The objective of this study was to explore which practices and factors at a Tanzanian non-governmental family home, that has promoted former female residents’ health empowerment and health literacy. Semi-structured interviews were completed with five former female residents. The data were analysed using a thematic analysis forming four main themes: 1) The family home values 2) promoting independence 3) cultural identity 4) health literacy. The findings suggest that the family homes approach of resembling family-like environments and relationships alongside maintaining the cultural and societal norms and customs, promotes health literacy and health empowerment amongst the female residents. It is suggested that future research focuses on identifying and confirming specific organisational practices and factors, that promote health literacy and empowers health and wellbeing to ensure health for all and to ensure that no one is left behind.

Over 60% of those living with HIV/AIDS are women, the majority of them in their sexual and reproductive years (UNAIDS, 2006). With antiretroviral (ARV) drugs, most of them are living longer and healthier to engage in sexual and reproductive activities (WHO, 2006). This study explored the sexual and reproductive decisions and experiences of women living with HIV/AIDS (WLWHA) in Abuja, Nigeria. Only those who became pregnant and had a child after being diagnosed with HIV participated in the study. The study was an interview based qualitative research. The design of the interview guide was informed by the PEN-3 Model (Airhihenbuwa, 1995). A combination of purposive and snowball sampling technique was used to select 17 WLWHA aged between 26 and 41. Most of them had limited education, only the 3 of them with post secondary education had professional jobs; the rest are either housewives or petty traders. Most of the women had reduced sexual desire but felt compelled to acquiesce to their husband’s sexual demands out of cultural and religious sense of duty, fear that he would have sex outside marriage and/or beat them. While a few used condoms, most either did not use condom or used it inconsistently. Condoms were used mainly to prevent re-infection with another strain of HIV or to prevent infecting a negative partner. Reason for non use of condom includes reduced sexual pleasure with condoms, belief that condoms are used not for wives and that being on ARV precludes the need to use condom. Often, condom negotiation leads to violence. Most of the women still wanted more children and did not use contraceptives. Among the few who used contraceptives, condoms, hormone injections, intrauterine device (IUD) and tubal ligation are their methods of choice. The women chose to have babies to secure their marriage, fulfill maternal instinct and to “leave something behind”. Their decisions were informed by the belief that ARV would keep them alive, while Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission (PMCTC) programs would prevent infection to their babies. To conceive, they had unprotected sex during ovulation. Two serodiscordant couples used syringes to inseminate. Most of them had experienced obstetric challenges including infertility, miscarriages, preterm births, and infant deaths. Most of the women bottle-fed to prevent infecting their babies, however they were under tremendous pressure to breastfeed due to the cultural value attached to breastfeeding. Women living with HIV/AIDS in Abuja Nigeria, had unmet sexual and reproductive health needs. Their sexual and reproductive decisions were influenced by their individual circumstances, including their level of education, poverty, cultural and family influences, partner’s HIV status, stigma and discrimination, and access to PMTCT and ARV programs. To meet the sexual and reproductive health needs of WLWHA, program planners and policy makers should take these factors into consideration and ensure that programs are comprehensive and integrated.

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No description available.

Abstract in English, Sepedi and Zulu / The people with the greatest stake in Orphan and Vulnerable Children (OVC) interventions are the children and their parents/guardians. Unfortunately, most OVC programmes are predesigned and implemented without considering beneficiaries’ perceptions when developing solutions (ALI 2007:15). The purpose of this study was to explore and describe the perceptions of orphans and vulnerable children’s parents/guardians about the effectiveness of Future Families’ children programme in Olievenhoutbosch. This study used a qualitative, explorative and descriptive design. Thirteen parents/guardians of children registered with the Future Families were interviewed on the effectiveness of the Future Families programme using a semi-structure interview guide. The study results suggested that parents/guardians were happy with Future Families’ services and believed the programme is effective in responding to their families’ needs / Abantu abathinteka kakhulu ekungeneleni kokuphathelene nezintandane kanye nabantwana abasengcupheni (ama-OVC) ngabantwana kanye nabazali noma abaqaphi. Ngeshwa, izinhlelo eziningi zama-OVC zenziwe futhi ziqala ukusetshenziswa ngaphandle kokucabangela imibono yalabo okumele bahlomule kwizisombululo zokuthuthukisa (ALI 2007: 15). Inhloso yalolu cwaningo kwakuwukuhlola nokuchaza imibono yabazali nabaqaphi bama-OVC mayelana nokusebenza kohlelo lwabantwana olunikezwa yiFuture Families e-Olievenhoutbosch. Kwasetshenziswa uhlelo oluhlolayo noluchazayo kulolu cwaningo. Abazali abayishumi nesishiyagalolunye noma abaqaphi babantwana ababhalisiwe kwaFuture Families, okuyinhlangano engenzi nzuzo ehlinzeka izinsizakalo kuma-OVC nakubantu abaneHIV/AIDS noma abahlukumezekayo ngenxa yalokho, babuzwa imibuzo kusetshenziwa umhlahlandela wemibuzo ehlelekile kwezinye izindawo ukuze baveze imibono yabo maqondana nokusebenza ngempumelelo kohlelo lweFuture Families. Imiphumela yalolu cwaningo iphakamise ukuthi abazali nabaqaphi bagculisekile ngemisebenzi ehlinzekwa yiFuture Families, futhi bakholwa ukuthi lolu hlelo lusebenza ngempumelelo ukubhekana nezidingo zemindeni yabo. / Batho ba ba nago le setseka se segolo go ditseno ka bogare tša Bana ba Ditšhiwana le bao ba lego Kotsing (OVC) ke bana le batswadi/bahlokomedi ba bona. Ka bomadimabe, mananeo a mantši a OVC a akanyetšwa pele le go phethagatšwa ntle le go tšeela šedi maikutlo a batho ba ba tlago holega ge go naganišišwa ditharollo (ALI 2007:15). Morero wa thuto ye e be e le go hlohlomiša le go hlaloša maikutlo a ditšhiwana le batswadi/bahlokomedi ba bana ba ba lego kotsing mabapi le go šoma gabotse ga lenaneo la bana la Malapa a ka Moso (FF) kua Olievenhoutbosch. Thuto ye e šomišitše moakanyetšo wa khwalitheithifi, wa go hlohlomiša le wa go hlaloša. Batswadi/bahlokomedi ba 13 ba bana ba ba ingwadišitšego le Malapa a ka Moso ba ile ba botšišwa dipotšišo mabapi le go šoma gabotse ga lenaneo la Malapa a ka Moso ka go šomiša mokgwa wa dinyakišišo wa go botšiša dipotšišo. Dipoelo tša thuto di šišintše gore batswadi/bahlokomedi ba be ba thabile ka ditirelo tša FF le go dumela gore lenaneo le šoma gabotse ka go iphetolela go dinyakwa tša malapa a bona. / Health Studies / M.P.H.

孤兒保單不僅普遍存在於壽險公司，同時它對壽險公司造成的負面影響也相當大，包括：增加保單的脫退率、減弱壽險公司與保戶的關係、迫使孤兒保戶投向競爭者….等等，可見得壽險公司對於孤兒保單的議題不得不去重視並應有效的加以管理。 本研究探討台灣壽險業保險孤兒服務稀少的缺失、服務修復策略與顧客行為反應之關係，以試圖找出最有效的保險孤兒服務修復策略，並根據研究結果,提供給壽險業管理者採取適當的服務修復策略。研究方法共分兩階段：深入訪談及問卷調查。第一階段首先是進行深入訪談，主要是為了對研究主題作一探索性的研究，並將訪談結果作為問卷發展及設計的依據，第二階段問卷調查則為本研究之重點，問卷調查方式採立意抽樣，發出問卷418份，回收問卷289份，回收率為69﹪，最後共蒐集到230份由合格受訪者所填寫的問卷，其中有效問卷為225份，無效問卷有5份。 本研究之限制主要有兩點：採非隨機抽樣及問卷調查所蒐集到的樣本單位數不多。研究結果之發現說明如下。 一、 保險孤兒經驗 14.3％的受訪者其保險孤兒之狀態已獲得解決,僅4.2％的受訪者其孤兒經驗低於1年,顯示壽險公司並沒有將消除保險孤兒視為急迫性的服務缺失。服務稀少及服務接觸品質不佳的情況的確占大多數（占84.2％），並且專屬業務員的失職的確已影響到受訪孤兒的服務。 二、缺失歸因及缺失嚴重性受訪孤兒普遍將缺失歸因於業務員（占67.7％）。受訪者中認為服務稀少的缺失之嚴重性程度嚴重者占大多數（占43.0％），「新業務員不聞不問的孤兒」有高達63.4％認為這種缺失是嚴重的。 三、保險的重要性及保險知識 受訪者普遍認為保險產品是重要的。對保險商品的了解則顯示為中等（絕大多數表示普通49.3%），僅有不到五分之一的受訪孤兒對抱怨反應管道表示了解及非常了解 。 四、保險孤兒的行為反應 六成以上的受訪孤兒對壽險公司及業務員的服務修復作法感到不滿意；64.0％的受訪者呈現負面口碑，僅12.9％的受訪者呈現正面口碑；69.8％的受訪者沒有再購意願，僅16.4％的受訪者有可能再光顧。 五、孤兒保戶期望的服務修復孤兒保戶最高期望的3項服務修復作法依序分別是：「業務員將保單權利義務向我說明清楚」、「我要解約時，提供對我有利的其他選擇（如換約、展期保險…）」及「我可自由更換適合我的服務員（如熟識、業務員人格特質等考量）」。最低期望的2項依序分別是：「別家壽險公司的業務員耐心傾聽或表示關切」、「別家壽險公司的業務員樂於出面幫忙」。文獻推論而得的服務修復策略與因素命名的結果僅「即時性更正」及「更正服務」相似，其餘的服務修復策略於文獻推論而來的較以「行動」為主要區別，而因素命名普遍是與修復「服務提供對象」有關。 六、假設驗證結果之發現 （一）一旦有服務需求發生時，保戶看待服務缺失的嚴重性拉高。 （二）影響期望的服務修復的因素 缺失嚴重性越高，保戶期望的服務修復程度及項目數越高及越多；保戶認知保險的重要性程度越高，保戶期望的服務修復程度及項目數越高及越多。 （三）影響服務修復滿意度的因素 期望的與實際的服務修復之差距顯著影響服務修復滿意度；並且此差距越大服務修復滿意度越低。另外期望的與實際的服務修復之差距較缺失嚴重性的認知對服務修復滿意度的影響大；同時期望的與實際的服務修復之差距也較缺失歸因之差異對服務修復滿意度的影響大。 （四）影響保戶口碑行為的因素 服務修復滿意度顯著影響保戶口碑行為；並且服務修復滿意度越低保戶口碑行為越負面。另外服務修復滿意度較缺失歸因之差異對保戶口碑行為的影響大。 （五）影響保戶再購意圖的因素 服務修復滿意度顯著影響保戶再購意圖；並且服務滿意度越低保戶再購意圖越負面。另外服務修復滿意度較缺失歸因之差異對保戶再購意圖的影響大。 七、有效的服務修復策略 「更正服務」因素及「業務員良好的報怨處理技巧」因素皆對「服務修復滿意度」產生顯著的影響，並且「更正服務」因素較「業務員良好的報怨處理技巧」因素對「服務修復滿意度」的影響更大。因此，對於壽險公司而言，致力於更正服務的缺失及提升業務員良好的報怨處理技巧可以大大的提高保戶「服務修復滿意度」，故「更正服務」因素及「業務員良好的報怨處理技巧」因素是最有效的保險孤兒服務修復策略，尤其是「更正服務」因素。 / Life insurers need to be concerned about issues related to orphan policyholders in order to manage them well. Evidence shows that there is a widespread orphan policyholder’s in life insurance industry. They also have many negative influences on insurers, such as increasing their rate of lapse, weakening the insurer/orphan relationships, etc. This study proposes suitable service recovery strategies for orphans to managers. It examines relationships among service failures towards orphans, service recovery strategies and customers’ behaviors in Taiwan’s life insurance market. Customers’ behaviors include secondary satisfaction, word-of-mouth (W-O-M) and repurchase intentions. The research methods include in-depth interviews and surveys. The first step is an exploratory study of the theme of orphan policies by conducting in-depth interviews with both managers and orphans. The results of the in-depth interviews consider the sources for developing and designing a survey. The survey is the second step, and is the focus of this research. There were 418 questionnaires sent out and responses for received from 289 of these. Of these 289 questionnaires, 230 were completed by eligible respondents, and 225 of the 230 questionnaires were valid. The limits of this study are non-random samplings with insufficient sample sizes. The findings show below: 1. Orphans’ experiences There are 14.3﹪respondents that claim they are no longer orphans. Only 4.2% of the respondents declare that they have been orphans for less than a year. This reveals that insurers do not regard policyholders becoming orphans to be an urgent service failure. The majority of respondents rarely received services from their agents and if so, the services were of poor quality. 2. Failure attribution and severity The majority of respondents hold the agents’ responsible for service failures (67.7%) and consider failure severity to be serious（43.0﹪）. In addition, 63.4% of orphans whose assigned agents never kept contact with them after their original agents left thought that is a serious service failure. 3. Orphans’ behavior responses Over 60% of respondents show dissatisfaction with the service recovery from insurers and agents. W-O-M behaviors of respondents show a negative 64% and a positive 12.9%. Repurchase intentions of respondents show a negative 69.8% and a positive 16.4%. 4. Expected service recovery of orphan policyholders The first 3 highest expectations of orphans are that 1) The agent must make a clear description of rights and responsibilities of the policy that an orphan holds, 2) Offer options that are beneficial to orphans while willing to cancel the policy, and 3) The ability for the insured to have the right to choose an agent who is a better fit without restrictions. The first two lowest expectations of orphans are 1) Agents who work for competitors are willing to listen and show their concerns, and 2) Agents who work for competitors are willing to offer assistance in need.” To compare the names of service recovery that are reasoned by literature review to those that are given by factor analysis show that the former names tend to be distinguished by recovery action, the latter ones are related to subjects who offer service. 5. The result of hypothesis testing a. Orphans who have service needs consider service failure more serious than those who don’t have service needs. b. Factors that affect expected service recovery Orphans consider service failure more crucial, they expect a higher degree of service recovery and more actions of service recovery. c. Factors that affect the secondary satisfaction The gaps between expected and practical service recovery have significant influences on the secondary satisfaction. The bigger the gaps are, the lower an orphan’s secondary satisfaction tends to be. The gaps have more influence than failure severity on the secondary satisfaction. Besides, the gaps also have more influence than the difference of failure attribution on the secondary satisfaction. d. Factors that affect orphans’ W-O-M behaviors The secondary satisfaction has a great influence on an orphan’s W-O-M behavior. The lower secondary satisfaction, the more negative the W-O-M behavior. The gaps between expected and practical service recovery are more influential than the differences in the failure of attribution on orphans’ W-O-M behaviors. e. Factors that affect orphans’ repurchase intentions The secondary satisfaction greatly influences on an orphan’s repurchase intentions. The lower the secondary satisfaction is the greater the decrease in repurchase intentions. The gaps between expected and practical service recovery are more influential than the difference of failure attribution on orphans’ repurchase intentions. 6. Effective strategies of service recovery for orphan policyholders In order to enhance secondary satisfaction for policyholders, life insurers have to devote themselves to service correction and improvement of the agents’ complaint-handling skills. Evidence shows that the factors of service correction and agents’ excellent complaint-handling skills have significant effects on the secondary satisfaction. Thus, the factors of service correction and agents’ excellent complaint-handling skills are the most effective strategies of service recovery for orphan policyholders.

Marier Mars et Thémis. La tâche semble être difficile, tant la matière est vaste. Le droit militaire est souvent source de droit pénal. Or, le droit privé est également concerné par le statut de militaire. Sa personne fait l’objet de règles de droit tout à fait spécifique du fait de sa position sociale.De l’Antiquité à nos jours, le militaire a bénéficié de règles qui sortent du droit commun. Son statut très particulier nécessite l’élaboration de lois qui correspondent à la situation ordinaire qui est la sienne, lorsqu’il remplit sa mission d’utilité publique, la défense de la République, les armes à la main, éloigné de son domicile, en campagne. La mort fait partie du quotidien du militaire et doit être constatée de la façon la plus précise, afin d’éviter tout risque d’instabilité juridique qui pourrait être générée par le retour du militaire, finalement vivant. / Marry Mars and Thémis. The task seems difficult because of the largest of the matter. The military law is often source of military criminal law. Civil law is also concerned by the statute of the soldier. The person of the soldier form the subject of very special rules in fact of his social position.From Antiquity to ours day, the soldier has enjoyed of rules who geft off the common law. His very special status require a working-out of law who square with his ordinary situation, when he fulfils his public utility work, the defense of the Republic, arms in hands, far away from his home, in military campaign. Death is part of ordinary life of the soldier and have to be recognized as the most accurate to avoid legal instability that could be generated by the return of the military, finally living.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T16:33:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Juarez Bernardino de Oliveira.pdf: 2981045 bytes, checksum: 1023cab932ba7f3f59fff70f779e5ad7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-08-21 / This research analyzes the receiving of poor orphan girls the history of the Dona Placidina Institute of Mogi das Cruzes from 1931 to 1966. The Institute was a primary catholic school created in 1931, to receive poor orphan girls according to the demanded will of a priest of that city. Priest João Lourenço de Siqueira, who left all his estate for the Archdiocese of São Paulo to found the Institution. The Institute, ran by the Sisters of São Vicente de Paulo de Gysegem, along the years, became an important private school in the city and began to receive an important part of the Mogiana elite. In this study I try to understand which social function the supportless childhood started to be taken into account in the Institute, from its foundation until 1966, when the intership was closed - sector which received the orphan girls - and the leaving of the Sisters of São Vicente from the Institute. The research analyzes the acting of different interlocutors who contributed to the conformation of the Institute. For that, I've used as sources, the intern laws of the Institute, the board meeting records, the reports delivered to the Archdiocese, city authors' articles and local newspapers. Inspired by the analyses of the English Historian Edward Palmer Thompson, I tried to understand the importance that the poor orphan childhood acquired in the life of the Institution, inspite of the constant decrease in the number of poor orphan girls received / Esta pesquisa analisa o atendimento de meninas órfãs pobres na trajetória do Instituto Dona Placidina de Mogi das Cruzes de 1931 a 1966. O Instituto era uma escola primária católica criada, em 1931, para atender meninas órfãs pobres em cumprimento as exigências testamentárias de um padre da cidade, Pe João Lourenço de Siqueira, que deixou todos os seus bens para que a Arquidiocese de São Paulo fundasse a Instituição. O Instituto, administrado pelas Irmãs de São Vicente de Paulo de Gysegem, ao longo dos anos, tornou-se uma importante escola particular da cidade e passou a atender parte importante das filhas da elite mogiana. Neste estudo busco compreender qual a função social que a infância desvalida passou a desempenhar no Instituto, da sua fundação até 1966, ano que marca o fechamento do internato - setor que atendia as órfãs - e a saída das Irmãs de São Vicente do Instituto. A pesquisa analisa a atuação dos diferentes interlocutores que contribuíram para a conformação da Instituição. Para isso, utilizei como fontes os estatutos do Instituto, as atas das reuniões de diretoria, os relatórios encaminhados para a Arquidiocese, crônicas de autores da cidade e jornais de circulação local. Inspirado nas análises do historiador inglês Edward Palmer Thompson busquei compreender a centralidade que a infância órfã pobre adquiriu na vida da Instituição, apesar da constante diminuição do número de meninas órfãs pobres atendidas

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden die molekularen Grundlagen für die Agonistspezifität des G-Protein-gekoppelten Rezeptors GPR34 untersucht. Mittels verschiedener funktioneller Versuche konnte an ausgewählten Orthologen des Rezeptors gezeigt werden, dass, im Gegensatz zu publizierten Daten, Lysophosphatidylserin (Lyso-PS) nicht der natürliche Agonist des GPR34 ist. Lediglich an einigen cyprinoiden Subtypen des GPR34 hat Lyso-PS surrogat-agonistische Effekte. Anhand eines detaillierten evolutionären Vergleichs von Orthologen konnten Bereiche des Rezeptors ermittelt werden, welche an der Ligandenbindung, und damit an der Agonistspezifität des GPR34 beteiligt sind. Durch Übertragung dieser Bereiche vom Karpfen-GPR34-Subtyp 2a auf den humanen GPR34 konnte dieser zu einem Lyso-PS-sensitiven Rezeptor modelliert werden. Weiterhin wurde Aminoethyl-Carbamoyl-ATP (EDA-ATP) als inverser Agonist an cyprinoiden Orthologen des GPR34 identifiziert. Die Erweiterung des möglichen Ligandenspektrums von Lipiden zu Nukleotidderivaten gibt Hinweise auf die Promiskuität der Bindungsstelle des GPR34. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Lyso-PS nur eine zufällige Aktivität an einigen Orthologen des GPR34 hat. Mit Identifizierung eines Nichtlipides als invers-agonistischen Liganden ist die Suche nach dem natürlichen Liganden des GPR34 noch nicht abgeschlossen und sollte auf weitere chemische Entitäten ausgeweitet werden. / Lyso-PS (lyso-phosphatidylserine) has been shown to activate the G(i/o)-protein-coupled receptor GPR34. Since in vitro and in vivo studies provided controversial results in assigning lyso-PS as the endogenous agonist for GPR34, we investigated the evolutionary conservation of agonist specificity in more detail. Except for some fish GPR34 subtypes, lyso-PS has no or very weak agonistic activity at most vertebrate GPR34 orthologues investigated. Using chimaeras we identified single positions in the second extracellular loop and the transmembrane helix 5 of carp subtype 2a that, if transferred to the human orthologue, enabled lyso-PS to activate the human GPR34. Significant improvement of agonist efficacy by changing only a few positions strongly argues against the hypothesis that nature optimized GPR34 as the receptor for lyso-PS. Phylogenetic analysis revealed several positions in some fish GPR34 orthologues which are under positive selection. These structural changes may indicate functional specification of these orthologues which can explain the species- and subtype-specific pharmacology of lyso-PS. Furthermore, we identified aminoethyl-carbamoyl ATP as an antagonist of carp GPR34, indicating ligand promiscuity with non-lipid compounds. The results of the present study suggest that lyso-PS has only a random agonistic activity at some GPR34 orthologues and the search for the endogenous agonist should consider additional chemical entities.