<p>To save time in Flextronics high volume production, the time for test and calibration of mobile telephones need to be as short and accurate as possible. In the wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) case, the output power calibration is the most critical calibration concerning accuracy. The aim with this thesis was to find a faster calibration method than the one that exists today and still retain accuracy. </p><p>The Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) outlines the requirements of the output power and they must be thoroughly considered when choosing calibration method. Measurement accuracy and the behavior of the transmitter chain parameters also must be considered. </p><p>The output power in the WCDMA phone studied is controlled by seven parameters. The parameters are characterized in this thesis, and are found to be too hardware dependent to be predicted or to be seen as predictions from each other. </p><p>Since no parameter predictions are possible it was stated that all parameters have to be measured, and a new way of measuring them in a faster way is proposed. The principle of the new measurement method is presented, and the implemented software is tested and evaluated. The new method mainly makes use of the spectrum analyzer zero span function. </p><p>The evaluation shows that the new method is faster than the original and retains accuracy. The measurement uncertainties even seem to diminish, which implicates decreased temperature dependence due to faster measurement time.</p>

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Instruments for analyzing radio signals are very expensive and their full capacity is seldom used outside the research and development and the type approval departments. Instrument manufacturers have historically integrated the hardware and the software into a single unit. But some instrument manufacturers are beginning to change this. The software is moved to a PC and the hardware samples the time continuous signal and sends it to the computer for analysis or for saving it on a file. Since the data from the hardware is in a raw format this opens up for other than the instrument manufacturer to supply the software. This thesis presents algorithms for calculating power, phase error and frequency error. It is shown that the results from these algorithms are comparable to the results from commercial analysis software. It is concluded that it is possible to create own analysis software at a reasonable cost with the possible downside of it being slower than commercial software.

Recent years, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) system gets more and more attentions for its great benefit to the optical fiber communication system for improving the transmission performance. Not only better performance in long distance transmission but also high bit-rate is attractive feature of the OFDM system. The OFDM technology has been developed for the wireless communication system, and is now used in Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL), ETSI Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB), Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB), High Definition Television (HDTV), Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) and so on. The OFDM is extensively used in broadband wired and wireless communication systems, and it solves the problem of intersymbol interference (ISI) effectively. Actually, the OFDM is a kind of Multi-Carrier Modulation (MCM), and it is not a brand-new technology. The history of the OFDM can be traced back to 1966 when Chang of Bell Labs introduced the concept of the OFDM. In this thesis, I will briefly introduce the background of optical fiber communication system, then, explain my motivation and the structure of this thesis. Next, theoretical study has been conducted. For the simulation, I discuss the performance of the OFDM system related to the number of subcarriers and the erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) repeater output power. It revealed that small number of subcarriers had better transmission performance. In my study case, repeater output power of 0dBm was the optimum condition. In addition, experimental study has been conducted. For the experiment, the waveform required for the OFDM signal generation was calculated offline, and it was realized by the Arbitrary Waveform Generator (AWG). Finally, this thesis is concluded.

Orientador: Claudio Alexandre Gobatto / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T02:36:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gama_MariaCarolinaTraina_M.pdf: 1672436 bytes, checksum: 1a6690492fedd047888184a62f784db7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi viabilizar a utilização da esteira rolante não motorizada (ENM) em corrida atada com sensor de carga para obtenção de potência de corrida, em homens ativos fisicamente. Além disso, analisar possíveis correlações entre os valores de capacidades aeróbias e anaeróbias obtidos no teste convencional de Potência Crítica e all-out de três minutos realizados em esteira rolante não motorizada, e teste de Lactato mínimo realizado na esteira rolante motorizada. Para isto, dez indivíduos do sexo masculino, com a faixa etária média de 23 ± 4 anos compareceram ao laboratório nove vezes, para a coleta dos dados. Nas duas primeiras, foram concretizadas a avaliação antropométrica e a adaptação ao ergômetro. Após essa adaptação, foram utilizadas quatro visitas para aplicação do protocolo convencional de determinação da potência crítica. Para realização do teste e reteste de all-out de três minutos (AO3) foram utilizadas mais duas visitas, seguidas de mais uma para aplicação do teste de Lactato mínimo. É importante ressaltar que foi respeitado um intervalo de no mínimo 24 horas entre todos os testes para recuperação muscular dos avaliados. Além disso, com a escessão da adaptação aos ergômetros e antropometria. Os dados coletados foram posteriormente inseridos em pacote estatístico Statistica 6.0 (Statsoft, EUA), SPSS 16.0 para Windows (SPSS Inc., EUA) , verificada a normalidade da distribuição pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk e a homogeneidade pelo de Levene, para decisão de uso de estatística paramétrica (Anova One-way e Two-way e quando necessário post-hoc Newmann Keuls, para comparação das variáveis. Teste t de Student e teste de correlação de Pearson e intra classe (ICC) de concordância absoluta também foram aplicados. Para todas as análises foi adotado nível de significância de p ? 0,05. Os principais achados da presente pesquisa sugerem que AO3 em corrida atada na ENM é uma metodologia reprodutível. Além disso, fundamentado nos valores de r2, ausência de diferenças estatísticas entre todas as aplicações, e alta correlção entre os modelos da potência crítica convencional e AO3, podemos concluir que os testes de potência crítica convencional e AO3 em corrida atada na ENM, e LM em corrida atada na EM são metodologias viáveis para obtenção de parâmetros fisiológicos de capacidade aeróbia em unidade de potência mecânica, em ergômetro específico para corredores. Em relação aos parâmetros anaeróbios de capacidade, a aplicação de AO3 parece ser mais confiável pela maior coerência aos valores encontrados na literatura / Abstract: The aim of this study was to enable the use of nonmotorized treadmill tethered running (NMT) with load sensor for obtaining output power of runnung in physically active men. Furthermore, to analyze the correlation between the values of aerobic and anaerobic capacities obtained in the conventional test Critical Power and all-out three minutes in NMT, and lactate minimum test (LM) performed on the motorized treadmill (MT). For this ten males, mean age 23 ± 4 years attended the laboratory nine times for data collection. In the first two, anthropometric assessment and adaptation to the ergometer were implemented. After this adaptation, four visits to applying the conventional protocol for determining the critical power were used. For the test and retest of all-out three minutes (AO3) plus two visits, followed by a further application to the lactate minimum test were used. Importantly, an interval of at least 24 hours between all tests for muscle recovery was evaluated respected. Moreover, with the adaptation to escessão ergometers and anthropometry. The data collected were subsequently included in the statistical package Statistica 6.0 (Statsoft, USA), SPSS 16.0 for Windows (SPSS Inc., USA), checked for normal distribution using the Shapiro-Wilk test and homogeneity by Levene for decision use of parametric statistics (ANOVA One-way and Two-way when necessary and post hoc Newman-Keuls test for comparison of variables. Student's t test and Pearson correlation test and intra-class (ICC) for absolute agreement were also applied. for all analyzes the level of significance was set at p ? 0.05. principal findings of this study suggest that in AO3 in a nonmotorized treadmill tethered running NMT is a reproducible methodology. Moreover, based on r2 values, no statistical differences among all applications, and high correlção between models of conventional critical power and AO3, we can conclude that tests conventional critical power and AO3 in the NMT , and LM tethered running in MT are viable methodologies for obtaining physiological parameters of capacity aerobic mechanical power in unity, in particular ergometer for runners. Regarding anaerobic capacity parameters, the application of AO3 seems to be more reliable for greater consistency with the values found in the literature / Mestrado / Biodinâmica do Movimento Humano e Esporte / Mestra em Ciências da Nutrição e do Esporte e Metabolismo

To save time in Flextronics high volume production, the time for test and calibration of mobile telephones need to be as short and accurate as possible. In the wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) case, the output power calibration is the most critical calibration concerning accuracy. The aim with this thesis was to find a faster calibration method than the one that exists today and still retain accuracy. The Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) outlines the requirements of the output power and they must be thoroughly considered when choosing calibration method. Measurement accuracy and the behavior of the transmitter chain parameters also must be considered. The output power in the WCDMA phone studied is controlled by seven parameters. The parameters are characterized in this thesis, and are found to be too hardware dependent to be predicted or to be seen as predictions from each other. Since no parameter predictions are possible it was stated that all parameters have to be measured, and a new way of measuring them in a faster way is proposed. The principle of the new measurement method is presented, and the implemented software is tested and evaluated. The new method mainly makes use of the spectrum analyzer zero span function. The evaluation shows that the new method is faster than the original and retains accuracy. The measurement uncertainties even seem to diminish, which implicates decreased temperature dependence due to faster measurement time.

<p>In this thesis the models of Si-LDMOS transistors have been investigated with Agilent EEsof ADS version 2002a for operation in the 2-6 GHz frequency range. The first one is the Motorola’s (MRF21010) model based on a 30 mm prototype of a Si-LDMOS transistor. The second one is a model based on a 1 mm prototype of Si-LDMOS transistor developed at Chalmers University. Large-signal simulations of Chalmers’ model have demonstrated results, which lead to the conclusion that,this model cannot be efficiently utilised for design for a PA in the 2-6 GHz frequency range. However, additional simulations with reduced Rd (drain losses) show the deep impact of this parameter on the main properties of the designed PA. Hence, it is important to take it into account during new processes of Si-LDMOS as well as to improve the CAD model. The final conclusion regarding Si-LDMOS cannot be made just based on these simulation results, since they are not in accordance with the published ones. The next step should be aimed at improving the model and further investigation of Si-LDMOS to prove their ability to operate in the 2-6 GHz frequency range.</p>

<p>This thesis deals with output power calibration of a mobile platform that supports EGPRS.Two different topics are examined. First some different measurement methods are compared concerning cost efficiency, accuracy, and speed and later measurements are carried out on a mobile platform. </p><p>The output power from the mobile platform is controlled by three parameters and the influence on the output power when varying those parameters is investigated and presented. Furthermore, two methods of improving the speed of the calibration are presented. </p><p>The first one aims to decrease the number of bursts to average over as much as possible. The conclusion is that 10-20 bursts are enough for GMSK modulation and about five bursts for 8PSK modulation. The purpose of the second investigation is to examine the possibility to measure the output power in one modulation and frequency band, and then calculate the output power in the other bands. The conclusion in this case is that, based on the units investigated, it is possible for some values of the parameters and in some frequency bands. However, more units need to be included in the basic data for decision-making and it is possible that the hardware variation is too large.</p>

In this thesis the models of Si-LDMOS transistors have been investigated with Agilent EEsof ADS version 2002a for operation in the 2-6 GHz frequency range. The first one is the Motorola’s (MRF21010) model based on a 30 mm prototype of a Si-LDMOS transistor. The second one is a model based on a 1 mm prototype of Si-LDMOS transistor developed at Chalmers University. Large-signal simulations of Chalmers’ model have demonstrated results, which lead to the conclusion that,this model cannot be efficiently utilised for design for a PA in the 2-6 GHz frequency range. However, additional simulations with reduced Rd (drain losses) show the deep impact of this parameter on the main properties of the designed PA. Hence, it is important to take it into account during new processes of Si-LDMOS as well as to improve the CAD model. The final conclusion regarding Si-LDMOS cannot be made just based on these simulation results, since they are not in accordance with the published ones. The next step should be aimed at improving the model and further investigation of Si-LDMOS to prove their ability to operate in the 2-6 GHz frequency range.

This thesis addresses the potential of implementing a predriver for class-D power amplifier for WLAN in 65 nm CMOS technology. In total, eight different predrivers have been created using Cadence Virtuoso CAD tools. All designs have been tested using Agilent's Advance Design System (ADS) and simulated using the ADS-Cadence dynamic link. Furthermore, a comparison between the eight designs and the reference design has been done. The examined parameters were output power (Pout), efficiency, and effective area consumption. The simulation results show that most of the proposed designs obtain higher output power, higher efficiency, and lower effective area than the reference design. For the reference design, output power of 34.2 dBm, efficiency of 20.8 %, and effective area of 63952 um2 were obtained. For design No.1, the effective area was 31511um2, which was almost half of the area occupied by the reference design. For design No.3, the efficiency was 71.2 %, which was almost 3 and half times higher than the efficiency of the reference design. Furthermore, all designs, except design NO.7, gave more or less the same output power (around 34.4 dBm).