Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:42:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luciane_Marcolin.pdf: 2229524 bytes, checksum: cfa5a592966f92c513c066d150d08843 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The following work had as its goal to comprehend the evolution of the pedological cover and the active pedogenetic processes in the landscape unities in Marechal Cândido Rondon/PR. It has been selected two profiles of Oxisol, one under native vegetation and the other under agriculture. Through mineralogical analyses, allied with chemical, physical and morphological data, it was possible to interpret the current level of weathering of the soil profiles. Also, aiming to contribute with the studies about the geomorphic surfaces in the southwest of Paraná, it has been investigated the hypothesis of these surfaces' continuities in the west region of Paraná. The correlation between the results of this research and those from the studies which have already been done by the Grupo Gênese e Evolução de Superfícies Geomórficas e Formações Superficiais (GESGFS) point out that the studied soils in the west of Paraná are in advanced stage of weathering, presenting a mineralogy composed mainly by minerals 1:1 (Kaolinite), the minerals 2:1 (Vermiculite with hydroxy-interlayered). The mineralogy and other Oxisols attributes studied indicate that it has been occurred a process of monossialitization with partial hydrolysis along the pedogenesis. Considering the local landscape, the soil is in accordance with the formation environment in subtropical climate and in relation to the regional landscape they present the same pedological characteristics of the soils in the Incompletely Planed Surfaces V and VI in the southwest of PR, indicating that there is pedogenetic similarity between the soils from these surfaces and the studied soils. / O trabalho exposto teve como objetivo compreender a evolução da cobertura pedológica e os processos pedogenéticos atuantes nas unidades de paisagem de Marechal Cândido Rondon/PR. Foram selecionados dois perfis de LATOSSOLO, um sob vegetação nativa e outro sob agricultura. Através de análises mineralógicas, aliadas a dados químicos, físicos e morfológicos do solo foi possível interpretar o atual estágio de intemperismo dos perfis de solos. Visando também contribuir com os estudos sobre as superfícies geomórficas no sudoeste do Paraná, investigou-se a hipótese de continuidade dessas superfícies para região oeste do Paraná. A correlação entre os resultados dessa pesquisa e aqueles dos estudos já realizados pelo Grupo Gênese e Evolução de Superfícies Geomórficas e Formações Superficiais (GESGFS), apontam que os solos estudados no oeste paranaense estão em avançado estágio de intemperismo apresentando uma mineralogia composta predominantemente por minerais 1:1 (Caulinita), e minerais 2:1 (Vermiculita com hidroxi-entrecamadas). A mineralogia e demais atributos dos LATOSSOLOS estudados indicam que ocorreu um processo de monossialitização com hidrólise parcial ao longo da pedogênese. Considerando a paisagem local o solo esta em concordância com o ambiente de formação em clima subtropical e em relação à paisagem regional apresenta as mesmas características pedológicas dos solos nas Superfícies Incompletamente Aplainadas V e VI, no sudoeste do PR, indicando haver similaridade pedogenética entre os solos dessas superfícies e os solos estudados.

Soil is a critical component of the global sulfur (S) cycle acting as source and a sink for various S species and mediating changes of S oxidation states. However, very little is known about the identities of these specific organic and inorganic S containing molecules, especially in Brazilian soils under no-tillage (NT) system. Thus, the objectives of this study were: (i) to report long and medium term effects of the application of lime and up to 12 t ha-1 of phosphogypsum (PG) in samples from two Oxisols collected in field experiments carried out under no-tillage (NT) systems; (ii) to assess the effect of PG application on the amount, form and distribution of organic and inorganic S pools in soils under NT comparing to a natural forest ; (iii) to investigate C, N and S mineralization/immobilization in soil samples affected by plant residues and biochar, thus identifying the major transformations in the S fractions. After 13 years of lime application in a loamy Oxisol, changes in soil acidity and exchangeable Ca2+ ad Mg2+ supply were visible up to 80 cm depth. The effect of PG providing Ca2+ and S-SO4 2- were more pronounced at lower depths. S-SO4 2- distribution in the soil profile was mostly correlated with contents of free dithionite extractable Fe (Fed) and amorphous dithionite extractable Fe minus oxalate extractable Fe (Fed-Feo). There was no effect of lime and PG in maize grain yield, showing that the plants were unable to benefit of the soil ameliorations. An appreciable movement of sulfate to the subsoil was observed in soil samples from a clayey Oxisol, even in a medium-term (after 3.5 years), despite the fact that the soil had presented high SO4 2- adsorption capacity. In this area, PG had positive benefits in cereal crop yield due to the supply of Ca2+ and S-SO4 2-. PG application and changes in landuse practice alters both quantitative (evaluated by the wet-chemical technique) and qualitative (evaluated by means of X-Ray Near Edge Structure - XANES spectroscopy) composition of S functional groups in this wet subtropical Brazilian soil under NT. Compared to the forest site, soils under NT system had lower amounts of organic C, total N and total S Sulfur losses due to cultivation were higher than losses of C and N, and the use of fertilizers containing S seems to be vital for the recovery of S moieties. The dynamics of the plant materials decomposition was mostly governed by the C/S ratio. Sulfur mineralization was driven by the form of S in the starting materials rather than S concentration in the tissue, as revealed by XANES. The incorporation of plant residues and biochar led to an increase in the amount of ester sulfate in the early stage of incubation, which was further mineralized and had a steady decline at the end of evaluation. These findings encourage further investigations of biochar as S source, involving particularly chars produced from different feedstocks and pyrolysis temperatures. / O solo é um componente crítico do ciclo global de enxofre (S), agindo como fonte e dreno das várias espécies de S e mediando mudanças nos seus estados de oxidação. No entanto, pouco se sabe sobre as identidades dos compostos orgânicos e inorgânicos de S, especialmente em solos brasileiros sob plantio direto (PD). Assim, os objetivos deste estudo foram: (i) relatar os efeitos a longo e médio prazo da aplicação de calcário e de até 12 t ha-1 de fosfogesso (FG) em amostras de dois Latossolos coletadas em experimentos de campo realizados sob PD; (ii) avaliar o efeito da aplicação de PG na quantidade, forma e distribuição das frações orgânicas e inorgânicas de S em solos sob PD em comparação com uma floresta natural; (iii) investigar a mineralização/imobilização de C, N e S em amostras de solo afetadas por fontes de resíduos vegetais e biocarvão, identificando as transformações nas frações de S. Após 13 anos de aplicação de calcário em um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico de textura média, foi verificado efeito na correção da acidez do solo e no fornecimento de Mg2+ até 80 cm de profundidade enquanto os efeitos do FG fornecendo Ca2+ e S-SO4 2- foram mais pronunciados em profundidade. A distribuição de S-SO4 2- no perfil deste solo foi correlacionada com o conteúdo de Fe-ditionito (Fed) e Fe-ditionito menos Fe-oxalato (Fed, Feo). Não houve efeito do calcário e do FG na produção de grãos de milho, mostrando que as plantas não puderam se beneficiar das melhorias no solo. Foi observado apreciável movimento de S para o subsolo em amostras de um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico muito argiloso, mesmo em médio prazo (após 3,5 anos), apesar de o solo apresentar alta capacidade de adsorção de sulfato. Nesta área, o FG teve efeitos positivos no rendimento das culturas de cereais, devido ao fornecimento de Ca2+ e S-SO4 2- . A aplicação de FG e as mudanças no uso da terra alteraram tanto a composição quantitativa (avaliada pela técnica de fracionamento químico) quanto qualitativa (avaliada por meio da espectroscopia de raios-X próxima à borda de absorção - XANES) dos grupos funcionais de S em um solo subtropical da região úmida sob PD. Em comparação com o PD, os solos sob floresta apresentaram maior conteúdo de C orgânico, N e S total. As perdas de S devido ao cultivo foram superiores às perdas de C e N, e o uso de fertilizantes sulfatados parece ser vital para a recuperação do S do solo. A dinâmica de decomposição dos materiais vegetais foi principalmente regida pela razão C/S. A mineralização de enxofre foi impulsionada pela forma de S nos materiais iniciais, e não pela concentração S no tecido, conforme revelado por XANES. A incorporação de resíduos vegetais e biocarvão levou ao aumento nos ésteres de sulfato na fase inicial de incubação, fração posteriormente mineralizada, apresentando declínio no final da avaliação. Estas descobertas incentivam mais investigações do biocarvão como fonte de S, envolvendo carvões produzidos a partir de diferentes matérias-primas e temperaturas de pirólise.

The South Burnett region of Queensland is Australia's most important rainfed peanut (Arachis hypogea L.) production area. It also produces a considerable amount of cereal and grain legume crops. The cropping soils of the region are red, acid to neutral, clay loams that are classified as Ferrosols (Australian Soil Classification). Over 50 years of cropping on these soils has resulted in severe depletion of nutrient reserves, particularly potassium (K). In addition, the remaining K is predominantly confined to the surface 10 or 15cm of the soil profile, a feature commonly refered to as nutrient stratification. Dry periods during the summer cropping season are common due to the highly variable, summer-dominant rainfall pattern of the South Burnett. As topsoil dries out, crops forage for moisture and nutrients from lower in the soil profile where K reserves are smaller. It is therefore suspected that the combination of dry periods and stratified K reserves have resulted in an increasing incidence of K deficiency symptoms in summer crops. To investigate these issues, K relations of Ferrosols of the South Burnett were studied using soils from two representative sites. The pools of soil K that are important to crop growth in Ferrosols, and their interaction was examined through fractionation of soil K pools, and determination of quantity/intensity relationships, charge characteristics and clay mineralogy, and a leaching column study. A rapid K uptake period was identified for peanut and the effect of profile distribution and soil moisture during this period on K accessibility was studied in a divided column experiment. Finally, on-farm trials were used to evaluate commercial-scale options for improving K distribution in field profiles. It was found that the immediately available exchangeable K pool in these soils was the most important source of soil K, and was poorly buffered by slowly available non-exchangeable K. However the leaching column study revealed that K was preferentially adsorbed onto soil cation exchange sites, displacing calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) ions, and therefore was not susceptible to vertical movement within the soil profile. These observations helped to explain the development of stratified K profiles in these soil types. Peanut (cv. Streeton) was found to take up most of its K requirement between 25-70 days after planting. The divided column study showed that profile distribution, and topsoil iv moisture content during this rapid K uptake period, were able to affect the ability of peanut plants to access K. Plants that grew in low K soil, or where soil was dry at the site of K supply, had reduced access to K. However, improving access to K did not result in improved growth, but rather in a significant reduction in dry matter (DM) production, apparently due to interference in the availability of other nutrients, possibly phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg) or boron (B). Field studies showed that application of K and profile inversion improved K uptake and DM production of various crop species. However, in most instances improved K uptake and DM production was not reflected in increased yield. It was suggested that a combination of agronomic factors, seasonal conditions and crop type prevented the expression of yield responses to improved K nutrition and these influences need to be understood. The findings of this project have important consequences for nutrition of crops grown on Ferrosols in the South Burnett region. Surface applied K cannot be expected to increase exchangeable K in the subsoil unless it is incorporated to depth. Similarly, band applied K will remain close to the site of application as a result of only limited vertical or lateral movement. This may affect the ability of roots to access band applied K. The ability of surface applied K to displace Ca and Mg from soil exchange sites may have negative implications for the Ca nutrition of developing peanut pods. On the other hand, it could present an opportunity for the movement of Ca into deeper soil layers to address the amelioration of acid subsoils. The unexplained negative responses to potassium chloride application and apparent effect on P, Mg or B nutrition need to be investigated.

The South Burnett region of Queensland is Australia's most important rainfed peanut (Arachis hypogea L.) production area. It also produces a considerable amount of cereal and grain legume crops. The cropping soils of the region are red, acid to neutral, clay loams that are classified as Ferrosols (Australian Soil Classification). Over 50 years of cropping on these soils has resulted in severe depletion of nutrient reserves, particularly potassium (K). In addition, the remaining K is predominantly confined to the surface 10 or 15cm of the soil profile, a feature commonly refered to as nutrient stratification. Dry periods during the summer cropping season are common due to the highly variable, summer-dominant rainfall pattern of the South Burnett. As topsoil dries out, crops forage for moisture and nutrients from lower in the soil profile where K reserves are smaller. It is therefore suspected that the combination of dry periods and stratified K reserves have resulted in an increasing incidence of K deficiency symptoms in summer crops. To investigate these issues, K relations of Ferrosols of the South Burnett were studied using soils from two representative sites. The pools of soil K that are important to crop growth in Ferrosols, and their interaction was examined through fractionation of soil K pools, and determination of quantity/intensity relationships, charge characteristics and clay mineralogy, and a leaching column study. A rapid K uptake period was identified for peanut and the effect of profile distribution and soil moisture during this period on K accessibility was studied in a divided column experiment. Finally, on-farm trials were used to evaluate commercial-scale options for improving K distribution in field profiles. It was found that the immediately available exchangeable K pool in these soils was the most important source of soil K, and was poorly buffered by slowly available non-exchangeable K. However the leaching column study revealed that K was preferentially adsorbed onto soil cation exchange sites, displacing calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) ions, and therefore was not susceptible to vertical movement within the soil profile. These observations helped to explain the development of stratified K profiles in these soil types. Peanut (cv. Streeton) was found to take up most of its K requirement between 25-70 days after planting. The divided column study showed that profile distribution, and topsoil iv moisture content during this rapid K uptake period, were able to affect the ability of peanut plants to access K. Plants that grew in low K soil, or where soil was dry at the site of K supply, had reduced access to K. However, improving access to K did not result in improved growth, but rather in a significant reduction in dry matter (DM) production, apparently due to interference in the availability of other nutrients, possibly phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg) or boron (B). Field studies showed that application of K and profile inversion improved K uptake and DM production of various crop species. However, in most instances improved K uptake and DM production was not reflected in increased yield. It was suggested that a combination of agronomic factors, seasonal conditions and crop type prevented the expression of yield responses to improved K nutrition and these influences need to be understood. The findings of this project have important consequences for nutrition of crops grown on Ferrosols in the South Burnett region. Surface applied K cannot be expected to increase exchangeable K in the subsoil unless it is incorporated to depth. Similarly, band applied K will remain close to the site of application as a result of only limited vertical or lateral movement. This may affect the ability of roots to access band applied K. The ability of surface applied K to displace Ca and Mg from soil exchange sites may have negative implications for the Ca nutrition of developing peanut pods. On the other hand, it could present an opportunity for the movement of Ca into deeper soil layers to address the amelioration of acid subsoils. The unexplained negative responses to potassium chloride application and apparent effect on P, Mg or B nutrition need to be investigated.

O sistema de manejo adotado e o tempo de cultivo acabam influenciando na disponibilidade de nutrientes, promovendo mudanças nas formas com que estes nutrientes se acumulam no solo, principalmente no caso do fósforo. Objetivou-se com o estudo avaliar as mudanças em longo prazo promovidas por sistemas de manejo do solo na fertilidade e nas frações de P em solos de Cerrado. Visando a melhor caracterização do bioma, foram analisados quatro experimentos de manejo do solo instalados em quatro locais representativos do Cerrado, sob Latossolo Vermelho (LV) ou Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo (LVA), localizados em Costa Rica-MS (LV-1), Sapezal-MT (LV-2), Luziânia-GO (LVA-1) e Tasso Fragoso-MA (LVA-2). O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com parcelas subdividas, com parcelas constituídas pelos manejos, sendo eles o plantio direto (PD), o preparo convencional (PC) e a vegetação nativa (Cerrado), e como subparcelas foram consideradas as profundidades avaliadas: 0-5, 5-10 e 10-20 cm, com quatro repetições, totalizando 36 parcelas por área de estudo. Analisaram-se os atributos químicos do solo: potássio (K), cálcio (Ca) e magnésio (Mg) trocáveis, matéria orgânica (MO), acidez potencial (H + Al), e ainda a saturação por cátions no solo (V%). Realizou-se também o fracionamento do P visando identificar frações inorgânicas e orgânicas no solo. Os extratores, na sequência, foram: resina (PRTA), NaHCO3 0,5 mol L-1 (PiBIC e PoBIC), NaOH 0,1 mol L-1 (PiHID-0,1 e PoHID-0,1), HCl 1 mol L-1 (PHCl), NaOH 0,5 mol L-1 (PiHid-0,5 e PoHid-0,5) e a digestão do resíduo (PResidual, Pi e Po). A MO do solo foi influenciada diretamente pelo sistema de manejo, com aumento expressivo na camada superficial (0-5 cm) do solo quando manejado sob PD e com maior tempo no sistema. O pH, a acidez potencial e os teores trocáveis de K, Ca e Mg, bem como a saturação por bases do solo, em superfície (0-10 cm), foram maiores com a adoção do PD, comparado ao PC, em função deste manejo promover a deposição em superfície de corretivos, fertilizantes e resíduos vegetais no solo, o que não ocorre no PC. A adoção do PD resultou em acúmulo de frações orgânicas de P na camada superficial do solo e incrementou todas as frações inorgânicas de P, com maiores diferenças para o PC nos 10 primeiros cm do solo. O PC promoveu acúmulo de frações orgânicas de menor labilidade em subsuperfície nos solos argilosos. No solo mais arenoso a proporção das frações orgânicas de P foi muito inferior à observada em solos argilosos. / The soil management and cultivation time affect the availability of nutrients, changing the forms that they accumulate in the soil, especially in the case of phosphorus (P). This study aimed to evaluate the changes promoted by long-term tillage systems on soil fertility and on P fractions in Cerrado soils. To the better characterization of the biome, four experiments of soil management were analyzed, in four sites representing the Cerrado under Brazilian Oxisols (\"Latossolo Vermelho\", LV and \"Latossolo Vermelho-amarelo\", LVA) , located in Costa Rica - MS (LV-1) , Sapezal - MT (LV-2), Luziânia - GO (LVA-1) and Tasso Fragoso MA - (LVA-2). The experiments were distributed in a split plot randomized blocks design, with plots constituted of managements no-till (PD), conventional tillage (PC) and native vegetation (Cerrado), and the depths of 0-5, 5-10 and 10-20 cm were considered as subplots, with four replications, totaling 36 plots per study area. The soil chemical attributes analyzed were: exchangeable potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg), organic matter (MO), potential acidity (H+Al) and soil cations saturation (V%). Also, the fractionation of P was analyzed to identify organic and inorganic P fractions, using the following extractors: resin (PRTA), NaHCO3 0.5 mol L-1 (PiBIC and PoBIC), NaOH 0.1 mol L-1 ( PiHID-0,1 and PoHID-0,1), HCl 1 mol L-1 (PHCL), NaOH 0.5 mol L-1 (PiHID-0,5 and PoHID-0,5) and residual P digestion (PResidual). The soil OM was directly affected by management systems, with expressive increase in the soil surface layer (0-5 cm) when managed under PD and longer time. The pH, potential acidity and levels of exchangeable K, Ca, Mg, and V% in soil surface (0-5 and 5-10 cm) were higher with PD compared to PC, because of surface lime and fertilizer applications and crop residues deposition, which doesn`t occur on PC management. The PD resulted in accumulation of organic P fractions in the soil surface layer and increased all the inorganic P fractions, with larger differences for the PC in the first 10 cm layer. The PC promoted accumulation of organic P fractions of lower lability in subsurface of the clayey soils. In sandy soil the proportion of organic P fractions was much lower than in clayey soils.

Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2016-08-01T12:48:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Gerson Moreira Barros.pdf: 1130284 bytes, checksum: 0ebc49552c6eeef72d4a316aed90ac28 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-01T12:48:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gerson Moreira Barros.pdf: 1130284 bytes, checksum: 0ebc49552c6eeef72d4a316aed90ac28 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-01 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The Amazon soils are characterized by degree large of the pedogenetic evolution, reflection weathering of the large about the parent material, for this represent a key factor in soils formation. The aim of this research was to characterize the genesis, chemistry, mineralogicall, profile five of the soils and of the lithosequence along Cuiaba-Santarem highway – (BR 163) in West Para, State). The lithosequense, comprise the profile five of soils formed starting for weathered for five parental materials (Granite, Andesite, Shale, Diabase, Sediments of the Alter do Chão Formation). The profiles were described morphologically and classified according to Brazilian Soil Classification System. The profile were the following: profile 1- Yellow Ultisol distrophic, developed starting of Granite; profile 2 - Yellow Oxisol distroferric, developed starting of Andesite; profile 3 - Yellow Oxisol distrophic, developed starting of Shale; profile 4 - Red Alfisol distroferric, developed starting of Diabase; and profile 5 -Yellow Oxisol distrocohesiv, developed starting of sediments Alter do Chão Formation. It was observed large level of the clay in all profiles, mainly, in the profile 5 that account for more than 90%. In function of the material parental It was observed cohesive character occurrence in profile 5. Furthermore, the profile 2 and 4 presented large contents of the Fe. It was observed in all profiles, a mineralogical composition for clay fraction uniform kaolinite with predominance. The micronutrients Zn, Mn, Cu, Ni and Fe, showed tendency of decreasing with depth, except the iron for the profile 4. The P-rem values are large surface horizon, with tendency of decreasing with depth. It was observed in profiles, a mineralogical composition simple, with less reserve the nutrients in reflection the terms degree weathering of the large country chemistry / Os solos da Amazônia são caracterizados pelo elevado grau de evolução pedogenética, reflexo do intenso intemperismo químico sobre o material de origem, pois este representa um fator chave na formação dos solos. Objetivou-se no presente estudo caracterizar física, química e mineralogicamente 5 perfis de solos em uma litossequência ao longo da Rodovia Cuiabá-Santarém (BR 163) no oeste do estado do Pará. A litossequência, compreende cinco perfis de solos formados a partir da alteração de 5 distintos materiais de origem (Granito, Andesito, Folhelho, Diabásio e sedimentos inconsolidados da Formação Alter-do-Chão). Os perfis foram descritos morfologicamente e classificados de acordo Sistema Brasileiro de Classificação de Solos. Os perfis foram os seguintes: Perfil 1 - Argissolo Amarelo Distrófico típico, desenvolvido a partir de Granito; Perfil 2 - Latossolo Amarelo Distroférrico típico, desenvolvido a partir de Andesito; Perfil 3 - Latossolo Amarelo Distrófico típico, desenvolvido a partir de Folhelho; Perfil 4 - Nitossolo Vermelho Distroférrico típico, desenvolvido a partir de Diabásio; e o Perfil 5 - Latossolo Amarelo Distrocoeso, desenvolvido a partir de Sedimentos da Formação Alter-do-Chão. Em todos os perfis foram observados teores muito elevados de argila, em especial o perfil 5, com valores acima de 90%. Em função da natureza do material de origem, foi constatado a ocorrência do caráter coeso no perfil 5. Os perfis 2 e 4 apresentaram os maiores valores de Fe. Observou-se em todos os perfis estudados uma composição mineralógica da fração argila relativamente uniforme com predomínio de caulinita. Os micronutrientes Zn, Mn, Cu, Ni e Fe mostraram tendência de decréscimo em profundidade, excetuando-se o Fe para o perfil 4. Os valores de P-rem mostraram-se elevados nos horizontes superficiais, mas com tendência de redução em profundidade. Portanto, os solos estudados apresentam uma composição mineralógica simples e com baixa reserva de nutrientes em reflexo às condições de alto grau de intemperismo químico regional.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-20T12:31:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rogerio Sebastiao Correa da Costa.pdf: 1343873 bytes, checksum: 23be9ef21982a872728d073af4a7e99c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-10 / The deforested areas in the Amazonia occupy more than 70 million hectares, the majority in advanced stage of degradation. Allied to this, the majority of the soils present high acidity and high aluminum saturation, which limits its uses in the regional agriculture. An efficient alternative for soil utilization is the use of soil microorganisms aiming at a better exploitation of the nutrients for the plants. The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) increase the capacity of the plant to absorb water and nutrients of the soil favoring its nutrition. The Agroforestry Systems have for base, to approach the structure and dynamics of a natural forest. The objective of this study was to evaluate the mycorrhizal interactions in the plant rhizosphere of two Agroforestry Systems. The interactions among chemical and physical characteristics of the soil and leaves nutrients with the mycorrhizal variable in component species of two Agroforestry Systems (AFs) were analyzed at distinct times and localities. Roots colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi ranged from 6.8 to 99.6% on plants of AFS in the Brasileirinho community and 0.4 to 52.4% in the AFS in the São Miguel community. Hyphae predominated in the roots of all the species, with 80 to 100% of the observed fungal structures, in both the AFs. The arbuscules, in the Agroforestry System of the Brasileirinho, were the mycorrhizal structure that more was correlated with rhizospheric and leaves nutrients cntents. The rhizospheric pH, in both the AFs, was the component of the soil that more influenced the mycorrhiza variables, correlating in such a way positively as negative with the mycorrhizal structures. The Fe in the rhizospheric soil, in both the AFSs, was the element that more influenced the nutrients-mycorrhiza relations in all the species. The leaves nutrients that were more related with the AMF were the Mg and K in the AF of the Brasileirinho and P and Ca in the AFS of São Miguel / As áreas desmatadas na Amazônia ocupam mais de 70 milhões de hectares, a maioria em estádios avançados de degradação. Aliado a isso, maioria dos solos apresenta acidez elevada e alta saturação com alumínio, o que limita os seus usos na agricultura regional. Uma alternativa eficiente para o uso dos solos é a utilização de microrganismos do solo visando um melhor aproveitamento dos nutrientes pelas plantas. Os fungos micorrízicos arbusculares aumentam a capacidade da planta de absorver nutrientes do solo e água, favorecendo sua nutrição. Os Sistemas Agroflorestais tem por base se aproximar da estrutura e dinâmica de uma floresta natural. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as interações micorrízicas na rizosfera das plantas de dois Sistemas Agroflorestais. Foram analisadas as interações entre as características químicas e físicas do solo e foliares com as variáveis micorrízicas em espécies componentes de dois Sistemas Agroflorestais, em épocas e localidades distintas. A colonização radicular por fungos micorrízicos arbusculares variou de 6,8 a 99,6 % nas plantas do SAF da comunidade do Brasileirinho e de 0,4 a 52,4% no SAF da comunidade de São Miguel. As hifas predominaram nas raízes de todas as espécies, respondendo entre 80 a 100 % das estruturas fúngicas observadas, em ambos os SAFs. Os arbúsculos, no SAF do Brasileirinho, foi a estrutura micorrízica que mais se correlacionou com os teores de nutrientes rizosféricos e foliares. O pH rizosférico, em ambos os SAFs, foi o componente do solo que mais influenciou as variáveis micorrízicas, correlacionando tanto positivamente como negativamente com a estruturas micorrízicas. O Fe presente no solo rizosférico, em ambos os SAF, foi o elemento que mais influenciou as relações nutrientes-micorrizas em todas as espécies. Os nutrientes foliares que mais se relacionaram com os FMA foram os teores de magnésio e potássio no SAF do Brasileirinho e fósforo e cálcio no SAF de São Miguel

Em São Gabriel da Cachoeira, estado do Amazonas, foi estudado, por meio de uma toposse-quência, um sistema Latossolo-Espodossolo com caulim associado, desenvolvido a partir de rochas granito gnáissicas do embasamento cristalino. Na topossequência, de montante para jusante, foram descritos e amostrados quatro perfis de solo: Espodossolo Humilúvico (P1) no topo, dois Latossolos Amarelos (P2 e P3) na meia encosta e Gleissolo Háplico (P4) na base. Os objetivos principais foram estudar o funcionamento desse sistema de transformação a par-tir de sua caracterização morfológica, química, física e mineralógica e obter informações so-bre as características cristalográficas das caulinitas a partir do estudo do grau de ordem estru-tural. A caracterização e gênese dos solos e do caulim foram estudadas por curva de retenção de água no solo, difração de raios-X, análise térmica diferencial e gravimétrica, espectrosco-pia por reflectância difusa, análise química total e análises microscópicas. A ordem estrutural das caulinitas foi avaliada a partir dos cálculos dos índices de Hinckley (IH), Stoch (IK), Apa-ricio-Galán-Ferrell (IAGF), Liètard (R2), Amigó (001 e 002), Hughes-Brown (IHB) e Plan-çon-Zacharie (IPZ) e das temperaturas de desidroxilação da caulinita e nucleação da mulita. Esses estudos permitiram concluir que: (i) o sistema de solos na topossequência está em fun-cionamento e levando à formação dos Espodossolos em detrimento da cobertura laterítica, provocando modificações na cobertura vegetal com a campinarana substituindo a floresta; (ii) o sistema Latossolo-Espodossolo, influenciado pela elevada acidez das soluções e hidromorfi-a, é caracterizado, no P1, pela decomposição da matéria orgânica, dissolução dos minerais mais alteráveis (ação dos ácidos orgânicos), acúmulo residual do quartzo nos horizontes su-perficiais, álbicos e espódicos e pela translocação do alumínio e do ferro na forma de comple-xos orgânicos para os horizontes espódicos, onde se acumulam, influenciados pela elevação e rebaixamento do nível dos aquíferos suspensos, formando os horizontes espódicos Bh e Bhs. Nos perfis P2 e P3, apesar de pertencerem à mesma classe de solos (Latossolo Amarelo), o P2 sofre maior influência das soluções ácidas do que o P3, a exemplo do P1. Nestes perfis (P1, P2 e P3) a alternância de ambientes (redutor e oxidante) levou ao esbranquecimento do cau-lim desenvolvido na base. A gênese do P4 tem relação com a hidromorfia atuante na maior parte do ano, que promove a redução do ferro, além de não ser propício à formação de caulini-ta; (iii) os resultados da aplicação dos índices mostraram-se inconsistentes nos perfis P1, P2 e P4, provavelmente, em razão das condições mais agressivas do P1 e P2 e da hidromorfia do P4. O P3, o menos influenciado pela acidez das soluções, apresentou resultados consistentes; (iv) o índice de Plançon-Zacharie, em razão do maior número de parâmetros cristalográficos que utiliza, apresentou resultados que foram considerados consistentes em todos os perfis. Foram identificadas duas fases de caulinitas na maior parte dos horizontes estudados. Quando as condições de acidez são elevadas (P1 e P2), predominou a fase com caulinita de baixo or-denamento estrutural. Aonde o pH é mais elevado (perfil P3) a fase bem ordenada predomi-nou. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que os processos pedogenéticos atuantes na transforma-ção Latossolo-Espodossolo limitam a aplicação dos métodos de avaliação da ordem estrutural aqui empregados. / In São Gabriel da Cachoeira, Amazonas state, was studied by a topsequence, a system Oxisols to Spodosols with kaolin associated, developed from granitic-gneiss rocks of the crys-talline basement. In the topsequence, from upstream to downstream, were described and sam-pled four soil profiles: Spodosols (P1) at the top, two Oxisols Yellow (P2 e P3) on the hillside e Gleysols (P4) at the base. The main aims were to study the operation of this transforming system from their morphology characterization, chemical, physical and mineralogical and get information about the crystallographic characteristics of kaolinites from the study of degree of structural order. Characterization and genesis of soils and kaolin were studied by retention curve of water in the soil, x-ray diffraction, differential thermal and gravimetric analysis, dif-fuse reflectance spectroscopy, total chemical analysis and microscopic analysis. The structural order of kaolinite was evaluated from calculations of the Hinckley index (HI), Stoch (IK), Aparicio-Galán-Ferrell (IAGF) Liètard (R2), Amigó (001 and 002), Hughes-Brown (IHB) and Plançon-Zacharie (IPZ) and the temperatures of dehydroxylation of kaolinite and mullite nuc-leation. These study conclude that: (i) the soil system in topsequence is operating and leading to formation of Spodosols over lateritic coverage, causing changes in vegetation coverage with campinarana replacing the forest; (ii) the system Oxisols-Spodosols, influenced by the high acidity of the solutions and waterlogging, is characterized in P1, by decomposing organic matter, dissolution of minerals more changeable (action of organic acids), residual accumula-tion of quartz in surfaces horizons, albic and spodic and translocation of aluminum and iron in the form of organic complexes for the spodic horizons, where they accumulate, influenced by lifting and lowering of levels of the aquifer suspended, forming the spodic horizons Bh and Bhs. In the profiles P2 and P3, despite belonging to the same soil class (Oxisols Yellow), P2 is more influence by acid solutions than the P3, for exemple the P1. These profiles (P1, P2 and P3) interchange of environments (reducing and oxidizing) led to whitenning of kaolin developed at the base. The genesis of P4 is related to waterlogging active in the most part of the year, which promotes the reduction of iron, beyond not be conducive to the formation of kaolinite, (iii) the results of application of the indexes shown inconsistent in profiles P1, P2 and P4, probably because of more aggressive conditions of P1 and P2 and waterlogging of P4. P3, the least influenced by the solutions acidity, showed consistent results, (iv) the Plançon-Zacharie index, because of its calculation to be done detaileded, presented results to be consi-dered consistent in all profiles. We identified two kaolinites phases in most of horizons stu-died, where acidic conditions are high (P1 and P2) dominated the phase with low kaolinite structural order. Where the pH is slightly higher (profile P3), the orderly phase predominated. The results suggest that pedogenetic process active in transformation Oxisols-Spodosol limit the application of methods for structural order used here.

Submitted by Rosangela Silva (rosangela.silva3@unioeste.br) on 2018-06-26T13:59:01Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Lucas_Silveira.pdf: 916507 bytes, checksum: 4f0f4aa41ac181adefa73656e34ad78e (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-26T13:59:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Lucas_Silveira.pdf: 916507 bytes, checksum: 4f0f4aa41ac181adefa73656e34ad78e (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The beneficial effects to the soil, when using cover crops, are numerous, such as nutrient cycling, nitrogen fixation, pest and disease cycle breakdown, soil structuring and dry matter addition. This makes the subsequent crop better able to express its productive potential. The macronutrient nitrogen is a key element for any plant, especially in the early stages of crop development. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the effect of forage pea (Pisum sativum L.) and black oats (Avena strigosa) and nitrogen rates on soybean yield. Two soil physical properties were evaluated: soil density, total porosity, microporosity and macroporosity, and in the soybean crop were evaluated the production components: height, mass of one hundred grains and grain yield of the soil. soybean (Glycine max). The experiments were conducted in the experimental area of the Agronomic Institute of Paraná - IAPAR, regional pole of Santa Tereza do Oeste. The soil of the region is classified as a Typical Dystrophic Red Latosol. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with five replications. The plots consisted of winter cover crops, forage peas and black oats, and the subplots of nitrogen doses: 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 kg ha-1 applied in a hedge without incorporation using the urea, at 20 days after emergence, when the plants were in stage V3. The area of each experimental unit consisted of nine soybean lines per 5.1 m length, spacing 0.45 m between them. The data were submitted to analysis of variance, in which, for the quantitative factors, the regression analysis was performed and, for the qualitative characteristics, the Tukey test (p <0.05) was performed. By the addition of mineral nitrogen in the soil, it was observed that there was no gain of production in the soybean crop, with this it can be said that in well structured Latosols and with high fertility, only the nitrogen present in the organic matter of the soil is sufficient for supply the demand for this element by the soybean crop. / Os efeitos benéficos ao solo, quando se utiliza plantas de cobertura, são inúmeros, como ciclagem de nutrientes, fixação de nitrogênio, quebra do ciclo de pragas e doenças, estruturação do solo e adição de matéria seca. Isso faz com que a cultura subsequente tenha melhores condições para expressar seu potencial produtivo. O macronutriente nitrogênio é um elemento fundamental para qualquer vegetal, especialmente nas fases iniciais de desenvolvimento das culturas. Com isso o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito das espécies de cobertura ervilha forrageira (Pisum sativum L.) e aveia preta (Avena strigosa) e doses de nitrogênio no rendimento de grãos da soja. Foram realizados dois experimentos , nos mesmos foram avaliados os atributos físicos do solo: densidade do solo, porosidade total, micropososidade e macroporosidade e, na cultura da soja foram avaliados os componentes de produção: altura, massa de cem grãos e o rendimento de grãos da cultura da soja (Glycine max). Os experimentos foram conduzidos na área experimental do Instituto Agronômico do Paraná - IAPAR, polo regional de Santa Tereza do Oeste. O solo da região é classificado como Latossolo Vermelho Distróferrico típico. O delineamento experimental empregado foi o de blocos ao acaso, em esquema de parcelas subdividas, com cinco repetições. As parcelas foram constituídas pelas plantas de cobertura de inverno, ervilha forrageira e aveia preta e as sub-parcelas de doses de nitrogênio: 0, 25, 50, 75 e 100 kg ha-1 aplicadas em cobertura a lanço, sem a incorporação, utilizando a ureia, aos 20 dias após a emergência, quando as plantas estavam em estágio V3. A área de cada unidade experimental constou de nove linhas de soja por 5,1 m de comprimento, com espaçamento de 0,45 m entre elas. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos a análise de variância, em que, para os fatores de natureza quantitativa, realizou-se a análise de regressão e, para as características de caráter qualitativo, foi realizado o teste de Tukey (p < 0,05). Através da adição mineral do nitrogênio no solo, observou-se que não houve ganho de produção na cultura da soja, com isso pode se dizer que em Latossolos bem estruturados e com alta fertilidade, apenas o nitrogênio presente na matéria orgânica do solo é suficiente para suprir a demanda deste elemento pela cultura da soja.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第21164号 / 農博第2290号 / 新制||農||1060(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H30||N5138(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科地域環境科学専攻 / (主査)教授 舟川 晋也, 教授 縄田 栄治, 教授 北山 兼弘 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DGAM