Neste estudo avaliou-se as características dos arcos dentais e das estruturas miofuncionais orais de 61 crianças na faixa etária de 36 a 60 meses que apresentavam hábito de sucção de chupeta ou não, e a relação entre o uso e tipo de chupeta com diversos aspectos comportamentais da mãe, grau de escolaridade materna e renda familiar. Estes últimos três aspectos foram avaliados por meio de questionário distribuído à s mães, e as características dos arco dentais e das estruturas miofuncionais orais por meio de exame clínico. As crianças foram dividas em três grupos conforme o uso e tipo de chupeta: 1. grupo que nunca sugou chupeta, 2. grupo que sugava somente a chupeta anatômica (ortodôntica) e, 3. grupo que sugava somente a chupeta convencional. Não foi encontrada associação estatisticamente significante entre o uso da chupeta e o sexo e número de irmãos da criança, renda familiar e grau de estudo formal da mãe. Verificou-se que o período de aleitamento materno menor e o fato de ter tido uma ou mais chupetas já no enxoval do bebê, favoreceram o uso da chupeta. Não foi encontrada relação estatisticamente significante entre o tipo de arco dental, relação terminal dos segundos molares decíduos, linha média e espaço primata entre os três grupos avaliados. Notou-se que a relação canina Classe II foi significantemente maior nas crianças que sugavam chupeta do que naquelas que não tinham este hábito. Constatou-se que tanto a chupeta anatômica como a convencional, favoreceram o desenvolvimento da mordida aberta anterior e cruzada posterior. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre as médias de mordida aberta anterior nas crianças que usavam chupeta convencional ou anatômica (p=0,344). A prevalência da mordida cruzada posterior foi estatisticamente maior nas crianças que sugavam a chupeta convencional do que naquelas que sugavam a anatômica (ortodôntica) ou não tinham este hábito (p=0,010). As distâncias intercaninas do arco superior foram significantemente menores nas crianças que sugavam chupeta do que naquelas sem este hábito. Já nas distâncias intercaninas do arco inferior, não houve diferença entre os três grupos. A dimensão da sobressaliência foi maior em ambos os grupos de chupeta quando comparados ao grupo sem hábito de sucção (p=0,000). Em relação ao modo de sugar a chupeta, observou-se que a sobressaliência nas crianças que sugavam sempre a chupeta (p= 0,021), foi estatisticamente maior do que daquelas que sugavam às vezes . Das estruturas miofuncionais orais avaliadas, houve associação estatisticamente significante entre a mobilidade da bochecha (p=0,022) e formato do palato duro (p=0,042) com o uso e tipo de chupeta; sendo que as crianças que nunca sugaram chupeta, apresentaram uma prevalência maior de normalidade destas duas estruturas do que aquelas que sugavam chupeta. / This study evaluated through clinical examination the characteristics of the dental arches and myofunctional oral structures of 61 children aged 36- to-60-months, who either had pacifier-sucking habit or did not. Pacifier use and type was compared to family income and mother’s attitudes and educational level. This was assessed by a questionnaire distributed to the mothers. The children were divided into three groups: 1. those who never had pacifier sucking habit, 2. those who only used anatomic or orthodontic pacifier, and 3. those who only used conventional pacifier. No statistically significant relationship was found between pacifier use and the family income, mother´s educational level, and child´s sex and number of siblings. The children who were breastfed for a smaller period of time and had one or more pacifiers on his/her layette had higher prevalence of pacifier sucking habit. No statistical significant relationship was found between arch type (Type I or Type II according to Baume´s classification), terminal plane relationship of second primary molars, medline and primate spaces among the three groups studied. Class II primary canine relationship was significantly greater among pacifier users than among those without this sucking habits. It was observed that both, the anatomic (orthodontic) and conventional pacifiers lead to anterior open bite and posterior crossbite. No significant difference was found between the ones who used the anatomic (orthodontic) pacifier or the conventional one, in respect to the mean openbite (p=0,344). Compared to children without sucking habit, children with pacifier habit had a greater mean overjet (in milimeters) (p=0,000). Posterior crossbite was statistically different among the children who used the conventional pacifier when compared to the other two groups (p=0,010). The upper intercanine distance was significantly smaller among those who had pacifier sucking-habit when compared to those habit-free, but no significant difference was found among the three groups with respect to the lower intercanine distance. Among the myofunctional oral structures evaluated, the ones that demonstrated statistical difference among the three groups were the cheek mobility (p=0,022) and the hard palate shape (p=0,022); being that the group of children who never sucked a pacifier, showed a higher prevalence of normality of these two structures than the ones who had a pacifier sucking habit. In regards to how frequent the child sucked the pacifier throughout the day, it was seen that those who “always sucked" had a significantly greater overjet (p=0,021), than those who “suck sometimes" or “just held" the pacifier in the mouth.

Neste estudo avaliou-se as características dos arcos dentais e das estruturas miofuncionais orais de 61 crianças na faixa etária de 36 a 60 meses que apresentavam hábito de sucção de chupeta ou não, e a relação entre o uso e tipo de chupeta com diversos aspectos comportamentais da mãe, grau de escolaridade materna e renda familiar. Estes últimos três aspectos foram avaliados por meio de questionário distribuído à s mães, e as características dos arco dentais e das estruturas miofuncionais orais por meio de exame clínico. As crianças foram dividas em três grupos conforme o uso e tipo de chupeta: 1. grupo que nunca sugou chupeta, 2. grupo que sugava somente a chupeta anatômica (ortodôntica) e, 3. grupo que sugava somente a chupeta convencional. Não foi encontrada associação estatisticamente significante entre o uso da chupeta e o sexo e número de irmãos da criança, renda familiar e grau de estudo formal da mãe. Verificou-se que o período de aleitamento materno menor e o fato de ter tido uma ou mais chupetas já no enxoval do bebê, favoreceram o uso da chupeta. Não foi encontrada relação estatisticamente significante entre o tipo de arco dental, relação terminal dos segundos molares decíduos, linha média e espaço primata entre os três grupos avaliados. Notou-se que a relação canina Classe II foi significantemente maior nas crianças que sugavam chupeta do que naquelas que não tinham este hábito. Constatou-se que tanto a chupeta anatômica como a convencional, favoreceram o desenvolvimento da mordida aberta anterior e cruzada posterior. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre as médias de mordida aberta anterior nas crianças que usavam chupeta convencional ou anatômica (p=0,344). A prevalência da mordida cruzada posterior foi estatisticamente maior nas crianças que sugavam a chupeta convencional do que naquelas que sugavam a anatômica (ortodôntica) ou não tinham este hábito (p=0,010). As distâncias intercaninas do arco superior foram significantemente menores nas crianças que sugavam chupeta do que naquelas sem este hábito. Já nas distâncias intercaninas do arco inferior, não houve diferença entre os três grupos. A dimensão da sobressaliência foi maior em ambos os grupos de chupeta quando comparados ao grupo sem hábito de sucção (p=0,000). Em relação ao modo de sugar a chupeta, observou-se que a sobressaliência nas crianças que sugavam sempre a chupeta (p= 0,021), foi estatisticamente maior do que daquelas que sugavam às vezes . Das estruturas miofuncionais orais avaliadas, houve associação estatisticamente significante entre a mobilidade da bochecha (p=0,022) e formato do palato duro (p=0,042) com o uso e tipo de chupeta; sendo que as crianças que nunca sugaram chupeta, apresentaram uma prevalência maior de normalidade destas duas estruturas do que aquelas que sugavam chupeta. / This study evaluated through clinical examination the characteristics of the dental arches and myofunctional oral structures of 61 children aged 36- to-60-months, who either had pacifier-sucking habit or did not. Pacifier use and type was compared to family income and mother’s attitudes and educational level. This was assessed by a questionnaire distributed to the mothers. The children were divided into three groups: 1. those who never had pacifier sucking habit, 2. those who only used anatomic or orthodontic pacifier, and 3. those who only used conventional pacifier. No statistically significant relationship was found between pacifier use and the family income, mother´s educational level, and child´s sex and number of siblings. The children who were breastfed for a smaller period of time and had one or more pacifiers on his/her layette had higher prevalence of pacifier sucking habit. No statistical significant relationship was found between arch type (Type I or Type II according to Baume´s classification), terminal plane relationship of second primary molars, medline and primate spaces among the three groups studied. Class II primary canine relationship was significantly greater among pacifier users than among those without this sucking habits. It was observed that both, the anatomic (orthodontic) and conventional pacifiers lead to anterior open bite and posterior crossbite. No significant difference was found between the ones who used the anatomic (orthodontic) pacifier or the conventional one, in respect to the mean openbite (p=0,344). Compared to children without sucking habit, children with pacifier habit had a greater mean overjet (in milimeters) (p=0,000). Posterior crossbite was statistically different among the children who used the conventional pacifier when compared to the other two groups (p=0,010). The upper intercanine distance was significantly smaller among those who had pacifier sucking-habit when compared to those habit-free, but no significant difference was found among the three groups with respect to the lower intercanine distance. Among the myofunctional oral structures evaluated, the ones that demonstrated statistical difference among the three groups were the cheek mobility (p=0,022) and the hard palate shape (p=0,022); being that the group of children who never sucked a pacifier, showed a higher prevalence of normality of these two structures than the ones who had a pacifier sucking habit. In regards to how frequent the child sucked the pacifier throughout the day, it was seen that those who “always sucked” had a significantly greater overjet (p=0,021), than those who “suck sometimes” or “just held” the pacifier in the mouth.

<p>This study, based on daily recordings of infant feeding, comprised 506 infants from Uppsala, Sweden. All mothers had had previous breastfeeding experience of at least 4 months, and were planning to breastfeed the index child for ≥6 months.</p><p>Among exclusively breastfed infants there were wide variations in breastfeeding frequency and suckling duration per 24 hours both between infants and in the individual infant over time in the first 6 months. Most infants had an average of 1.0-2.9 feeds per night. Infants using a pacifier had fewer feeds and a shorter total suckling duration per 24 hours, and stopped breastfeeding earlier than infants not using a pacifier. These associations were not found for thumb sucking.</p><p>Accustoming the infants to solids was a lengthy process, the longer the younger the infant at introduction, and was associated with small changes in pattern and duration of breastfeeding. In contrast, formula was usually given in large amounts from the beginning, and when formula was given regularly the daily breastfeeding frequency and suckling duration declined swiftly. The younger an infant at the start of regular formula feeds, the shorter the breastfeeding duration. Occasional formula feeds did not affect the breastfeeding duration.</p><p>It is important for health personnel and parents to keep in mind that exclusively breastfed infants are not a homogeneous group, but rather members of distinct 'breastfeeding entities'. Moreover, if the aim is to introduce other foods 'under the protection of breast milk' it is important to realise that formula is also 'another food' and needs to be treated as such.</p>

This study, based on daily recordings of infant feeding, comprised 506 infants from Uppsala, Sweden. All mothers had had previous breastfeeding experience of at least 4 months, and were planning to breastfeed the index child for ≥6 months. Among exclusively breastfed infants there were wide variations in breastfeeding frequency and suckling duration per 24 hours both between infants and in the individual infant over time in the first 6 months. Most infants had an average of 1.0-2.9 feeds per night. Infants using a pacifier had fewer feeds and a shorter total suckling duration per 24 hours, and stopped breastfeeding earlier than infants not using a pacifier. These associations were not found for thumb sucking. Accustoming the infants to solids was a lengthy process, the longer the younger the infant at introduction, and was associated with small changes in pattern and duration of breastfeeding. In contrast, formula was usually given in large amounts from the beginning, and when formula was given regularly the daily breastfeeding frequency and suckling duration declined swiftly. The younger an infant at the start of regular formula feeds, the shorter the breastfeeding duration. Occasional formula feeds did not affect the breastfeeding duration. It is important for health personnel and parents to keep in mind that exclusively breastfed infants are not a homogeneous group, but rather members of distinct 'breastfeeding entities'. Moreover, if the aim is to introduce other foods 'under the protection of breast milk' it is important to realise that formula is also 'another food' and needs to be treated as such.