Outsourcing of pharmaceutical manufacturing processes from developed countries to emerging economies such as India and China, has become increasingly frequent during the last decade. Simultaneously, impacts and risks associated with pharmaceuticals in the environment, particularly from manufacturing of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs), have gained recognition as major threats to sustainable development, locally (due to pollution of ground- and surface water) as well as globally (due to risks with antibiotic resistance development). The purpose with this study is to examine the pollution situation in two main locations for API manufacturing in Andhra Pradesh, and its challenges, as well as the eventual possibilities and barriers to improve the situation. Based on semi-structured interviews with local stakeholders from industry, government and NGOs, site observations and community visits in affected areas, as well as a literature review, a critical examination of the situation and its potential sustainability measures was made. Furthermore, the connection to- and role of Swedish actors were explored. The study finds that there are major institutional challenges rather than technological ones, obstructing substantial improvements from taking place. Potential possibilities for pollution abatement include local initiatives e.g. alternative regulatory approaches as well as initiatives by international actors, such as large procurers of pharmaceuticals e.g. the Swedish county councils, which with policy instruments such as Green Public Procurement (GPP), pro-active and internationally coordinated efforts, could contribute to an improved situation.

Thesis (LL.M. (Labour Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

Thesis (LL.M. (Labour Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

Outsourcing involves contracting out a function, or functions, performed by an organization to another organization available in the market. It involves transferring the services, performed by internal staff, as well as the staff themselves, to an external service provider under a contractual agreement. Today in healthcare, many organizations are exploring outsourcing as a way to address demands for health information technology (HIT). This thesis researches the success of outsourcing in the health informatics industry in Canada. The study is designed to help understand whether outsourcing HIT functions, such as development, implementation, operations, and maintenance, can prove successful and result in benefits for an organization. The study finds that outsourcing all four functions of HIT development, implementation, operations, and maintenance occurs in Canada; however, the research from the semi-structured interviews finds that operations and maintenance may be more commonly outsourced in Canada, over development and implementation functions. Despite this, the research from the semi-structured interviews finds that outsourcing development and implementation may actually offer more benefits and fewer challenges than outsourcing operations and maintenance. The research also finds that there can be many benefits of outsourcing for organizations, such as gaining access to expertise and improving service levels, as well as many weaknesses of outsourcing, such as losing internal knowledge and having to manage the change required from outsourcing. The findings from this thesis were used to develop a conceptual model that can be used when an organization is looking at outsourcing. The model considers the inputs and the outputs to outsourcing as an organizational strategy, including the factors that influence an organization’s decision to outsource, the risk and challenges associated with outsourcing, and the expected outcomes and benefits that can result from outsourcing. The study proposes that there are many things that need to be considered when outsourcing to ensure it is successful. / Graduate / 0769 / smalovec@gmail.com

Abstrakt Titel Hur påverkas ett regionalt nätverk av outsourcing? - en studie av klusterinitiativet Tunga fordon Forskningsproblemet Outsourcing, flytt av produktion till extern part belägen utomlands, är ett led av den konstanta utveckling och globalisering som har lett till nya möjligheter för företag. Att företag utför outsourcingaktiviteter är en bidragande faktor till att tillväxten i Sverige minskar då den regionala utvecklingen hämmas. Detta ställer krav på regioners förmåga att vara innovativa och effektiva för att stärka sin konkurrenskraft. Industristaden Ljungby i Småland har ansetts vara en stark region men samtidigt sårbar då företag inom mindre regioner ofta är inriktade mot en specifik bransch. 2006 grundades klusterinitiativet Tunga fordon, ett regionalt nätverk, där flera företag inom tunga fordonsindustrin gick samman med kommun, universitet samt forskningsinstitut för att gemensamt samarbeta kring forskning och utveckling. Genom att säkerställa kompetens syftar de till att stärka sin position inom branschen och bemöta den ökade konkurrensen på den globala marknaden. Frågeställning Hur påverkas ett regionalt klusterinitiativ av medlemsföretags outsourcingaktiviteter? - Vilka konsekvenser kan uppstå samt vilka attityder går att urskilja inom initiativet vid medlemsföretags outsourcingaktiviteter? Syfte Syftet med denna uppsats är att utifrån Tunga fordon som studieobjekt beskriva och förklara hur ett klusterinitiativ påverkas av outsourcingaktiviteter utförda av medlemsföretag. Detta genom att undersöka vilka konsekvenser som kan uppstå samt identifiera attityder gentemot outsourcing hos de olika aktörerna inom ett klusterinitiativ. Metod I denna studie har vi använt en abduktiv ansats med en kvalitativ forskningsinriktning, där det empiriska materialet har samlats in genom intervjuer med utvalda respondenter inom klusterinitiativet Tunga fordon. Resultat och slutsats Resultaten av denna studie visar att ett klusterinitiativ direkt inte påverkas av medlemsföretagens outsourcingaktiviteter. Däremot uppstår det till följd av beslut om outsourcing påföljder såsom strukturomvandlingar, förlust av viktiga kontaktpersoner samt kompetens som indirekt riskerar att påverka klusterinitiativet negativt.

Zugl.: Dortmund, Univ., Diss., 2005

Zugl.: Oestrich-Winkel, Europ. Business School, Diss., 2006 u.d.T.: Serg, Oliver: Optimierung der Konzernsteuerquote durch internationale Funktionsverlagerungen - eine Darstellung unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Behandlung von Geschäftschancen

Zugl.: Wien, WirtschaftsUniversiẗat, Diplomarbeit, 2007.

Wiss. Hochsch. für Unternehmensführung, Diss., 2005--Vallendar.

Universiẗat, Diss., 2005--Kassel.