The purpose of this project was to map the construction and of a house built in 1953 and calculate the energybalance for the house in its original design. The idea was to investigate the measures that has been taken to lower the energy use in the building and see how great the savings were after each measure in the specific order they were made. The reason for choosing the there is possibility in saving energy in the residential sector  The energybalance were calculated by hand for the building in its original design and the energy efficient measures that were examined was additional insulation of the attic, window replacement and installation of a heat pump. The result for the buildings energybalance is that the demand for active heating is about 20 000 kWh/year. That can be compared with the result for calculation of the original oilfired boiler that were 13 600 kWh/year. The energyefficient measures that were made showed that the additional insulation gave a 11 percent saving of the demand for active heat. windows that were replaced and sealed gave an additional saving of 0,3 percent. That is because the measures of the windows result in two positive effect regarding the transmission- and ventilation losses and one negative effect regarding the passive heat. the measures lower the demand for active heat from 20 000 kWh/year to 17 500 kWh/year. Installation of a heat pump covers 48 percent of all bought energy and covers approximately 10 000 kWh/year of the demand for active heat.  Keywords: energybalance, demand for active heat, heatlosses, passive heat, window, additional insulation, heat pump

Boverket, den svenska myndigheten för samhällsplanering, boende och byggande, tillhandahåller bland annat vägledning för kommunernas utformning av översiktsplanen, i vilken inriktningen för den fysiska miljöns långsiktiga utveckling anges. Myndigheten framhåller att en övergripande vision för kommunens hållbara utveckling kan användas som styrdokument för utformningen av översiktsplanen. Var kommuns förhållningssätt till de tre hållbarhetsparametrarna, ekonomisk, social och ekologisk hållbarhet, bör i mångt och mycket utgå från de lokala förutsättningarna. Vid framtagandet av en övergripande samhällsvision betonar därför Boverket vikten av “att ha ett helhetsperspektiv som inbegriper alla samhällsområden”. Emellertid har visionen kommit att bli föremål för en tilltagande platsmarknadsföring som tenderar att endast presentera kommunens attraktiva platser och sidor, snarare än att lyfta fram samhället i sin helhet. Behovet av att marknadsföra en kommun föranleds bland annat av den tilltagande konkurrensen över exempelvis invånare, företagsverksamhet och investeringar, vilka är avgörande för kommunens ekonomiska tillväxt och utveckling. Till följd av den governanceinriktade förvaltningspolitiken som bedrivs i Sverige idag har visionen samtidigt kommit att utgöra en central del av den kommunala styrningen. Således är platsmarknadsföring av och i visioner förenat med lokal utvecklingspolitik. I denna studie undersöks intentionerna bakom formuleringen av tre kommunövergripande visioner samt hur de kan härledas till platsmarknadsföring. Till grund för visionens utformning ligger ett antal frekvent förekommande faktorer och funktioner med, mer eller mindre, starka kopplingar till platsmarknadsföring, vilka behandlas i undersökningens kunskapsöversikt. Undersökningen har utförts medelst fallstudier av de tre kommunerna Stockholm, Nykvarn och Leksand, vilka representerar vardera kategori i SKL:s kommungruppsindelning från 2017. Metoden som tillämpats för genomförandet av undersökningen är kvalitativ textanalys och föremål för studien har sålunda varit den övergripande visionen för respektive kommun. Empirin har analyserats utifrån ett platsmarknadsföringsteoretiskt perspektiv och resultaten jämförs i en avslutande diskussion.

The mining method used in the Kiirunavaara Mine induces failure in the hangingwall which caves and subsides by the effect of stress relaxation and gravity. Since the orebody is dipping towards the city of Kiruna, surface disturbances are approaching the town as mining proceeds to a greater depth. The aim of this thesis is to contribute to the understanding of the hangingwall failure process and its relationship with the ground surface subsidence. To achieve this objective two conference papers related to numerical analyses and one journal paper regarding ground surface deformation are compiled. Results from numerical analysis using continuous methods indicate that the first tension cracks are formed by extension strain on the ground surface, followed by shear failure along an almost planar failure surface between the mining level and the tension crack. The break angle calculated from the model showed good agreement with those calculated using field data. The break angle varied while the orebody width changed. A discrete element method was also used to analyze the hangingwall - caved rock - footwall interaction. The model showed that the caved rock constrains the movement of the hangingwall and footwall. Additionally, the model for the mine section Y1500 indicated that without the backfill the footwall will fail. The time-dependent behaviour of the hangingwall was analyzed using time- displacement curves obtained from surveying stations. Three different phases were found - regressive phase, steady state, and progressive phase. The rate of movement was estimated for the first two phases. Additionally, strain analysis was carried out using subsidence data from the hangingwall. The results indicated that critical values of tensile strain can be reached before visible cracks can be found on the surface. Moreover, large geological structures concentrate the strains, creating abnormal subsidence behaviour at the hangingwall. / <p>Godkänd; 2008; 20080505 (ysko)</p>

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No description available.

Med utgångspunkt i att stads-, och infrastrukturplanering bör ses på utifrån ett helhetsperspektiv för att uppnå mer hållbara urbana utvecklingar, undersöker denna uppsats om särskilda stadsmönster kan associeras med mer effektiva cykelnät. Cykelnäten har studerats med hjälp av kontinuitetsanalyser som givit en detaljerad insikt i nätens egenskaper. De olika stadsmönstrena har visat sig ha viss betydelse för kontinuiteten i cykelnäten på lokal nivå där de regelbundna traditionella stadsmönstrena visar något bättre förutsättningar för kontinuerliga nät. Samtidigt har flera andra påverkansfaktorer för cykelinfrastruktur som berör stadsmönster i ett regionalt perspektiv och gällande trafikbelastning identifierats som komplicerar ett sådant samband. Dessa sammanvägda har det regelbundna traditionella stadsmönstret också visat sig mer utsatt vid höga trafikflöden och på grund av den höga konkurrensen om utrymme, vara svårare att anpassa förbättringsåtgärder till. Studien belyser även bristande arbete av att inkludera cyklismen i planeringsarbete på ett tidigt stadium och tendenser till att tidigare stadsstrukturer kopieras och därmed bygger in gårdagens cykelproblematiker i dagens stadsutveckling.

The purpose of this report is to investigate European cohesion politics and how it relates to regional development strategies. The aim is, through the investigation of this linkage, get a clearer picture of how cohesion politics is translated into actual practise and how it contributes to European regions development. A framework summarising key attributes of cohesion is constructed to work as an analytical tool. The analysis then is conducted on two Swedish regional development strategies where the connections between the two regional strategies and cohesion politics is examined. One of these strategies purposefully implements cohesion politics while the other does not which makes a comparison in between the two interesting. This works as a second step in the analysis and is meant to help elucidate if and how cohesion has made the two strategies differ. The result is that the two regional development strategies are very similar, both in comparison to each other as well as that they contain equal amounts of attributes of cohesion. The analysis boils down to a discussion about how and if European cohesion politics offer guidelines for European regions in the way it is thought to or if the guidelines are redundant and the regions should decide their line of development on their own. Tied to European cohesion politics is a couple of funds and possibilities for regions to get financial aid. An argumentation is conducted towards that perhaps the Union’s responsibility should stay with the distribution of financial aid and leave the policy work for the regions in order to make the use of the funds more efficient. It seems difficult for the EU to set guidelines that apply to all regions within and this might be a reason for the vague definition(s) that is associated to cohesion. The conclusion drawn from this research is that cohesion politics seems not to be directly linked to regional strategic planning but rather within a planning discourse held by its practitioners. It is also concluded that the how system, by which cohesion politics and cohesion funds are distributed, works seems suboptimal. A proposal for reworking the system giving regions greater freedom seems preferable.

Idag kan det vara svårt att genomföra geodetiska mätningar med en fri station som sedan ska kunna refereras till ett känt geodetiskt referenssystem. Det pågår en ständig utveckling att ta fram nya metoder som kan lösa de problem som påverkar denna process. En möjlig framtida lösning kan vara realtidsuppdaterad fri station, förkortat Rufris. Rufris är en relativt ny metod för mätning som kräver tillgång till satellitsignaler men dock ingen tillgång till kända markerade punkter. Detta kan vara användbart i områden där stompunkter saknas eller där sådana antingen är gamla, icke tillförlitliga eller svårtillgängliga. Syftet med denna studie är att testa Rufris praktiska användbarhet och utvärdera dess prestanda i olika typer av miljöer för att ge underlag för framtida bruk av metoden. Testen genomfördes på tre olika platser på Kungliga Tekniska Högskolans(KTH) Campus i Stockholm under april 2014. Resultatet från studien visar att mätningarna från de flesta Rufris-etableringar avviker signifikant mot mätningar genomförda med statiska GNSS mätningar. Dock är standardosäkerheterna i stationsetableringarna och de statiska mätningarna på millimeternivåer i de flesta fall. Felkällor finns det flera av och dessa påverkar resultatet. Dock innebär dessa inte bara något negativt då det finns anledning att tro att felkällor av denna typ, mycket väl kan inträffa när mätningar görs med Rufris även i kommersiellt bruk. Studien ledde oss till slutsatserna att Rufris är en väldigt lätthanterlig metod. Det krävs bara en person för att genomföra mätningarna. En handdator och GNSS mottagare går utmärkt att bära på själv. Dock är noggrannheten i mätningarna på platser där Rufris inte etablerats med en punkt längre ifrån de övriga etableringspunkterna, inte lika hög som när en sådan punkt används. Detta stämmer överens med de teorier som finns angående mätningar med Rufris.

Mapproduction, also called cartography, is one of the processes of visualrepresentation of reality. This practice has for a long time been of hugeinterest to humanity and was initially a handcraft[2]. Today most maps areproduced with the help of computers and are often the last step of a GISanalysis – the way the result is presented. This makes knowledge of mapproduction important and relevant when working with different GIS analysis. Thereare several GIS programs on the market, both free and commercial software.ArcGIS is one of the most common programs used by companies when producing mapsand is often used in universities for teaching. However, there are otherprograms on the market. Two examples of these are QGIS and MapInfo. QGIS isfree open source software and MapInfo is licensed software like ArcGIS. Theobjectives of this thesis are to explore and learn the steps of map productionin these programs and to look at how interchangeable the programs are in mapediting. This is examined by trying to create the same map and map series inthe three programs. From the process and result an evaluation schema is createdto present the functionality as well as a discussion to raise the pros and consof the programs. The result of creating a simple map shows that it is possibleto create the same map in all three programs, except from some minordifferences. When looking at the evaluations schema it is clear that theprograms have almost the same functionality. The biggest difference is thatboth ArcGIS and QGIS have a tool for generating an atlas while MapInfo lacksthis functionality. What the evaluation schema does not show is the differencesin how user-friendly the programs are. This is further narrated in the discussionpart of the report where the pros and cons are reported. The conclusion is thatArcGIS and QGIS are much alike when it comes to producing maps while MapInfoworks differently and are harder to get used to. The result gives a goodindication of which programs to choose and what type of functionality thatexists, though a more profound study could have been done where more types ofmaps were created for more reliable results.

Laser scanning technologies has become an important tool in many engineering projects and applications. The output of laser measuring is the point cloud, which is processed in a way that makes it suitable for different applications. Processing of point cloud data is achieved through laser scanning software packages. Depending on the field of application, these packages have many different kinds of functions and methods that can be used. The main processing tasks used on a laser scanning software package include registration, modelling and texture mapping. Investigation and comparison of two laser scanning processing packages (Leica Cyclone and InnovMetric PolyWorks) are performed in this study. The theoretical and mathematical backgrounds of the above functions are presented and discussed. The available methods and functions used by each of the packages for these tasks are addressed and discussed. By using sample data, these functions are trailed and their results are compared and analyzed. The results from registration tests show the same results on both packages for the registration using target methods. Although, the results of cloud-to-cloud registration show some deviation from target registration results, they are more close to each other in both packages than to the target registration results. This indicates the efficiency of cloud-to-cloud methods in averaging the total registration error on all used points, unlike target registration methods. The modelling tests show more differences in the accuracy of generated models between the two packages. For both fitting and surface construction methods, PolyWorks showed better results and capabilities for three-dimensional modelling. As a result, the advantages and disadvantages of each package are presented in relation with the used task and methods, and a review of data exchange abilities is presented.