any original literary, pictorial or graphic illustrations, and photographs whereas the prospective user cannot readily identify and/or locate the owner(s) of the copyrighted material. This poses a legal risk of liability upon the prospective user for copyright infringement. This thesis focuses on the legal topic of copyright with an emphasis on orphan works legislation. This study compared and contrasted the experiences in the United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia which have all enacted legislation to mitigate the issue of liability to prospective users of orphaned works, to the United States which has been reluctant to do the same. Each country has used its own legislative model to mitigate the liability of orphan works. This study sought out to analyze each model as well as compare the legal, political, and economic similarities of each country to test the viability of a particular model being successful in the United States.

No description available.

No description available.

Antagonistic interactions between competing species of bacteria are an important driver of bacterial community composition in the human gut microbiota. Of particular significance is the role of the type six secretion system (T6SS), which many species of Gram-negative bacteria use to kill competitor bacteria in a contact-dependent manner. T6SSs are syringe-like nanomachines that function to deliver antibacterial toxins into susceptible competitors. Many bacteria present in the human gut microbiota possess an extremely potent T6SS that is capable of rapidly eradicating nearby bacteria. Remarkably, however, species of beneficial bacteria that coexist in the gut are often resistant to T6SS attack by their neighbours. This resistance is mediated by bacterial immunity proteins that block the activity of the antibacterial toxins delivered by the T6SS. Intriguingly, past studies have shown that the widespread T6SS-mediated competition in the gut has led to the acquisition of repertoires of immunity genes across different bacterial strains. By examining available human gut metagenomes, I identified a putative immunity locus, named I2, in a species of gut bacteria. This locus is located downstream of its cognate T6SS toxin-encoding locus, E2, and I show when co-expressed with E2 in E. coli, it protects against E2 mediated-toxicity. Additionally, I show that four gut-derived I2 homologues bearing sequence identity levels to I2 ranging from 38% to 75% are equally capable of abrogating E2 toxicity. Using quantitative biophysical measurements, I also show that these I2 homologues physically bind E2 equally tightly pointing to the potential molecular mechanism of toxin neutralization. Lastly, through mutagenesis experiments, I found that the E2-I2 interaction is likely mediated by electrostatic forces between a small number of residues found in the interaction interface of the two proteins. Overall, these findings demonstrate that a human gut microbiome encoded type VI secretion system effector can be neutralized by divergent immunity proteins. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

In recent years, understanding the emergence and integration of novel genes into genomes has garnered significant interest within the scientific community. Species-specific orphan genes have become particularly intriguing due to their recent appearance and distinct structural characteristics. Despite their prevalence and potential evolutionary significance, studying orphan genes poses challenges due to their lack of similarity to other genes, resulting in limited functional annotations. This study aims to delve into the mechanisms, functions, networks, and agricultural implications of orphan genes. QQS (Qua-Quine Starch), exclusively identified in Arabidopsis thaliana, stands as the first functionally characterized orphan gene in plants. It regulates carbon and nitrogen allocation, influencing traits such as protein levels, starch content, and resistance to pests and pathogens through its interaction with NF-YC4 (Nuclear Factor Y subunit C4). However, the precise mechanism underlying QQS's function, whether as a noncoding transcript, a coding protein, or both—and its network and functional partners remain elusive. Furthermore, it raises questions about the operation of such an orphan gene, lacking homologs in other species, within those species. This study manipulates the QQS gene's sequence to produce exclusive mRNA or protein, unveiling its dual functionality in influencing metabolic pathways. Additionally, the research extends to evaluating the agricultural impact of QQS beyond Arabidopsis, in tobacco and potato. Expressing QQS or overexpressing NF-YC4 in tobacco enhances protein content, reduces starch levels, and strengthens resistance to pests, while in potatoes, it elevates protein content in tubers without affecting yield. Furthermore, exploring QQS's interactions with other orphan or taxonomically-restricted genes like TRQA1 reveals their roles in regulating starch and protein levels, broadening our understanding of plant metabolic regulation through orphan and taxonomically restricted genes. This comprehensive investigation sheds light on orphan gene functionality, highlighting their dual coding and noncoding roles, function through conserved factors across plant species, functional partners and interactors, and potential for crop improvement. These findings hold significance for agricultural sustainability, offering insights into enhancing crop productivity, nutritional quality, and resilience to environmental stresses, thereby addressing global food security challenges.