Phosphorus and micronutrient (Fe, Mn, Cu & Zn) behaviour was investigated under flooded and aerated soil conditions, typical of paddy rice and wheat rotations in Pakistan. Pyrophosphate was used in small proportions with orthophosphate to investigate its effects on P and micronutrient, particular Zn availability, during both laboratory incubations and glass house experiments. Hydrolysis of pyrophosphate, its effects on P sorption by lime and different soils with or without added "organic acids" were also studied. Flooded conditions during both laboratory incubations and glass house trials greatly increased the extractability of soil P in comparison to controls and orthophosphate treated samples. Moist aerated conditions enhanced the sorption of applied P, with further sorption being observed in alternating flooded and moist aerated conditions. Increases in the extractability of soil P were related to iron oxidases/hydroxides. Soil Fe, Mn and Cu increased with flooding whereas soil Zn decreased. Soil P availability increased with the addition of lime, the 10% level being more effective than 5%, either due to increases in pH and/or due to precipitation of iron, the active site for P sorption. Pyrophosphate with or without added Zn decreased p sorption by lime and the soils studied, with the greatest effects being observed in the presence of lime. Added pyrophosphate, in the presence of lime, also maintained lower pH values in the solution compared with orthophosphate treated samples. Among the soils, pyrophosphate proved to be more effective when added to a calcareous Pakistani soil rather than the local soils (brown earth + brown podzolic). Added "organic acids", like extracts of soil and rice straw, decreased P sorption whereas the addition of (0.1M) citric acid increased it. Added Zn decreased P sorption by agricultural lime and the soils studied. In the presence of added pyrophosphate, sorption of Zn by agricultural lime decreased whereas sorption increased in soils.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第19771号 / 農博第2167号 / 新制||農||1040(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H28||N4987(農学部図書室) / 32807 / 京都大学大学院農学研究科地域環境科学専攻 / (主査)教授 飯田 訓久, 教授 近藤 直, 准教授 中村 公人 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Submitted by Fabricia Fialho Reginato (fabriciar) on 2015-07-07T22:34:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 CarolineFrizzo.pdf: 250681 bytes, checksum: b1437627a8ce128c5c1dd643c3097503 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-07T22:34:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CarolineFrizzo.pdf: 250681 bytes, checksum: b1437627a8ce128c5c1dd643c3097503 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / CT-Hidro - Fundo Setorial de Recursos Hídricos / O presente estudo, inserido na Linha de Pesquisa Conservação e Manejo de Ecossistemas e de Vida Silvestre, teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade da água de irrigação e a diversidade de bacilos em diferentes áreas inundadas de arrozais do Rio Grande do Sul (RS). As amostras de água foram coletadas em cinco regiões produtoras de arroz: Campanha, Litoral Norte, Litoral Sul, Depressão Central e Fronteira Oeste, correspondendo aos municípios: Dom Pedrito, Santo Antônio da Patrulha, Camaquã, Cachoeira do Sul e Uruguaiana, respectivamente. Os ensaios das análises microbiológicas da qualidade da água, isolamento, multiplicação e caracterização das amostras de água foram realizados no Laboratório de Microbiologia da Unisinos. Os resultados obtidos, quanto à análise da qualidade microbiológica da água, revelam que os índices de coliformes totais registrados nas cinco regiões foram mais elevados que os índices de coliformes fecais, os quais, quando presentes nas amostras, foram encontrados em baixas freqüências. Na análise quantitativa dos bacilos foi verificada maior freqüência de bactérias na fase vegetativa, cujo valor reduziu na fase reprodutiva da cultura do arroz irrigado, sendo identificadas nas referidas amostras 18 espécies de bacilos. O resultado da análise, que compara os índices de diversidade, indica que não há diferença significativa entre os índices das cinco regiões orizícolas (F2,4=1,600; P>0,05) e entre os canais de irrigação e parcelas de cultivo (F2,4=1,392; P>0,05). Os gêneros bacterianos mais abundantes registrados nas amostras de água foram Bacillus, Corynebacterium e Lactobacillus. Os dados microbiológicos obtidos na presente pesquisa servirão de subsídio ao conhecimento da microbiota das águas superficiais nas regiões orizícolas do RS e ao manejo do agroecossistema de arroz irrigado. / This study, within the Research Line Preservation and Management of Ecosystems and Wildlife, aims at the assessment of the quality of the irrigation water, and the bacilli diversity in various flooded areas in rice growing fields in Rio Grande do Sul. (RS). Water samples were collected in five rice-producing areas: Campaign, Northern Littoral, Southern Littoral, Central Depression and Western Border, corresponding to the Dom Pedrito, Santo Antônio da Patrulha, Camaquã, Cachoeira do Sul and Uruguaiana counties, respectively. Trials of microbiological analysis of the water quality, isolation, multiplication and characterization of the water samples were carried out at the Microbiology Laboratory of UNISINOS. The obtained results for the analysis of the water microbiological quality show that the indexes of total coliforms recorded in the five regions were higher than the ones of fecal coliforms which, when present in the samples were found in low frequencies. The bacilli quantitative analysis showed a higher frequency of bacteria in the vegetative phase, of which the value was decreased in the reproduction phase of the paddy rice culture, with the identification of 18 bacilli species in the previously mentioned samples. The analysis result which compares the diversity indexes point to the lack of a significant difference among the indexes for the five rice growing areas (F2,4=1,600; P>0,05), and between the irrigation channels and the cultivation plots (F2,4=1,392; P>0,05). The most abundant bacterial genera in the water samples were Bacillus, Corynebacterium, and Lactobacillus. Microbiological data from this research will subsidize the knowledge of the microbiota of the shallow waters in the rice growing areas of RS and the management of the paddy rice agroecosystem, as well.

Submitted by Gabriela Lopes (gmachadolopesufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-03-14T15:05:21Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação_WyllerMaxFerreiradaSilva_LabGraos_2016.pdf: 1245374 bytes, checksum: b1f809daa74aab7489654d31cb3fd66c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-03-17T21:24:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação_WyllerMaxFerreiradaSilva_LabGraos_2016.pdf: 1245374 bytes, checksum: b1f809daa74aab7489654d31cb3fd66c (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-17T21:24:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação_WyllerMaxFerreiradaSilva_LabGraos_2016.pdf: 1245374 bytes, checksum: b1f809daa74aab7489654d31cb3fd66c (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-10-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / O arroz (Oryza sativa L.) é um dos cereais de maior importância no mundo, e metade da população mundial consome este grão que é constituído principalmente de amido e proteínas. O amido é uma importante fonte de nutrição para os seres humanos; e as proteínas possui alto valor biológico, destacando as glutelinas. Neste sentido, as modificações hidrotérmicas vêm sendo aplicadas a fim de aumentar a fração de amido resistente e amido lentamente digerível, reduzindo o risco à saúde, como doenças cardiovasculares e doenças renais. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do tratamento térmico de baixa umidade (TTBU) aplicado em grãos de arroz em casca sobre as propriedades tecnológicas e formação da fração de amido resistente e peso molecular das proteínas. O grãos de arroz foram beneficiados e a partir deste obtida a farinha que foram avaliadas quanto às propriedades tecnológicas, composição química, teor de amilose, poder de inchamento e solubilidade, cristalinidade relativa, morfologia, propriedades de pasta e térmicas, amido resistente, solubilidade de proteína e peso molecular de proteína. De forma geral, o TTBU ocasionou a redução do teor de amilose, do poder de inchamento e da solubilidade, e alterações na cristalinidade relativa, e na superfície dos grânulos de arroz. Os diferentes métodos de quantificação de amido resistente resultaram em distintas frações de amido resistente. O TTBU aplicado em grão de arroz a 18% de umidade por 60 min promoveu um aumento no teor de amido resistente e o TTBU aplicado em grãos de arroz em casca a 16% de umidade por 60 min promoveu um aumento no amido lentamente digerível nas farinhas de arroz. Em condições controladas, o TTBU pode ser usado com o intuito de aumentar o amido resistente de digestão lenta. / Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important cereal in the world, and half the world's population consumes this grain consists mainly of starch and protein. Starch is an important source of nutrition for humans; and the proteins have high biological value, highlighting the glutelin. In this sense, hydrothermal modifications have been applied in order to increase the fraction of resistant starch and slowly digestible starch, reducing the risk to diseases such as cardiovascular and renal disease. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the heat moisture treatment (HMT) applied to grains of rice in paddy on the technological properties and formation of resistant starch fraction and molecular weight of the proteins. The grains rice were obtained from the flour obtained and evaluated for technological properties, chemical composition, amylose content, swelling power and solubility, relative crystallinity, morphology, thermal properties and pasting, resistant starch, solubility of Protein and molecular weight of protein. In general, HMT caused reduction of amylose content, swelling power and solubility, and changes in relative crystallinity, as well as changing the surface of rice granules. HMT applied to rice grain at 18% moisture for 60 min promoted an increase in resistant starch content and TTBU applied to 16% moisture paddy rice for 60 min promoted an increase in the slowly digestible starch in the flours of rice. Under controlled conditions, TTBU can be used in order to increase starch resistant to slow digestion.

With a changing climate and an increased competition over water resources for agricultural irrigation, the need to improve crop water productivity using time and cost-efficient methodologies have become critically important. The Malwathu Oya river basin in Sri Lanka is struggling with water scarcity, which threatens food security and the income of farmers. In this study, freely available remote sensed land- and water productivity data from FAO’s WaPOR database was evaluated. The evaluation consisted of a comparison of the WaPOR data and primary collected field data using the crop water model, AquaCrop, for three irrigation schemes in the Malwathu Oya river basin. Additionally, the spatio-temporal variability in crop water use within and across these three irrigation schemes was assessed using indicators derived from the WaPOR portal. The evaluation was conducted for the main cultivation season, called Maha, between 2010 and 2021.  The WaPOR and AquaCrop actual evapotranspiration (ETa) values were found to be in relatively good agreement (312–537 and 400–465 mm respectively). WaPOR yield values (2.5–2.9 ton/ha) were however lower compared to the AquaCrop simulated yield values and historical yield data (4.6–5.7 and 4.4–5.6 ton/ha respectively). Difference in calculation methodology, possible sources of error in WaPOR conversion calculations and limitations in accuracy caused by cloud coverage when collecting satellite data could be explanations for this. Prior knowledge and accurate allocation of the crop type and parameters used in conversion calculations in WaPOR is therefore of significant influence. From the spatio-temporal variation assessment with WaPOR indicators, a fair uniformity of the water distribution within the irrigation schemes was shown (CV 11–19 %). The beneficial water use (BWU) in the irrigation schemes showed lower values (50–90 % allocated to T) for years when the available water amount was higher, which could be explained by the higher rate of water lost through soil evaporation. Crop water productivity (CWP) values showed higher values (about 0.70 kgDM/m3) when the available water amount was higher, indicating that yield production is sensitive to water-scarce environments. Applying a yield boundary function, representing the best attainable yield in relation to water resource, showed that there is potential to achieve the same yield with less amount of water. There are thus possibilities for improved water productivity in the three irrigation schemes investigated. For future research it is recommended to perform a sensitivity analysis for WaPOR and ground truth with yield data to obtain a better understanding of potential limitations. To obtain more precise site descriptions it is also recommended to ground truth AquaCrop with yield and soil data.