The objective of this study is to explore the impact of a social group work programme in the lives of adolescent orphans in foster care in the North–West province who are also affected by HIV and AIDS, and to enhance their social functioning. Keywords: Adolescent, foster care, foster parent, social work, social group work, empower, family, orphan, HIV and AIDS There are a growing number of children in need of care in South Africa who are placed with foster parents. The biggest reason for foster placement is due to the rising mortality rate of biological parents due to HIV and AIDS. Section A refers to the problem statement, research objectives, research procedures and research methodology. The limitations of the research are also investigated and the definitions of key words. The research was conducted in two phases. The needs assessment was conducted in phase one and the planning, implementation, and evaluation of the social group work programme in phase two. The problem statement in section A is based upon the following: It was found that insufficient research is being conducted on the problems and circumstances of adolescent orphans in South Africa. It is evident that the physical and emotional needs of adolescent orphans are not being fulfilled. The HIV and AIDS pandemic have a negative effect on the quality of daily life for orphans under foster care. The problem statement gave rise to five research aims. The overarching research design conformed to the Development and Utilization Research model. The model was divided into five phases that guided the research. The single–system design was used to gather quantitative and qualitative data. A literature study was conducted around the themes of foster care, foster parents, social group work, and circumstances of the foster care situation. Section B consists of the four articles that form the report on the research outcomes Each article is dealt with as a self–contained unit focusing on specific research objectives that were achieved via specific research methods. These methods were employed to collect the necessary data for the design and evaluation of the social group work programme. Article 1: The circumstances and needs of the adolescent orphan in foster care. The aim of this article is to identify the circumstances and needs through a self–designed and structured schedule. Thirty adolescent orphans in foster care from the researcher's case load were identified to take part in the research. Twenty adolescent orphans were selected by means of accidental sampling. Ten (N = 10) were selected for the experimental group and ten (N = 10) were selected for the control group. The results indicated the problems and needs experienced by adolescent orphans. These could be used for discussion during a social group work programme designed to provide knowledge, teach skills, and improve the social functioning of the group. Article 2: The role of the social worker during service delivery to adolescent orphans in foster care. The nature and extent of foster care in the North–West province was investigated by means of the completion of questionnaires. The role of the social worker regarding services to adolescent orphans in foster care was also investigated. A self–structured questionnaire was used for data collection purposes and 85 questionnaires were sent to social workers in the North–West province. The results show the state of existing programmes and the opinions of social workers on topics that could be included in a social group work programme. The data was used in Article 2. Article 3: A social work intervention programme for adolescent orphans in foster care. The programme was developed according to the data received from the 30 (N=30) adolescent orphans in foster care and the 85 (N=85) social workers in the North–West province. The programme was presented to 30 (N=30) adolescent orphans in foster care. Social group work was used as method to present the programme. The group gained knowledge and received skills training, both of which served to enhance their social functioning. Article 4: The evaluation of a social group work programme for adolescent orphans in foster care The purpose of this article is to evaluate the social group work programme. Three standardized measuring instruments were used. The Generalized Contentment Scale, the Index of Family Relations, and the Personal Self–esteem Profile were used. These instruments were used three times: once before intervention, once during intervention and once after intervention. The control group 10 (N=10) also completed the questionnaire three times but did not attend the social group. A self–developed questionnaire was completed before and after each session. A self–developed evaluation was completed after the final session to assess the effectiveness of the programme. Section C - Summary, conclusions and recommendations. Section D - contains the appendices with the results of the three standardized measuring instruments that were used for data collection. Section E - Contains the Bibliography. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Social Work))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

As Lower Canada/Quebec industrialized, the system of poor relief that developed followed a private, confessional model. While the Catholic Church controlled services for Catholics, the lay Protestant elite controlled the relief network for their community. Elite women played a major role in this network, managing most of the charities for women and children. / This thesis uses the two most important female-directed Montreal charities---the Protestant Orphan Asylum and the Montreal Ladies' Benevolent Society---to study Protestant charity and particularly child charity from 1822 to 1900. It examines the organization and work of female charity committees as well as the services offered, the relevance of gender to charity management, and attitudes to childhood and family. Extensive source material, from the archives of the two societies, enables an analysis of the characteristics of the children admitted, as well as of the management committees, and their policies. / In this period, serving on a charity board was an expected activity for elite women. As a result, committees had many members. However, this thesis reveals that only a small number of women actually participated in the substantial administrative and organizational work that was involved in running a charity. This lack of participation made it more difficult to supervise the institutions and to organize fund-raising events. / Formed by the elite to regulate as well as to help the poor, these charities permit an examination of working-class agency. Organisers used their control of admissions and discharges as well as the institutional regime to impose their values of parenting and work. Nonetheless, the study of these two charities shows that families managed to use charities to shelter their children temporarily, occasionally circumventing restrictive access rules or challenging a charity's refusal to discharge children. / As "ladies" acting in public, the women in control of these charities were influenced by restrictive gender ideologies, particularly that of "separate spheres." Gender conscious and conservative, they respected social conventions in their public appearances and deferred to men in critical areas such as investments. Yet, at the same time, they affirmed their abilities and defended their authority and their autonomy in areas considered in the women's sphere, including child-care and charity management. / Understanding charity from within a conservative culture that emphasized religion, tradition, and values like work, family, and social hierarchy, these benevolent women sought to relieve the poor but they also sought to train useful citizens. In their charity work, they faced many complex questions connected to child abuse, changes in apprenticeship systems, adequate training for children, and the rights of parents. This study argues that both their conservative approach and their women's culture, centered on a personal approach, influenced the way they dealt with these issues. Of equal importance, however, was the experience they had acquired over years of child-charity work. As a result of these factors, their emphasis on protecting the children under their care increased over time. Consequently, the policies they developed in favour of helping families with temporary care and in favour of using apprenticeship and finally extended training in the institution itself diverged from those advocated by late-century reform groups, which opted for placing children in families instead of institutions and which advocated more restrictive, scientific charity methods.

The nuclear receptor superfamily is responsible for regulating the expression of genes involved in development, reproduction and metabolism. These transcription factors control the expression of their target genes through the binding of small molecule regulators to their ligand binding domains. Classical nuclear receptors include the steroid receptors, which bind endocrine hormones and have been important targets of pharmaceutical intervention. However, approximately one half of the human nuclear receptors remain orphans and are without known cognate ligands. Focusing on the Drosophila orthologues of these orphan receptors, this project used mass spectrometry to identify the chemical diversity associated with the receptors following expression in recombinant systems. In a genome-wide screen of Drosophila nuclear receptors, this approach identified co-purifying molecules with a number of receptors. The physiological relevance of these putative ligand/receptor pairs was determined through biochemical analysis, in vivo characterization and structure determination. Ligand(s) or the ligand state was identified for the Drosophila receptors: DHR3, DHR96, E75, Ftz-f1 and USP. Of these, three were validated through the efforts of this project, and independent groups confirmed the remaining two. The most significant findings were the discoveries that the fly nuclear receptor E75 is regulated by heme, gas and redox, and that there is a similar regulatory scheme in the human orthologues, Reverbα and β. Furthermore, crystallization of the heme-bound Rev-erbβ ligand binding domain was also achieved, and this provided key insights into the mechanism of ligand regulation for the Rev-erbs. This project highlighted the role of nuclear receptors in metabolic surveillance. The ligands/signals identified in association with these receptors include: cholesterol, dehydrocholesterol, heme, NO, CO, redox and phospholipids. Unlike the classical steroid hormones, these are not dedicated signaling molecules, but instead are key substrates or products of metabolism. In the context of nuclear receptor signaling, I hypothesize that these metabolites serve as metabolic indicators/signals in the regulation of development and metabolism. Furthermore, four of these Drosophila receptors comprise the ecdysone-response pathway in the developing fly. Taken together, this suggests that both the metabolic state of the organism and steroid hormones drive nuclear receptor regulation of development.

Esta pesquisa descreve a história do Lar da Criança Henrique Liebich desde sua fundação, em 11 de fevereiro de 1961, até a atualidade, e suas implicações com a legislação vigente. Tem como protagonistas principais seu fundador, Henrique Liebich, sua esposa Frieda Liebich e filhos, bem como órfãos e crianças acolhidos na época. A partir da descrição, abre-se o leque da pesquisa para uma análise breve da situação dos órfãos, da criança e do adolescente em situação de vulnerabilidade no Brasil. A partir de estatísticas disponíveis são analisadas as principais causas desta, que vão desde desigualdade social até desestruturação familiar. Como a pesquisa se dá em campo religioso, devido à inserção do pesquisador na Convenção Batista Pioneira do Sul do Brasil, conta também com uma fundamentação teológica para a infância a partir da Bíblia, que aponta para a família como um lugar de proteção para a infância. Já em termos conclusivos, busca-se retomar os dados históricos levantados durante a pesquisa e aplicá-los à realidade da infância, apresentando assim alternativas para a problemática da criança e do adolescente em situação de vulnerabilidade. / This research describes the story of the Henrique Liebich Childrens Home since the foundation, in February 11th, 1961, until the present day. Also its implications with the actual legislation. The main role is lived by Henrique Liebich, the founder, his wife Frieda Liebish and children, as well as the orphan children recovered at the time. Starting from the description a bracket opened for the research and brief analisis of the orphans situation, the children and teenagers in vulnerable situations in Brazil. From the available statistics evaluated, the main reasons that goes from social enequality to the destructuration of the family. The research envolves the religion field due to the insertion of the researcher on the Pioneer Baptist Convention of the South of Brazil. He counts with the theologycal foundamentation for the childhood from the Bible, that points to the family as a place for protection of the childhood. In conclusion the researcher used historical data recovered to apply to the childhood reality, presenting alternatives to the problem of the children and teenagers in vulnerable situations.

The study aims to explore the role of children’s homes in the educational performance of primary school learners. It employed qualitative approach which follows a case study design. It was conducted in three schools and children’s home. The participants consisted of six caregivers, six teachers and six learners whose responses were collected using in-depth interviews as an instrument. They were all purposefully selected as they possess information that is rich and relevant to my study. Participants were told that their interview was voluntary and they were free to withdraw at any time if they feel uncomfortable. The confidentiality in order to protect the identity of the participants was maintained. The data were collected by writing response from participants and using tape recorder. It was then transcribed, organised, marked by hand, and coded to produce themes. The major findings are that children’s homes can affect the performance negatively or positively; positively, if homes create enough time for children to study and have more access to people and resources in support of their studies and negatively in that there are numerous educational barriers that the caregivers in the children’s home face daily when it comes to assisting the orphaned and vulnerable learners in their school work. Based on the findings, the study gives a number of recommendations, namely, there is need to strengthen collaborative efforts between government and other non-governmental organisations to ensure increased availability of necessary resources to the orphaned and vulnerable learners; caregivers in children’s homes need to receive proper training and assistance in order to be able to handle the psychological difficulties experienced by the orphaned and vulnerable learners; education and legal campaigns must be put in place to eliminate stigma associated with orphan-hood. / Inclusive Education / M. Ed. (Inclusive Education)

A presente pesquisa aborda os conceitos trazidos pela Lei da Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (Lei nº 12.305/2010) bem como as noções fundamentais acerca do zoneamento ambiental e da responsabilidade civil pela prática de danos ao meio ambiente e, conjugando tais elementos, demonstra, à luz dos princípios informativos de direito urbanístico e ambiental, as possíveis consequências que podem advir na definição de a quem incumbe o dever de descontaminar áreas cujos responsáveis pela disposição pretérita e indevida de resíduos sólidos não sejam identificáveis ou individualizáveis (conhecidas como áreas órfãs, termo derivado do inglês orphan sites). Justifica-se a escolha de tal tema pelo fato de o meio ambiente equilibrado (livre da disposição inadequada de resíduos bem como dos enormes lixões a céu aberto existentes, hoje, nos grandes centros) constituir interesse difuso, de modo que qualquer lesão ao mesmo repercute não somente na esfera de direitos do novo proprietário, mas de toda a coletividade. Os princípios gerais e específicos do direito urbanístico, além de lhe conferirem autonomia didática e científica, orientam e disciplinam o planejamento, o uso e a ocupação do solo (incluída, aí, a correta destinação que se deve conferir aos resíduos sólidos). Sem prejuízo disso, os princípios da solidariedade intergeracional, do poluidor-pagador e do desenvolvimento sustentável desestimulam a degradação ambiental bem como solidificam a ideia de que o homem deve satisfazer suas necessidades, desenvolver-se e aproveitar as potencialidades dos recursos naturais existentes em plena harmonia com o dever de assegurar a proteção ambiental – para que as futuras gerações também tenham condições ecológicas mais favoráveis ou, no mínimo, semelhantes às atuais. Já o princípio da função socioambiental da propriedade cria, ao titular dominial, um ônus para com a coletividade, de modo que a destinação a ser por ele dada ao seu bem não mais pode ser definida do ponto de vista exclusivamente individual, sob pena de não ser sua propriedade digna de proteção legal alguma. O zoneamento ambiental, por sua vez, é modalidade de ordenação do solo e espécie de limitação ao uso deste, visando a dividi-lo segundo sua destinação e ocupação mais adequadas, buscando, ainda, conformar o crescimento urbano à exigência do bem-estar socioambiental. Destarte, à luz dos princípios de direito urbanístico e ambiental aplicáveis à espécie, tem-se que a obrigação de descontaminar áreas órfãs possui caráter propter rem – transmitindo-se ao novo proprietário de terras anteriormente poluídas (mesmo não tendo sido o responsável por tal prática) bem como ao Estado lato sensu, estabelecendo-se um regime de solidariedade entre o antigo e novo titulares das terras anteriormente contaminadas, sem prejuízo da responsabilização estatal, independente da análise do elemento culpa (responsabilidade civil objetiva). O método de abordagem adotado é o dedutivo, com a interpretação de textos legais e doutrinários bem como o uso de premissas amplas e gerais acerca do tema, para, com base na análise, confrontação e mediação das regras e princípios correlatos, responder-se ao problema da pesquisa, chegando-se, ao final, à exata compreensão dos motivos que levam à transmissibilidade do dever de descontaminar áreas órfãs. / Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-05-22T11:57:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Eduardo So dos Santos.pdf: 1495638 bytes, checksum: 0d3a5985a8ab2ac206c1cc98a8062c14 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-22T11:57:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Eduardo So dos Santos.pdf: 1495638 bytes, checksum: 0d3a5985a8ab2ac206c1cc98a8062c14 (MD5) / This research analyzes the concepts introduced by the Act of the National Solid Waste (Law nº 12.305/2010) as well as the fundamental notions about the environmental zoning and liability for the practice of environmental damage and, combining these elements, demonstrates, from the principles of urban and environment law, the possible consequences that might arise in the definition of who bears the duty to decontaminate areas whose responsible for past and improper disposal of solid waste are not identifiable or separable (known as orphan sites). Justifies the choice of this issue because the balanced environment (free from improper disposal of waste as well as the huge open dumps exist today in large centers) is a diffuse interest, so that any injury to it affects not only in the sphere of rights of the new owner, but the entire community. The general and specific principles of urban law, beyond confer upon didactic and scientific autonomy, guide and govern the planning, the use and the occupation of the land (including, here, the correct destination that must be attached to solid waste). Notwithstanding the above, the principles of intergenerational solidarity, the polluter-pays principle and sustainable development discourage environmental degradation as well as solidify the idea that man must satisfy his needs, develop and harness the potential of natural resources in harmony with the duty to ensure environmental protection – so that future generations also have ecological conditions more favorable or at least similar to today. The property’s social and environmental function creates, to the holder dominial, a burden to the community, so that the allocation to be given by him to it still can no longer be defined exclusively in individual terms, under penalty of be your property worthy of legal protection whatsoever. The environmental zoning, by itself, is a kind of sort of soil and limiting the use of this, in order to divide it according to their destination and occupation more suitable urban growth, seeking also to conform to the requirement of social and environmental well-being. This way, based on the related principles of urban law and environmental, the obligation to decontaminate orphan sites has propter rem character – passing to the new owner of land previously polluted (even if he has not been responsible for such practice) as well as the government, setting up a system of solidarity between the old and new owners of previously contaminated land, beyond to state liability, regardless of fault element analysis (objective liability). The method adopted is the deductive approach, with interpretation of legal texts and doctrinal as well as the use of broad and general assumptions about the theme, and, based on the analysis, confrontation and mediation rules and related principles, responding to the research problem, coming up, at the end, to the exact understanding of why the duty to decontaminate orphan sites is transmissible.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:32:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ThamaraMMB_DISSERT.pdf: 1856423 bytes, checksum: d77238963a3bf6663f56d36a18db57b6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-27 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Th17 cells have been strongly associated to the pathogenesis of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, although their influence on the carcinogenesis is still little known, there are reports of anti-tumor and protumoral actions. The objective of this study is to research the presence of Th17 lineage in lip and tongue SCC, using the analysis of the immunoexpression of IL-17 and ROR?t, relating this immunoexpression with clinical and morphological findings in the attempt to better comprehend the role of these cells on the tumoral immunity of OSCCs. The results were submitted to non-parametric statistical tests with significance level of 5%. On the histomorphological analysis, it was observed the predominance of low level lesions on lip and high level lesions on tongue (p=0,024). It was not observed statistical significance between clinical stage and histological gradation of malignancy (p=0,644). For the immunohistochemical study, 5 random fields with greater immunoreactivity of the peritumoral inflammatory infiltrate were photomicrographed on the 400x magnification. It was done the count of lymphocytes which showed cytoplasmic and pericytoplasmic staining for the IL-17 cytokine as well as nuclear and cytoplasmic staining for ROR?t. It was observed statistical significance difference on the quantity of immunopositive lymphocytes to IL-17 between the groups of SCC of lip and tongue (p=0,028). For the ROR?t it was not observed statistical significance difference between the groups of SCC of lip and tongue (p=0,915). It was not observed statistical difference between the immunostaining of IL-17 and ROR?t with histological gradation of malignancy and clinical staging. The findings of this research suggest a possible anti-tumor role of IL-17 for cases of lip. The results of the analysis of the ROR?t are possibly due to the wide duality of the anti-tumor and protumoral role of the Th17 cells and their plasticity which, in the presence of different cytokines expressed on the tumor microenvironment, can alter its phenotype. / As c?lulas Th17 t?m sido fortemente associadas ? patogenia de doen?as autoimunes e inflamat?rias, por?m sua influ?ncia na carcinog?nese ainda ? pouco conhecida, havendo relatos de suas a??es tanto antitumorais quanto pr?-tumorais. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi pesquisar a presen?a da linhagem Th17 intratumoral em CCE de l?bio e l?ngua, atrav?s da an?lise da imunoexpress?o da IL-17 e do ROR?t, relacionando estes achados com dados cl?nicos e morfol?gicos na tentativa de melhor compreender o papel dessas c?lulas na imunidade tumoral dos CCEOs. Na an?lise histomorfol?gica, observou-se predom?nio de les?es de baixo grau em l?bio e de alto grau em l?ngua (p = 0,024). N?o foi observada signific?ncia estat?stica entre estadiamento cl?nico e grada??o histol?gica de malignidade (p = 0,644). Para o estudo imunoistoqu?mico, 5 campos aleat?rios com maior imunorreatividade do infiltrado inflamat?rio peritumoral foram fotomicrografados no aumento de 400x. Realizou-se a contagem de linf?citos que exibiram marca??o citoplasm?tica e pericitoplasm?tica para a citocina IL-17 bem como nuclear e citoplasm?tica para o ROR?t. Foi observada diferen?a estatisticamente significativa na quantidade de linf?citos imunopositivos para IL-17 entre os grupos de CCE de l?bio e l?ngua (p = 0,028). Para o ROR?t n?o foi observada diferen?a estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos de CCE de l?bio e l?ngua (p = 0,915). N?o foi observada diferen?a estat?stica entre a imunomarca??o da IL-17 e ROR?t com grada??o histol?gica de malignidade e com estadiamento cl?nico. Os achados dessa pesquisa sugerem um poss?vel papel antitumoral da IL-17 para os casos de l?bio. Os resultados da an?lise do ROR?t, possivelmente se devem ? ampla dualidade do papel pr?-tumoral e antitumoral das c?lulas Th17 e ? sua plasticidade que, na presen?a de diferentes citocinas expressas no microambiente tumoral, podem alterar seu fen?tipo

A presente pesquisa aborda os conceitos trazidos pela Lei da Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (Lei nº 12.305/2010) bem como as noções fundamentais acerca do zoneamento ambiental e da responsabilidade civil pela prática de danos ao meio ambiente e, conjugando tais elementos, demonstra, à luz dos princípios informativos de direito urbanístico e ambiental, as possíveis consequências que podem advir na definição de a quem incumbe o dever de descontaminar áreas cujos responsáveis pela disposição pretérita e indevida de resíduos sólidos não sejam identificáveis ou individualizáveis (conhecidas como áreas órfãs, termo derivado do inglês orphan sites). Justifica-se a escolha de tal tema pelo fato de o meio ambiente equilibrado (livre da disposição inadequada de resíduos bem como dos enormes lixões a céu aberto existentes, hoje, nos grandes centros) constituir interesse difuso, de modo que qualquer lesão ao mesmo repercute não somente na esfera de direitos do novo proprietário, mas de toda a coletividade. Os princípios gerais e específicos do direito urbanístico, além de lhe conferirem autonomia didática e científica, orientam e disciplinam o planejamento, o uso e a ocupação do solo (incluída, aí, a correta destinação que se deve conferir aos resíduos sólidos). Sem prejuízo disso, os princípios da solidariedade intergeracional, do poluidor-pagador e do desenvolvimento sustentável desestimulam a degradação ambiental bem como solidificam a ideia de que o homem deve satisfazer suas necessidades, desenvolver-se e aproveitar as potencialidades dos recursos naturais existentes em plena harmonia com o dever de assegurar a proteção ambiental – para que as futuras gerações também tenham condições ecológicas mais favoráveis ou, no mínimo, semelhantes às atuais. Já o princípio da função socioambiental da propriedade cria, ao titular dominial, um ônus para com a coletividade, de modo que a destinação a ser por ele dada ao seu bem não mais pode ser definida do ponto de vista exclusivamente individual, sob pena de não ser sua propriedade digna de proteção legal alguma. O zoneamento ambiental, por sua vez, é modalidade de ordenação do solo e espécie de limitação ao uso deste, visando a dividi-lo segundo sua destinação e ocupação mais adequadas, buscando, ainda, conformar o crescimento urbano à exigência do bem-estar socioambiental. Destarte, à luz dos princípios de direito urbanístico e ambiental aplicáveis à espécie, tem-se que a obrigação de descontaminar áreas órfãs possui caráter propter rem – transmitindo-se ao novo proprietário de terras anteriormente poluídas (mesmo não tendo sido o responsável por tal prática) bem como ao Estado lato sensu, estabelecendo-se um regime de solidariedade entre o antigo e novo titulares das terras anteriormente contaminadas, sem prejuízo da responsabilização estatal, independente da análise do elemento culpa (responsabilidade civil objetiva). O método de abordagem adotado é o dedutivo, com a interpretação de textos legais e doutrinários bem como o uso de premissas amplas e gerais acerca do tema, para, com base na análise, confrontação e mediação das regras e princípios correlatos, responder-se ao problema da pesquisa, chegando-se, ao final, à exata compreensão dos motivos que levam à transmissibilidade do dever de descontaminar áreas órfãs. / This research analyzes the concepts introduced by the Act of the National Solid Waste (Law nº 12.305/2010) as well as the fundamental notions about the environmental zoning and liability for the practice of environmental damage and, combining these elements, demonstrates, from the principles of urban and environment law, the possible consequences that might arise in the definition of who bears the duty to decontaminate areas whose responsible for past and improper disposal of solid waste are not identifiable or separable (known as orphan sites). Justifies the choice of this issue because the balanced environment (free from improper disposal of waste as well as the huge open dumps exist today in large centers) is a diffuse interest, so that any injury to it affects not only in the sphere of rights of the new owner, but the entire community. The general and specific principles of urban law, beyond confer upon didactic and scientific autonomy, guide and govern the planning, the use and the occupation of the land (including, here, the correct destination that must be attached to solid waste). Notwithstanding the above, the principles of intergenerational solidarity, the polluter-pays principle and sustainable development discourage environmental degradation as well as solidify the idea that man must satisfy his needs, develop and harness the potential of natural resources in harmony with the duty to ensure environmental protection – so that future generations also have ecological conditions more favorable or at least similar to today. The property’s social and environmental function creates, to the holder dominial, a burden to the community, so that the allocation to be given by him to it still can no longer be defined exclusively in individual terms, under penalty of be your property worthy of legal protection whatsoever. The environmental zoning, by itself, is a kind of sort of soil and limiting the use of this, in order to divide it according to their destination and occupation more suitable urban growth, seeking also to conform to the requirement of social and environmental well-being. This way, based on the related principles of urban law and environmental, the obligation to decontaminate orphan sites has propter rem character – passing to the new owner of land previously polluted (even if he has not been responsible for such practice) as well as the government, setting up a system of solidarity between the old and new owners of previously contaminated land, beyond to state liability, regardless of fault element analysis (objective liability). The method adopted is the deductive approach, with interpretation of legal texts and doctrinal as well as the use of broad and general assumptions about the theme, and, based on the analysis, confrontation and mediation rules and related principles, responding to the research problem, coming up, at the end, to the exact understanding of why the duty to decontaminate orphan sites is transmissible.

The purpose of my thesis is to analyse the recent development of collective administration of rights (CRM). I have chosen this topic because of its actual impact and current changes on the field of CRM. The growing importance of the Internet and of digitisation technologies is opening up new possibilities for distributing creative content online. This is not in harmony with territorial principles of administration of right in Europe. So, there are challenges which can change the way how CRM cooperate and compete. First chapter briefly describes collective administration of rights in Czech Republic. Second chapter is focused on public licences concretely Creative commons. Their impact on CRM is unexceptionable and the national legislature has to react on this new phenomenon of licensing of copyright works. The goal of this chapter is to introduce that public licence, describe their compatibility with Czech law system and draw attention to problematic paragraphs which blocks simple and lawful way how to use them. Digitalization project such as Europeana open up the orphan works problem which is due by the fact that new digital media provide unprecedented opportunities for reutilizing 'old' existing content. There is a huge problem of right clearance of copyright and related rights which can influence...

L’enfant séropositif est récemment devenu un enjeu majeur des politiques de santé, qui articulent des acteurs aussi divers que l’Etat, les agences internationales, les ONG et les congrégations religieuses, et dont les desseins pour ces enfants sont l’objet de luttes de pouvoir, culturels, économiques et religieux.A travers une ethnographie d’une structure catholique d’accueil des sidéens située à Pondichéry, dans le sud de l’Inde, cette thèse a pour objectif d’examiner comment s’articulent au quotidien ces enjeux autour de la prise en charge et de la circulation de ces enfants, souvent orphelins, pauvres et de basse caste. Comment les constructions conflictuelles des images du sidéen prennent corps dans le quotidien des enfants et de leur circulation ? Comment ces enfants parviennent-ils à réinterpréter, à défier, à s’extirper des projets imposés dans un contexte structuré par l’issue, à la fois incertaine et indépassable, du VIH ?Une alliance inédite de Frères missionnaires occidentaux, principalement français, avec des Sœurs indiennes a donné naissance à un ashram catholique accueillant les sidéens et plaçant les enfants au cœur de projets éducatifs, médicaux et religieux divergents. Alors que la seconde intègre les enfants séropositifs au panthéon de la compassion aux côtés de la veuve et l’orphelin, la première recherche la conversion par l’éducation religieuse.Ces deux projets pour l’enfant séropositif cohabitent avec les enjeux multiples qui se nouent entre acteurs divers et les familles autour de l’encadrement des enfants. L’enfant séropositif, devenu l’étendard des valeurs propres aux différents acteurs, circule entre familles, institutions d’accueil et systèmes de santé, négocie des langues, des rapports à la maladie, aux soins, à l’éducation et à la religion dont les échelles locales, régionales, nationales et transnationales ne cessent de se croiser. / The HIV positive child has recently become a major stake in health policies. The cultural, economic and religious projects and goals for those children are at the heart of struggles between actors as diverse as State, international agencies, NGO and religious organizations. Through the ethnography of a catholic ashram for HIV children located in Pondicherry, Tamil Nadu, South India, this thesis examines the everyday struggles for the care and circulation of aids orphan, poor and from low castes. How does the making of the representation of HIV orphans take place in the everyday life of children and their circulation? How those children manage to re interpret, defy and cope with projects in a context shaped by the uncertain but inescapable fate of HIV?An alliance between western missionaries Brothers, mainly French, with Indian Sisters has given rise to a catholic ashram taking care of HIV people, with children at the centre of their educative, medical and religious projects. The second integrates HIV children into the compassionate pantheon besides the widow and the orphan, while the first aims to convert through religious education.Those two projects co exist with the multiples stakes that frame the care and the circulation of those children. The HIV orphans - the new flagship of actors involved in HIV domain - circulate between families, care centers and health structures and negotiate languages, conceptions of diseases, health care, education and religion, which intersect between local, regional and transnational scales.