This paper contains a study where we apply cross media and storytelling into the design process of a practical commercial campaign. The purpose is to learn more and deeper by using cross media and the ideal of storytelling practical. We applied a qualitative method for research of the project to provide a high-quality empirical work. The result shows that by using well-structured story early in the design process you will easily succeed with your cross media design.

<p>At the same time as many urban economies are developing into 24-hour societies it is becoming increasingly popular amongst shift workers to compress their working hours. This is done by working longer shifts (>8h) and/or restricting free time (<16h) in between shifts – the main reasons are to gain longer bouts of free time and extra free weekends. However, there is a limited knowledge of the effects of such arrangements on sleep and wakefulness. Thus, the main purposes of the present thesis were to evaluate the effects of long working hours (in the form of 12h shifts) and short recovery periods. Another aim was to evaluate possible mechanisms that could suggest why some individuals develop problems with shift work while others do not.</p><p>We used a combination of methods - sleep diaries, wake diaries, blood samples and objective measures of sleep and cognitive performance - across whole or large parts of shift schedules to evaluate acute effects of particularly demanding working periods, as well as the total effects of a shift cycle. Study I evaluated the effect of changing from an 8h- to a 12h-shift system. Study II evaluated the effects of long shifts in a shift schedule with both 8h- and 12h-shifts. Study III evaluated the effects of several consecutive short recovery periods (8-9h of recovery) and whether satisfaction with ones’ work hours was associated to problems with sleep and sleepiness. Study IV evaluated whether endocrinological markers of catabolic (cortisol) and anabolic (testosterone) activity changed across a shift sequence and whether satisfaction were related to them. Study V was a laboratory simulation of the effects of a short recovery period (4h of sleep) and whether a short nap could counteract any detrimental effects.</p><p>There was no convincing evidence for 12h shifts inducing more problems with sleep and sleepiness than 8h shifts. With regard to recovery time between shifts, the shortest recovery times (only 8h) seriously shortened sleep duration and increased sleepiness, while 12h of recovery (between two consecutive 12h shifts) was judged as having no or limited effects on acute measures. The problems with the shortest recovery periods were worse in a schedule with several consecutive shifts and less pronounced in a schedule with few consecutive shifts. With regard to individual differences, it was found that subjects being dissatisfied with their working hours were vulnerable to short recovery periods, which was evident by less sufficient sleep and an accumulation of sleepiness across work periods with limited recovery time. Interestingly, these problems disappeared when they were allowed to recover after the work period. In addition, dissatisfied male shift workers had lower testosterone levels at the end of work periods, indicating disturbed anabolic activity. The simulated quick return supported that curtailed sleep affected sleepiness and performance and that a short nap could counteract these effects temporarily.</p><p>It is concluded that long shifts (up to 12h) may be acceptable, whereas short recovery time (8h or less) is not. Most of the problems with short recovery periods were related to short sleep and sleepiness, and there is, clearly, a subgroup of workers that suffer more from this than others. It is argued that insufficient sleep and low testosterone levels (in males) might be key factors for developing shift intolerance, mainly by reducing the capacity to recover from shift work.</p>

At the same time as many urban economies are developing into 24-hour societies it is becoming increasingly popular amongst shift workers to compress their working hours. This is done by working longer shifts (&gt;8h) and/or restricting free time (&lt;16h) in between shifts – the main reasons are to gain longer bouts of free time and extra free weekends. However, there is a limited knowledge of the effects of such arrangements on sleep and wakefulness. Thus, the main purposes of the present thesis were to evaluate the effects of long working hours (in the form of 12h shifts) and short recovery periods. Another aim was to evaluate possible mechanisms that could suggest why some individuals develop problems with shift work while others do not. We used a combination of methods - sleep diaries, wake diaries, blood samples and objective measures of sleep and cognitive performance - across whole or large parts of shift schedules to evaluate acute effects of particularly demanding working periods, as well as the total effects of a shift cycle. Study I evaluated the effect of changing from an 8h- to a 12h-shift system. Study II evaluated the effects of long shifts in a shift schedule with both 8h- and 12h-shifts. Study III evaluated the effects of several consecutive short recovery periods (8-9h of recovery) and whether satisfaction with ones’ work hours was associated to problems with sleep and sleepiness. Study IV evaluated whether endocrinological markers of catabolic (cortisol) and anabolic (testosterone) activity changed across a shift sequence and whether satisfaction were related to them. Study V was a laboratory simulation of the effects of a short recovery period (4h of sleep) and whether a short nap could counteract any detrimental effects. There was no convincing evidence for 12h shifts inducing more problems with sleep and sleepiness than 8h shifts. With regard to recovery time between shifts, the shortest recovery times (only 8h) seriously shortened sleep duration and increased sleepiness, while 12h of recovery (between two consecutive 12h shifts) was judged as having no or limited effects on acute measures. The problems with the shortest recovery periods were worse in a schedule with several consecutive shifts and less pronounced in a schedule with few consecutive shifts. With regard to individual differences, it was found that subjects being dissatisfied with their working hours were vulnerable to short recovery periods, which was evident by less sufficient sleep and an accumulation of sleepiness across work periods with limited recovery time. Interestingly, these problems disappeared when they were allowed to recover after the work period. In addition, dissatisfied male shift workers had lower testosterone levels at the end of work periods, indicating disturbed anabolic activity. The simulated quick return supported that curtailed sleep affected sleepiness and performance and that a short nap could counteract these effects temporarily. It is concluded that long shifts (up to 12h) may be acceptable, whereas short recovery time (8h or less) is not. Most of the problems with short recovery periods were related to short sleep and sleepiness, and there is, clearly, a subgroup of workers that suffer more from this than others. It is argued that insufficient sleep and low testosterone levels (in males) might be key factors for developing shift intolerance, mainly by reducing the capacity to recover from shift work.

Before the introduction of the Euro many observers had expected an increase of inflationary pressures due to a de-coordination-shock to national wage bargaining. However, if anything systematically happened after the introduction of the Euro wage restraint increased (Posen and Gould 2006). A possible explanation for this finding is that a system of pattern bargaining has emerged with Germany figuring as a "centre of gravity" for European wage bargains (Traxler et al. 2008, Traxler and Brandl 2009). This paper studies wage and nominal unit labour cost spill-overs for the EMU for a panel over 13 manufacturing sectors from 1992-2005 and quantifies the effects of different countries. It turns out that there are strong interdependencies across EMU-members with regard to nominal wage growth. Indeed, a leading role accrues to Germany whose wage developments are twice as influential as those of the next important countries. Remarkably, the strong interdependence of wage growth is not reflected with regard to unit labour costs. Here, only the development in a core group composed of Austria, France, Germany and the Netherlands, is bound to each other. The development of nominal unit labour costs in other countries is largely independent from each other and especially from this core group. (author´s abstract) / Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

La recombinaison génétique est un processus biologique fondamental, ayant lieu au cours de la méiose et assurant la bonne ségrégation des chromosomes, ainsi que le maintien de la variabilité génétique grâce au brassage intrachromosomique. La recombinaison a été étudiée dans de nombreuses espèces, en particulier chez les Mammifères et les animaux d’élevage, comme les bovins, les porcs ou les ovins. Dans tous les cas, une variation du taux de recombinaison a été observée entre les individus et il a été démontré qu’elle était héritable et sous déterminisme génétique. Dans certaines espèces, des cartes génétiques ont également été construites, ce qui a permis de localiser les crossingovers et de détecter de très petites zones du génome où la recombinaison était importante : les points chauds. En race ovine Lacaune, de nombreuses données de génotypages sont disponibles, notamment grâce à l’existence de deux puces : une de moyenne densité avec 54 000 marqueurs et une de haute densité avec 600 000 marqueurs. Deux jeux de données étaient donc disponibles ; un jeu de données familial avec près de 6 000 individus apparentés et génotypés pour les 54 000 marqueurs et un jeu de données comportant 70 Lacaune non apparentés et génotypés pour les 600 000 marqueurs. Des cartes génétiques ont donc été créées pour ces deux jeux de données. Avec les animaux non apparentés, environ 50 000 points chauds ont été détectés. Le jeu de données familial a permis d’observer des motifs de distribution de la recombinaison communs aux autres Mammifères. Enfin, la combinaison des deux jeux de données a révélé la présence de signatures de sélection et a permis de créer une carte génétique de haute densité. De plus, une variation du taux de recombinaison a été observée entre les individus et a pu être liée à l’existence de 2 QTLs majeurs sur les chromosomes 6 et 7. Des gènes candidats plus ou moins bien connus ont pu être proposés, voire étudiés : RNF212 et HEI10. De plus, une comparaison avec une autre population ovine a permis de montrer que les cartes de recombinaison étaient quasiment identiques, mais que le taux de recombinaison individuel était soumis à un déterminisme génétique différent. Il a également été possible de proposer une application concrète pour l’utilisation des cartes génétiques en sélection génomique, grâce à la création de puces basse densité pouvant être utilisées pour l’imputation des reproducteurs et donc favoriser le génotypage et la sélection génomique à moindre coût. / Genetic recombination is a fundamental biological process, which occurs during the meiosis. It allows the good segregation of the chromosomes and contributes to maintain the genetic diversity. Recombination was already studied in a lot of different species, especially in mammals and in farm animals, such as the pig, the cattle or the sheep. In each case, a variation of the recombination rate between the individuals was observed. This variation was heritable and under genetic determinism. In some species, genetic recombination maps were also created, which allowed to localize the crossovers and to detect really tiny genomic regions where the recombination is huge: the recombination hotspots. In the Lacaune breed sheep, a lot of genotyping data are available thanks to two existing arrays: a first with a medium density of markers (about 54,000 markers) and a second with a high density of markers (about 600,000 markers). Two datasets were thus available: a familial dataset with about 6,000 animals genotyped for the 54,000 markers and a dataset of 70 unrelated Lacaune genotyped for the 600,000 markers. Genetic recombination maps were created for these two datasets. With the 70 unrelated Lacaune, about 50,000 hotspots were detected. The familial dataset allowed to observe the mammals common recombination patterns. Finally, when the two datasets were combined, selection signatures were revealed and a high density recombination map were created. Furthermore, a variation of the recombination rate within the individuals was observed and was associated to 2 main QTLs on the chromosomes 6 and 7. Already known, or not, candidate genes were proposed and sometimes studied: especially RNF212 and HEI10. Finally, a comparison with another sheep breed revealed that the genetic recombination maps were really similar, but the individual recombination rate was under a different genetic determinism. A concrete application of the genetic recombination map in genomic selection was also proposed thanks to the creation of lowdensity SNPs sets, which could be used to impute the animals and thus to improve the genotyping and the genomic selection for lessercosts.

Contract inference consists in automatically computing contracts that formally describe the behaviour of program functions. Contracts are used in deductive verification, which is a method for verifying whether a system behaves according to a provided specification. The Saida plugin in Frama-C is a contract inference tool for C code. This thesis explores an extension to the Saida plugin which allows support for pointers and heap allocations. The goal is to evaluate to what extent model checking tools can be used to infer contracts for deductive verification of programs that use pointers and heap allocations. This is done by proposing a translation strategy to convert contracts containing heap expressions, generated by the model checker TriCera, into ACSL, a specification language used by Frama-C. An implementation of this translation is evaluated using a set of verification tasks. The results demonstrate that the inferred contracts are sucient to verify simple code samples, including features such as recursion, aliasing, and manipulation of heap-allocated structs. However, the results also reveal cases where the contracts are too weak, although more information could be extracted in the translation. It is concluded that model checking tools can infer contracts for deductive verification of programs with pointers and heap allocations, but currently to a limited extent. Several improvements to the translation strategy are proposed for future work. / Kontrakthärledning består i att automatiskt härleda kontrakt, vilka formellt beskriver funktioners beteende i program. Kontrakt används för deduktiv verifiering, vilket är en metod för att verifiera huruvida ett system beter sig enligt en given specifikation. Pluginet Saida i Frama-C är ett verktyg för kontrakthärledning för C-kod. Denna avhandling undersöker en vidareutveckling av Saida som möjliggör stöd för pekare och heap-allokeringar. Målet är att utvärdera i vilken utsträckning modellprovningsverktyg kan användas för att härleda kontrakt för deduktiv verifiering av program som använder pekare och heap-allokeringar. Detta görs genom att presentera en översättningsstrategi för att konvertera kontrakt som involverar heaputtryck, genererade av modellkontrollverktyget TriCera, till ACSL, vilket är ett specifikationsspråk som används av Frama-C. En implementation av denna översättning utvärderas med hjälp av en samling verifieringsproblem. Resultaten visar att de härledda kontrakten är tillräckliga för att verifiera enkla verifieringsproblem, med koncept som rekursion, aliasing och manipulation av heap-allokerade structs. Resultaten visar även fall då kontrakten är för svaga, men där mer information skulle kunna utvinnas i ¨översättningen. Slutsatsen dras att modellprovningsverktyg kan härleda kontrakt för deduktiv verifiering av program med pekare och heap-allokeringar, men för närvarande i begränsad utsträckning. Flera förbättringar av översättningsstrategin föreslås för framtida vidareutveckling.

En génomique comparative, on considère classiquement trois forces déterminant l'évolution des séquences : la mutation, la sélection et la dérive génétique. Récemment, lors de l'étude de l'origine évolutive des variations de la composition en base des génomes, un quatrième agent a été identifié : la conversion génique biaisée (BGC). Le BGC est intimement lié à la recombinaison méiotique et semble présent chez la plupart des eucaryotes. Ce phénomène introduit une surreprésentation de certains allèles dans les produits méiotiques aboutissant à une augmentation de la fréquence de ces variants dans la population. Ce processus est capable de mimer et d'interférer avec la sélection naturelle. Il est donc important de le caractériser afin de pouvoir le distinguer efficacement de la sélection dans l'étude de l'adaptation à l'échelle moléculaire. C'est ce que nous nous attachons à faire dans le cadre de ce travail. Pour cela nous utilisons deux espèces modèles. Premièrement la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae pour laquelle une carte de recombinaison haute résolution permettant l'analyse du processus de conversion, est disponible. L'étude approfondie de cette carte nous a permis de lever le voile sur les mécanismes moléculaires qui sous-tendent le BGC. Deuxièmement, grâce à des découvertes récentes sur la détermination des patrons de recombinaison via la protéine PRDM9 chez les mammifères, nous avons quantifié la dynamique et l'intensité de ce processus dans l'histoire évolutive récente de l'homme. Ces résultats nous ont permis de confirmer la place du BGC comme quatrième force d'évolution moléculaire, mais aussi de discuter de l'origine évolutive de ce phénomène

A maneira mais direta de detectar as anomalias da densidade é pelo estudo do potencial gravitacional e de suas derivadas. A disponibilidade global e a boa resolução dos dados do satélite GOCE, aliadas à disponibilidade de dados de gravimetria terrestre, são ideais para a comparação e classificação das bacias de larga escala, como as bacias sedimentares do Solimões e do Amazonas dentro do Craton amazônico. Foram processados um conjunto de dados, produtos GOCE EGG_TRF_2 Level 2, ao longo das trajetórias do satélite para remover o ruído (shift/drift) nos gradientes da gravidade a partir da técnica crossover (XO). Calculamos a redução das massas topográfica a fim de obter os componentes do gradiente da gravidade e anomalia da gravidade usando modelagem direta com prismas esféricos a partir do modelo de elevação digital, ETOPO1. Desta maneira, a comparação dos dados somente do satélite GOCE com as reduções das massas topográficas referentes aos componentes do gradiente da gravidade permitiram estimar quantidades invariantes que trouxeram uma melhoria na interpretação dos dados do tensor de gravidade. Além disso, comparamos dados terrestres do campo de gravidade com dados do campo de gravidade dos modelos geopotenciais EGM2008 e GOCE, uma vez que os dados terrestres podem ser afetados por erros em longos comprimentos de onda devido a erros de nivelamento, diferentes referenciais de altitudes, e aos problemas em interligar diferentes campanhas de medidas da gravidade. Portanto, estimamos uma melhora e uma nova representação dos mapas das anomalias de gravidade e do tensor gradiente da gravidade nas áreas inacessíveis do Craton Amazônico. As observações forneceram novas entradas para determinar campos regionais a partir dados brutos pre-processados (gradiente de gravidade EGG_TRF_2 L2), bem como a partir de um modelo geopotencial mais recente até grau e ordem 250 dos harmonicos esféricos derivados de dados somente do satélite GOCE para a representação do campo de gravidade como geóide, anomalias da gravidade e os componentes tensor da gravidade, os quais foram quantidades importantes para interpretação, modelagem e estudo dessas estruturas. Finalmente, obtivemos um modelo isostático considerando a estrutura de densidade litosférica estudada através de uma modelagem direta 3D da distribuição de densidade por prismas esféricos usando a geometria do embasamento e descontinuidade do Moho. Além do que, constatamos através da modelagem direta das soleiras de diabásios dentro dos sedimentos mostramos que somente as soleiras dentro da Bacia do Amazonas não são as únicas responsáveis pela anomalia de gravidade positiva que coincide aproximadamente com as espessuras máximas dos sedimentos da Bacia. Talvez, isso possa ser também um resultado de movimentos relativos do Escudo das Guianas situado ao norte da Bacia, e o Escudo Brasileiro situado ao sul. Embora isso seja apenas uma evidência adicional preliminar, não podemos confirmá-las a partir das estimativas do campo da gravidade. Portanto, é necessário outros tipos de dados geofísicos, como por exemplo, evidências mais claras advindas do paleomagnetismo. / The most direct way to detect density anomalies is the study of the gravity potential field and its derivatives. The global availability and good resolution of the GOCE mission coupled with the availability of terrestrial gravity data are ideal for the scope of intercomparison and classification of the two large-scale Amazon and Solimoes sedimentary basins into area of the Amazon Craton. The GOCE data set obtained in satellite tracks were processed from EGG_TRF_2 Level 2 Products generated with the correction needed to remove the noise (shift/drift), and so, to recover the individual components of the gravity gradient tensor using the crossover (XO) points technique. We calculated the topographic masses reductions in order to obtain the gravity gradient components and gravity anomaly (vertical component) using forward modelling from tesseroids from Digital Elevation Model, ETOPO1. Thus, the comparison of the only-satellite GOCE data with the reductions of the topographic masses for the gradient components allowed to estimate invariants quantities for bring an improvement in the interpretation of the gravity tensor data. Furthermore, we compared the terrestrial data gravity field with EGM2008 and GOCE-deduced gravity field because the terrestrial fields may be affected by errors at long wavelengths due to errors in leveling, different height references, and problems in connecting different measurement campaigns. However, we have estimated an improvement and new representations of the gravity anomalies maps and gravity gradient tensor components primary in inaccessible areas of the Amazon Craton. GOCE observations provide new inputs to determine the regional fields from the preprocessed raw data (EGG_TRF_2 L2 gravity gradients), as well from the most recent global geopotential model available up to degree and order 250 developed in spherical harmonics derived only-satellite GOCE data for representing of geoid and others gravity field as gravity anomaly and gravity gradient tensor components, which are important quantities for modelling and studying these structures. Finally, we obtained the isostatic model considering the lithospheric density structure studied through a 3D direct modelling of density distribution using the geometry of basement and Moho discontinuity, assumed to be known as initial constraint. In addition, we found through direct modeling sills and sediment has shown that the diabase sills are not the only ones responsible for positive gravity anomaly map that transects the Amazon Basin, roughly coincident with the maximum thickness of sedimentary rocks or the trough of the basin. Maybe, this could be the result of the relative movements of the Guiana Shield, situated at the north of the Amazon basin, and the Brazilian Shield, situated at the south. Although this is only a preliminary additional evidence, we cannot confirm it only from the data of gravity. It is necessary others types of geophysical data, for example, more clear evidences obtained from paleomagnetism.

A maneira mais direta de detectar as anomalias da densidade é pelo estudo do potencial gravitacional e de suas derivadas. A disponibilidade global e a boa resolução dos dados do satélite GOCE, aliadas à disponibilidade de dados de gravimetria terrestre, são ideais para a comparação e classificação das bacias de larga escala, como as bacias sedimentares do Solimões e do Amazonas dentro do Craton amazônico. Foram processados um conjunto de dados, produtos GOCE EGG_TRF_2 Level 2, ao longo das trajetórias do satélite para remover o ruído (shift/drift) nos gradientes da gravidade a partir da técnica crossover (XO). Calculamos a redução das massas topográfica a fim de obter os componentes do gradiente da gravidade e anomalia da gravidade usando modelagem direta com prismas esféricos a partir do modelo de elevação digital, ETOPO1. Desta maneira, a comparação dos dados somente do satélite GOCE com as reduções das massas topográficas referentes aos componentes do gradiente da gravidade permitiram estimar quantidades invariantes que trouxeram uma melhoria na interpretação dos dados do tensor de gravidade. Além disso, comparamos dados terrestres do campo de gravidade com dados do campo de gravidade dos modelos geopotenciais EGM2008 e GOCE, uma vez que os dados terrestres podem ser afetados por erros em longos comprimentos de onda devido a erros de nivelamento, diferentes referenciais de altitudes, e aos problemas em interligar diferentes campanhas de medidas da gravidade. Portanto, estimamos uma melhora e uma nova representação dos mapas das anomalias de gravidade e do tensor gradiente da gravidade nas áreas inacessíveis do Craton Amazônico. As observações forneceram novas entradas para determinar campos regionais a partir dados brutos pre-processados (gradiente de gravidade EGG_TRF_2 L2), bem como a partir de um modelo geopotencial mais recente até grau e ordem 250 dos harmonicos esféricos derivados de dados somente do satélite GOCE para a representação do campo de gravidade como geóide, anomalias da gravidade e os componentes tensor da gravidade, os quais foram quantidades importantes para interpretação, modelagem e estudo dessas estruturas. Finalmente, obtivemos um modelo isostático considerando a estrutura de densidade litosférica estudada através de uma modelagem direta 3D da distribuição de densidade por prismas esféricos usando a geometria do embasamento e descontinuidade do Moho. Além do que, constatamos através da modelagem direta das soleiras de diabásios dentro dos sedimentos mostramos que somente as soleiras dentro da Bacia do Amazonas não são as únicas responsáveis pela anomalia de gravidade positiva que coincide aproximadamente com as espessuras máximas dos sedimentos da Bacia. Talvez, isso possa ser também um resultado de movimentos relativos do Escudo das Guianas situado ao norte da Bacia, e o Escudo Brasileiro situado ao sul. Embora isso seja apenas uma evidência adicional preliminar, não podemos confirmá-las a partir das estimativas do campo da gravidade. Portanto, é necessário outros tipos de dados geofísicos, como por exemplo, evidências mais claras advindas do paleomagnetismo. / The most direct way to detect density anomalies is the study of the gravity potential field and its derivatives. The global availability and good resolution of the GOCE mission coupled with the availability of terrestrial gravity data are ideal for the scope of intercomparison and classification of the two large-scale Amazon and Solimoes sedimentary basins into area of the Amazon Craton. The GOCE data set obtained in satellite tracks were processed from EGG_TRF_2 Level 2 Products generated with the correction needed to remove the noise (shift/drift), and so, to recover the individual components of the gravity gradient tensor using the crossover (XO) points technique. We calculated the topographic masses reductions in order to obtain the gravity gradient components and gravity anomaly (vertical component) using forward modelling from tesseroids from Digital Elevation Model, ETOPO1. Thus, the comparison of the only-satellite GOCE data with the reductions of the topographic masses for the gradient components allowed to estimate invariants quantities for bring an improvement in the interpretation of the gravity tensor data. Furthermore, we compared the terrestrial data gravity field with EGM2008 and GOCE-deduced gravity field because the terrestrial fields may be affected by errors at long wavelengths due to errors in leveling, different height references, and problems in connecting different measurement campaigns. However, we have estimated an improvement and new representations of the gravity anomalies maps and gravity gradient tensor components primary in inaccessible areas of the Amazon Craton. GOCE observations provide new inputs to determine the regional fields from the preprocessed raw data (EGG_TRF_2 L2 gravity gradients), as well from the most recent global geopotential model available up to degree and order 250 developed in spherical harmonics derived only-satellite GOCE data for representing of geoid and others gravity field as gravity anomaly and gravity gradient tensor components, which are important quantities for modelling and studying these structures. Finally, we obtained the isostatic model considering the lithospheric density structure studied through a 3D direct modelling of density distribution using the geometry of basement and Moho discontinuity, assumed to be known as initial constraint. In addition, we found through direct modeling sills and sediment has shown that the diabase sills are not the only ones responsible for positive gravity anomaly map that transects the Amazon Basin, roughly coincident with the maximum thickness of sedimentary rocks or the trough of the basin. Maybe, this could be the result of the relative movements of the Guiana Shield, situated at the north of the Amazon basin, and the Brazilian Shield, situated at the south. Although this is only a preliminary additional evidence, we cannot confirm it only from the data of gravity. It is necessary others types of geophysical data, for example, more clear evidences obtained from paleomagnetism.