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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Cyclins and their roles in cell cycle progression, transcriptional regulation and osmostress adaptation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A transcriptome-wide and single cell approach

Teufel, Lotte 12 March 2020 (has links)
Der eukaryotische Zellzyklus ist ein streng regulierter Prozess, für dessen zeitlichen Ablauf unter anderem oszillierende Genexpression notwendig ist. Die Regulation und die zeitliche Koordination des Zellzyklus sind nach wie vor fundamentale Fragen der Zellbiologie. Spezifische Ereignisse, wie DNA Replikation und Zellkernteilung, können vier Zellzyklusphasen zugeordnet werden, welche durch Cyclin-abhängige Kinasen, Cycline und deren Inhibitoren reguliert werden. Während in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cyclin-abhängige Kinasen (Cdc28, Pho85) über den gesamten Zellzyklus zu Verfügung stehen, werden Cycline und ihre Inhibitoren nur in spezifischen Phasen exprimiert. In S. cerevisiae sind drei wichtige G1-Cycline (Cln1-Cln3) in die oszillierende Genexpression involviert. In dieser Arbeit wurde die zeitaufgelöste, transkriptomweite Genexpression im Wildtyp und in Cyclindeletionsmutanten gemessen. Um die Rolle der G1-Cycline für die Feinabstimmung des Zellzykluses zu verstehen, wurden Gene nach charakteristischen Expressionsprofilen geclustert, Expressionsmaxima detektiert, ein Transkriptionsfaktornetzwerk integriert und Zellzyklusphasendauern bestimmt. Um Unterschiede zwischen der Rolle der Cycline zu verstehen, wurden die Zellen zusätzlich Osmostress ausgesetzt. Des Weiteren wurde mit Hilfe von RNA-Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) die Expression zweier Cycline (PCL1 und PCL9), die an Pho85 binden, auf Einzelzellniveau gemessen. Um die Expression in spezifischen Zellzyklusphasen zu quantifizieren, wurden einzelne Zellen mithilfe von Zellzyklusmarkern spezifischen Zellzyklusphasen zugeordnet. Nachdem die Expression unter normalen Wachstumsbedingungen gemessen wurde, wurde zusätzlich Osmostress angewandt. Durch die Kombination einer Einzelzellquantifizierung und einer transkriptomweiten Methode konnten spezifische Aufgaben der Cycline, Cln1, Cln2 und Cln3, erforscht werden. Zusätzlich konnten backup Mechanismen für die Zellzyklusregulation entschlüsselt werden. / The eukaryotic cell cycle is a highly ordered process. For its timing and progression, oscillating gene expression is crucial. The stability of cell cycle regulation and the exact timing is still a fundamental question in cell biology. Specific events, like DNA replication and nuclear division can be assigned to four distinct phases. These events are regulated by cyclin-dependent kinases, cyclins and their inhibitors. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdc28, Pho85) are present throughout the cell cycle, while cyclins and their inhibitors are only expressed and active during specific phases. The G1 cyclins Cln1-3 are essential players to induce oscillating gene expression and are thereby involved in the fine-tuning of the cell cycle. To understand the role of the G1 cyclins for exact cell cycle timing and oscillating gene expression, time-resolved, transcriptome-wide gene expression in wild type and cyclin deletion mutants were measured. Characteristic expression profiles were clustered, precise peak times for each gene were estimated, a transcription factor network was integrated and cell cycle phase durations were defined. To further understand the role and differences of each cyclin osmostress was applied. Furthermore the expression of two cyclins (PCL1 and PCL9) corresponding to the cyclin-dependent kinase Pho85 was measured in single cells. Using RNA-Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) and cell cycle progression markers, high and low expression phases and absolute numbers of mRNAs were obtained. Gene expression was quantified under normal and osmostressed growth conditions to understand the necessity of the cyclins for osmostress adaptation in different cell cycle phases. By the combination of a single cell and a transcriptome-wide approach distinct roles of G1 cyclins Cln1, Cln2 and Cln3 were deciphered and an insight in the backup mechanisms during cell cycle progression for normal and osmostressed growth conditions were proposed.
2

Novel mechanisms of transcriptional regulation by the yeast hog 1 mapk

Mas Martín, Glòria 20 July 2007 (has links)
En la levadura S. cerevisiae, un incremento de la osmolaridad extracelular activa la vía de Hog1, lo que produce una compleja respuesta adaptativa. Entre las respuestas adaptativas que Hog1 coordina, está un importante cambio en el partón de expresión génica. La tesis presentada se centra en la respuesta a nivel de regulación génica, y en ella se ponen de manifiesto nuevos mecanismos por los cuales Hog1 regula la transcripción para inducir genes necesarios para la adaptación celular en respuesta a estrés osmótico. Este trabajo demuestra que Hog1 controla la iniciación y la elongación de la transcripción, interacciona con la RNA polimerasa elongando, y es reclutado en toda la región codificante de los genes que se inducen por estrés osmótico a traves del 3'UTR. Asimismo, Hog1 recluta el complejo remodelador de cromatina RSC para promover un dramático cambio en el posicionamiento de nucleosomas, permitiendo una correcta inducción de la expresión génica. / In the yeast S.cerevisiae, an increase in extra cellular osmolarity activates the Hog1 Pathway, which produces a very complex adaptive response. Among these adaptive responses coordinated by Hog1, there is an important change in the gene expression pattern. The presented Thesis focuses on the response triggered at the genomic level, showing novel mechanisms by which Hog1 regulates transcription to efficiently and properly induce a subset of genes critical for the cellular adaptation to osmotic stress. This work demonstrates that Hog1 promotes and regulates transcription not only at the initiation level, as was previously described, but it also interacts with the RNA Polymerase while elongating, and travels along the coding regions of genes induced upon osmotic stress through recognition of the 3'UTR. Furthermore, Hog1 recruits a chromatin-remodeling complex known as RSC to promote a dramatic change in nucleosome positioning of target genes, allowing a proper induction of the transcription
3

Regulation of transcriptional activation in response to heat stress and osmostress

Ruiz Roig, Clàudia 02 December 2011 (has links)
A Saccharomyces cerevisiae, un increment de la temperatura comporta diversos efectes deleteris en l’organització interna de la cèl∙lula i indueix una inducció ràpida, massiva i transitòria d’expressió gènica, que es controla principalment pels factors de transcripció Hsf1 i Msn2/4. En aquest estudi, fent servir un crivatge genètic a gran escala, hem identificat el conjunt d’activitats que es requereixen per a l’adaptació cel∙lular a l’estrés tèrmic. A més, hem trobat que el complex de desacetilació d’histones de Rpd3 és un component essencial per a l’adaptació i la supervivència a l’estrés tèrmic, i que es requereix per a l’adequada regulació de l’expressió gènica. Concretament, Rpd3 es necessita per a l’activació dels gens depenents de Msn2/4 en resposta a estrés tèrmic. A més, hem trobat que és el complex gran de Rpd3, però no el petit, el qui media l’adaptació cel∙lular. Un increment en l’osmolaritat externa activa la quinasa activada per estrés (SAPK) Hog1, que és essencial per induir diverses respostes adaptatives, com la regulació de l’expressió gènica. Hog1 controla al menys cinc factors de transcripció. Aquí ensenyem que els factors de transcripció Rtg1 i Rtg3 regulen l’expressió d’un conjunt de gens en resposta a estrés osmòtic, d’una manera depenent de Hog1. En resposta a estrés osmòtic, Hog1 es requereix per a l’acumulació nuclear del complex de transcripció de Rtg1/3. Un cop al nucli, Hog1 es recluta als promotors i la seva activitat es requereix per a la unió de Rtg1/3 a la cromatina. A més, la fosforilació de Rtg3 per Hog1 és un pas important per a l’adequada activació transcripcional. / In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, increases in temperature lead to deleterious effects on the internal organization of the cell, and lead to a massive and transient induction of gene expression, mainly controlled by Hsf1 and Msn2/4 transcription factors. In this study, by using a genome‐wide genetic screen, we identified the network of essential activities required for cell adaptation to heat stress. Moreover, we found that the Rpd3 histone deacetylase (HDAC) complex is an essential component for adaptation and survival to heat stress and it is required for proper regulation of gene expression. Specifically, Rpd3 is needed for activation of the Msn2/4‐dependent genes in response to heat stress. Moreover, we found that the large, but not the small Rpd3 complex mediates cell adaptation. Increases in the extracellular osmolarity activate the Hog1 stress‐activated protein kinase (SAPK), which is essential for the induction of diverse osmoadaptive responses, such as regulation of gene expression. At least five transcription factors have been shown to be controlled by Hog1. Here we show that the Rtg1 and Rtg3 transcription factors regulate the expression of a set of genes upon osmostress in a Hog1‐dependent manner. In response to osmostress, Hog1 is required for the nuclear accumulation of the Rtg1/3 transcription complex. Once in the nucleus, Hog1 is recruited at promoters and its activity is required for the binding of Rtg1/3 to chromatin. Moreover, Rtg3 phosphorylation by Hog1 is an important step for proper transcriptional activation.
4

Control of transcription initiation by the stress activated hog1 kinase

Zapater Enrique, Meritxell 01 December 2006 (has links)
En el llevat Saccharomyces cerevisiae els canvis en les condicions osmòtiques del medi extracel.lular són sensades per la MAP cinasa Hog1, la qual permet dur a terme l'adaptació cel.lular mitjançant la modulació de l'expressió gènica, de la traducció i de la progressió del cicle cel.lular. A l'inici d'aquest projecte de tesi, els mecanismes pels quals Hog1 controla l'expressió gènica no eren del tot coneguts. El nostre objectiu va ser caracteritzar el mecanisme molecular pel qual Hog1 modula la transcripció en resposta a estrès osmòtic. Hem aconseguit demostrar que el reclutament de Hog1 als promotors sensibles a estrès osmòtic per part del factor de transcripció és essencial per al reclutament i activació de la RNA polimerasa II, mecanisme que podria estar conservat en les cèl.lules eucariotes. També hem identificat noves activitats remodeladores de cromatina implicades en la resposta gènica a osmoestrès mediada per Hog1. Vàrem realitzar un cribatge genètic per identificar mutacions que provoquessin osmosensibilitat i una reducció en l'expressió de gens de resposta a estrès osmòtic. Aquest cribatge ens va permetre identificar nous reguladors de la transcripció mediada per osmoestrès: la histona deacetilasa Rpd3 i els complexes SAGA i mediador. Els nostres resultats permeten, doncs, definir un important paper per a Rpd3, SAGA i mediador en la inducció gènica mediada per Hog1, i han estat importants per assolir una millor visió de com les cinases activades per estrès regulen la iniciació de la transcripció. / In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, changes in the extracellular osmotic conditions are sensed by the HOG MAPK pathway, which elicits the program for cell adaptation, including modulation of gene expression, translation and cell-cycle progression. At the beginning of this PhD Project, the mechanisms by which Hog1 was controlling gene transcription were not completely understood. Our main objective was to characterize the molecular mechanisms by which the Hog1 MAPK modulates transcription upon osmostress. We have shown that anchoring of Hog1 to osmoresponsive promoters by the transcription factor is essential for recruitment and activation of RNA polymerase II, a mechanism that might be conserved among eukaryotic cells. In addition, we identified novel chromatin modifying and remodelling activities involved in the Hog1-mediated osmostress gene expression. We performed a genome-wide genetic screening searching for mutations that render cells osmosensitive and displayed reduced expression of osmoresponsive genes. Rpd3 histone deacetylase, SAGA and Mediator complexes were identified as novel regulators of osmostress-mediated transcription. Thus, our results define a major role for Rpd3, SAGA and Mediator in the Hog1-mediated osmostress gene induction, and have been important to achieve a better view of how a SAPK regulates transcription initiation.

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