This item was digitized as part of the Million Books Project led by Carnegie Mellon University and supported by grants from the National Science Foundation (NSF). Cornell University coordinated the participation of land-grant and agricultural libraries in providing historical agricultural information for the digitization project; the University of Arizona Libraries, the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, and the Office of Arid Lands Studies collaborated in the selection and provision of material for the digitization project.

This item was digitized as part of the Million Books Project led by Carnegie Mellon University and supported by grants from the National Science Foundation (NSF). Cornell University coordinated the participation of land-grant and agricultural libraries in providing historical agricultural information for the digitization project; the University of Arizona Libraries, the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, and the Office of Arid Lands Studies collaborated in the selection and provision of material for the digitization project.

On March 18, 2008, the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) of Florida filed a class action lawsuit against The Palm Beach County School Board and its district superintendent on behalf of approximately 176,000 students under their jurisdiction (Schroeder v. The Palm Beach County School Board, 2008). The plaintiffs cited the defendants for their failure "to provide a uniform, efficient, safe, secure, and high quality education" (p. 7) as required by the Florida Constitution, Article IX, ß 1. They contended that their claim was substantiated by The School District of Palm Beach County's (SDPBC) dismal high school graduation rates. Spurred by the lawsuit, I wanted to understand the controversy surrounding high school graduation rates, in spite of decades of school reform measures, and why different calculation methods are utilized in the state of Florida. In respect to the latter point, I was curious to learn about the differences among graduation rate calculation methods and what impact, if any, these differences had on the reporting of high school graduation rates, particularly those for students of color. Black America's past and present reality in public education has illustrated the need for new paradigms to address the achievement gap promulgated by contextual factors that serve to impede the academic achievement of all students. The statistical analyses and Critical Race Realist perspective, which has evolved from Critical Race Theory when applied to policy research, offered in this study found Florida's definition and subsequent calculations of a public high school graduate to result in significant and consistent differences among graduation rates relative to student race and graduation rate calculation method. / by Terri N. Watson. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2010. / Includes bibliography. / Electronic reproduction. Boca Raton, Fla., 2010. Mode of access: World Wide Web.

Introdução A hipovitaminose A é reconhecida mundialmente como um dos problemas nutricionais mais importantes, causando impacto negativo na saúde pública por afetar alguns setores da população e pelas sérias conseqüências à saúde. Seus efeitos deletérios justificam o compromisso do governo brasileiro no controle e erradicação da deficiência desta vitamina. Objetivo Comparar o teor de vitamina A de alimentos comuns para a população brasileira com aqueles desenvolvidos com a substituição parcial do óleo/gordura utilizados na sua preparação por azeite de dendê, e avaliar suas características sensoriais e sua aceitação. Metodologia Foram desenvolvidas as seguintes preparações: sequilho salgado, sequilho doce e biscoito de polvilho. Para a caracterização das amostras dos produtos desenvolvidos, com e sem dendê, foram realizadas análises de umidade, atividade de água, composição centesimal, estabilidade oxidativa, cor, textura e perfil de ácidos graxos. A vitamina A foi determinada pela quantificação de -caroteno presente nas amostras. Todas as análises foram realizadas quando o alimento foi elaborado (T0) e após 30 dias (T30). As preparações desenvolvidas foram submetidas à análise sensorial. Resultados Os resultados das análises de umidade, atividade de água, composição centesimal e estabilidade oxidativa dos biscoitos sem dendê não diferiram significativamente das amostras com dendê, excetuando-se o biscoito de polvilho, onde possivelmente uma vedação deficitária da embalagem alterou algumas destas variáveis no T30. Quanto à cor, à textura e ao perfil de ácidos graxos, observou-se que as alterações ocorridas nos biscoitos com dendê foram em função da composição do próprio azeite. Com relação ao teor de vitamina A, todos os produtos com dendê apresentaram concentrações significativas deste nutriente quando comparados aos biscoitos sem dendê. No T30, o biscoito de polvilho não apresentou boa retenção da vitamina A, provavelmente em função da tecnologia adotada, que promoveu a aeração do produto, e pela vedação deficitária. Mesmo assim o produto pode, de acordo com a ANVISA, ser considerado fonte de vitamina A e, portanto, capaz de atender parcela importante das necessidades nutricionais. Todos os produtos tiveram boa aceitação no T0, porém foram rejeitados no T30. Conclusão- o azeite de dendê é uma potencial fonte de vitamina A e pode ser utilizado no enriquecimento de alimentos visando o controle da hipovitaminose A. / Introduction Vitamin A deficiency is recognized as one of the most important nutritional problems, and its causing negative effects in public health because it affects some population sections as well as the serious consequences to health. Its deleterious effects justify the Brazilian government commitment to control and vitamin deficiency eradication. Objective Compare the vitamin A content from the brazilian population ordinary foods with those developed with partial substitution of the oil/fat normally used for palm oil, and assess its sensorial characteristics and acceptance. Methodology The follow prepares were developed: salt starchy biscuit, sweet starchy biscuit and cookies made from cassava flour. To describe the samples of the developed products with and without palm oil, moisture, water activity, centesimal composition, oxidative stability, color, texture and fatty acids profile were performed. The vitamin A was determined by -carotene quantification in samples. All analysis were done when the food was made (T0) and after 30 days (T30). All the developed prepares were submitted to a sensorial analysis. Results The biscuits with no palm oil, contents of moisture, water activity, centesimal composition, oxidative stability, results were not significantly different from biscuits with palm oil. It has excepted the cookies made from cassava flour, a possible pack defective seal changed some of these variables during T30. The color, texture and fatty acids profile changes on biscuits with palm oil happened because of the own oil composition. All products with palm oil have shown significantly vitamin A content concentrations compared with biscuits with no palm oil. The cookies made from cassava flour didnt show a good vitamin A retaining during T30. It happened probably because of the technology used that organized the product aeration and by the defective seal. According to ANVISA the product could be considerate vitamin A source anyway, and, therefore it is able to reach important part of nutritional necessities. All products had good acceptation during T0, however they were rejected during T30. Conclusion- The palm oil is a vitamin A powerful source and can be used to foods fortification aimed at vitamin A deficiency control.

A Colômbia, a partir de 2003, prevendo um déficit na sua produção de combustíveis e tentando reativar a economia rural, iniciou seu programa nacional de biocombustíveis apoiado em políticas, regulamentos e incentivos econômicos para o novo setor energético. É assim que esta dissertação tem como objetivo descrever e analisar o processo de implementação do programa de biodiesel na Colômbia a partir de óleo de palma, determinando a capacidade produtiva do país e discutindo as barreiras existentes para o seu desenvolvimento. Para isto são descritos aspectos relacionados à produção de biodiesel na Colômbia como: a fase agrícola e industrial, a produção de biodiesel, o setor de combustíveis na Colômbia, a legislação criada para o biodiesel, assim como os mecanismos econômicos para sua continuidade. A partir dessas informações foram construídos três cenários possíveis até 2020, nos quais são analisados os objetivos do programa e o potencial de produção. Conclui-se que o biodiesel de óleo de palma oferecerá benefícios econômicos, sociais e ambientais caso o governo oriente esforços e recursos às populações pobres e à agricultura familiar. Adicionalmente, a Colômbia tem potencial para substituir a totalidade do diesel consumido no país e ter excedentes de dois milhões de litros de biodiesel para exportação. / Since 2003, Colombia, predicting a deficit in fuel production and trying to revive the rural economy, begins its national biofuels program based on policies, regulations and economic incentives for the new energy sector. This dissertation aims to describe and to analyze the process of implementing the biodiesel program from palm oil in Colombia, determining the country\'s productive capacity and discussing the barriers to its development. Therefore describes the different areas related to the biodiesel production in Colombia as agricultural and industrial stage; biodiesel production; the Colombian fuel sector; legislation developed for biodiesel; as well as economic mechanisms for continuity. From this information were built three possible scenarios until 2020, which analyze the program\'s objectives and production potential. It is concluded that biodiesel from palm oil offers economic, social and environmental benefits if the focus would be in poor population and small farms. In addition, Colombia has the potential to replace all diesel consumed in the country and have over two million liters of biodiesel for export.

Submitted by Marlucy Farias Medeiros (marlucy.farias@unipampa.edu.br) on 2018-05-11T18:59:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MARCELO RAMOS NETTO - 2018.pdf: 1665456 bytes, checksum: 7aeb9bfebaba96fe9a154274dfa843ed (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Dayse Pestana (dayse.pestana@unipampa.edu.br) on 2018-05-14T12:04:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 MARCELO RAMOS NETTO - 2018.pdf: 1665456 bytes, checksum: 7aeb9bfebaba96fe9a154274dfa843ed (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-14T12:04:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MARCELO RAMOS NETTO - 2018.pdf: 1665456 bytes, checksum: 7aeb9bfebaba96fe9a154274dfa843ed (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-01-30 / Este trabalho verifica a viabilidade e o desempenho da argamassa com substituição parcial de areia natural pelo caroço de dendê moído, através das avaliações referentes às seguintes propriedades: índice de consistência, densidade e teor de ar incorporado no estado fresco, e absorção de água por capilaridade, resistência à compressão axial e resistência à tração na flexão, no estado endurecido. O traço utilizado como referência apresenta os seguintes componentes: cimento, areia e água, enquanto os demais traços possuem substituição parcial com: 5%, 15% e 30% de caroço de dendê moído. Todos os traços, referencia e substituições foram confeccionados em massa e volume, com fator água/cimento variável e fixo, respectivamente. Quanto ao índice de consistência, observou-se que com o aumento do teor de substituição foi necessário aumentar o fator água/cimento para que a argamassa apresentasse uma consistência adequada para os traços em massa. A densidade da argamassa diminuí com o aumento do teor das substituições parciais, enquanto o teor de ar incorporado era maior quanto maior fosse o percentual de substituição parcial, relação interrompida na substituição parcial de 30%. Para a absorção de água por capilaridade, em ambos os traços, verificou-se que os traços de referência e substituição parcial com 5% de caroço de dendê moído, apresentaram a mesma classificação junto à norma específica. Em relação ao comportamento mecânico, os resultados foram considerados satisfatórios para os traços com 5%,15% e 30% de substituição parcial. Sendo assim, pode-se afirmar que o uso do caroço de dendê na argamassa é viável e que os traços, com 5% e 15% de substituição parcial, apresentaram resultados satisfatórios em ambos os estados da argamassa, fresco e endurecido. No entanto, a argamassa com 15% de substituição parcial, em volume, se apresenta como a melhor opção dentre os aspectos: técnico, econômico e ambiental. / This work verifies the viability and performance of the mortar with partial replacement of natural sand by the milled palm, through the evaluations of the following properties: consistency index, density and air content incorporated in the fresh state, and absorption of water by capillarity , axial compressive strength and flexural tensile strength in the hardened state. The trace used as reference has the following components: cement, sand and water, while the other traces have partial replacement with: 5%, 15% and 30% of ground palm oil. All traces, references and substitutions were made in mass and volume, with variable / fixed water / cement factor, respectively. As for the consistency index, it was observed that with the increase of the substitution content it was necessary to increase the water / cement factor so that the mortar presented an adequate consistency for the mass traces. The density of the mortar decreased with the increase in the content of the partial substitutions, while the incorporated air content was larger the higher the percentage of partial replacement, the interrupted ratio in the partial replacement of 30%. For the absorption of water by capillarity, in both traces, it was verified that the reference traces and partial replacement with 5% of ground palm oil, presented the same classification next to the specific norm. Regarding the mechanical behavior, the results were considered satisfactory for the traits with 5%, 15% and 30% of partial replacement. Thus, it can be stated that the use of palm oil in the mortar is feasible and that the traces, with 5% and 15% partial replacement, presented satisfactory results in both fresh and hardened mortar states. However, the mortar with 15% partial replacement, in volume, is presented as the best option among the technical, economic and environmental aspects.

Novos materiais poliméricos foram desenvolvidos utilizando como uma das matérias-primas o óleo de palma (OP). Para tanto, um novo monômero de norborneno, denominado norbornenil óleo de palma (NOP), foi obtido a partir da inserção de norborneno substituído com grupo carboxílico nos triglicerídeos do óleo da palma. O óleo de palma, assim como os produtos de cada etapa de síntese do NOP foram caracterizados por RMN-1H. Foi determinado um teor de 52% de ácidos graxos insaturados no OP, resultando no NOP com 1,0 norborneno por triglicerídeo. Reações de ROMP de NOP com norborneno, na presença de catalisador de Grubbs de segunda geração, resultaram em materiais insolúveis em uma diversidade de solventes polares e apolares. Testes de inchamento em clorofórmio extraíram frações solúveis dos materiais, compostas por poliNBE e unidades NOP não polimerizadas. Dados obtidos por TGA sugerem a presença de cis e trans poliNBE, além de uma etapa de degradação desconhecida, atribuída ao copolímero poli(NOP-co-NBE) o qual seria o componente insolúvel resultante dos experimentos de inchamento. Assim, os materiais desenvolvidos foram classificados como blendas poliméricas de poliNBE e poli(NOP-co-NBE). Foram avaliados os tempos de gelificação de amostras com diferentes concentrações de catalisador e combinações NOP/NBE através de RMN em baixo campo magnético, obtendo-se comportamentos regulares que podem permitir a previsão do tempo de gelificação de outras amostras. A análise da distribuição dos valores de T2 mostrou aumento na rigidez dos materiais finais ao se aumentar o teor inicial de NOP. / New polymeric materials have been developed using palm oil as a raw material. For this, a new monomer of norbornene, called norbornene palm oil (NPO) was obtained from insertion of norbornene containing the carboxylic group in the palm oil triglycerides. Palm oil as well as products of each step NPO synthesis were characterized by 1H-NMR. It was determined 52% unsaturated fatty acids content in the OP, resulting in NPO with 1.0 norbornene per triglyceride. ROMP reactions of norbornene with NPO, in the presence of the Grubbs second generation catalyst, resulting insoluble materials in a variety of polar and nonpolar solvents. Soluble fractions were extracted in swelling, containing polyNBE and unpolymerized NPO units. TGA data suggests the presence of cis and trans polyNBE, plus an unknown degradation step, attributed to poly(NPO-co-NBE) copolymer which would be insoluble component resulted from the swelling experiments. Thus, the developed materials were classified as polymer blends of polyNBE and poly(NPO-co-NBE). The gelation times of samples having different catalyst concentrations and NPO/NBE combinations were evaluated by low magnetic field NMR, obtaining regular behaviors that may allow the gelation time prediction of other samples. The analysis of T2 values distribution showed increased in the stiffness of the final material by increasing the initial NPO content.

Palm Oil is the highest produced edible oil globally, with over 66 million tonnes produced annually. It has been estimated that up to 50% of all products sold in the supermarket contain palm oil in some form. Palm oil has attractive properties such as a high melting point and texture due to a balanced ratio of unsaturated and saturated fatty acids. It contains approximately 40% oleic acid (monounsaturated fatty acid), 10% linoleic acid (polyunsaturated fatty acid), 45% palmitic acid and 5% stearic acid (saturated fatty acid), that results in an edible oil that is suitable for use in a variety of food, detergent and cosmetics products. In addition, palm oil is the least expensive oil produced due to its high productivity and extensive production. Due to the high demand for the product, vast amounts of rainforest have been cleared to make way for more plantations, reducing biodiversity and releasing huge levels of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. There is a clear need for an alternative lipid that can match palm oils properties but can be produced sustainably. Recent work suggests that some yeasts are capable of producing a similar oil to palm oil and can be grown on waste resources. In this thesis a novel bioprospecting protocol was developed to isolate yeasts that can survive the harsh conditions necessary for industrial biotechnology. In this way a vineyard and the local area was sampled for yeasts which were then cultured under extremes of pH, multiple sugars and inhibitors caused from the breakdown of lignocellulose. The wild yeast were cultured in four stages: minimal medium with Lysine; minimal medium with inhibitors; minimal medium with xylose as sole carbon-source; and lastly minimal medium with only arabinose and cellobiose as carbon-sources. Only strains that survived each stage were taken forward to the next, to isolate species that were truly suited to these conditions. Out of the estimated 1000s of strains screened this resulted in 12 strains of yeast, mostly in the Metschnikowia pulcherrima, group being able to cope with the conditions. The 12 strains were further analyzed by culturing them in an array of 4 different model lignocellulosic feedstocks namely wheat straw, corn Stover, sugarcane bagasse, and palm kernel cake hydrolysates. Other conditions incorporated in these analysis were a range of pH from pH 1.5 to pH 7.0; four levels of a mixture of 5 inhibitors; and two different temperatures. All of the 12 strains showed similar behaviour where inhibitor tolerance was only marked at higher pH, and at low pH the strains could not grow at all. Though all strains were able to grow on the hydrolysate models, even those with little glucose and/or xylose content. The lipid profile of the strains was also assessed and proved to be similar to most terrestrial crops, with suitable lipid profiles for a rapeseed oil, and in some cases palm oil substitute. Lastly, to further evaluate the accurate identification of the strains as there are some ambiguity in the Metschnikowia pulcherrima group, we applied an approach only widely used for Pathogenic Bacteria/Yeast identification, Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST). Using 25 strains (7 of this collection), 6 type species and some isolates from the original culture collection in Bath. Sequences of 6 genes was analysed using the Bayesian statistical method. The result showed grouping of M. pulcherrima into 3-4 groups 9 different for each gene. M. Corniflorae being the outgroup. In all 3 genes successfully sequenced: M. Fruticola; R6; Mp DAH 3; and ICS48 were consistently shown to be clonal. The work presented here demonstrates a new method for bioprospecting strains capable of isolating strains for industrial biotechnology, and for characterisation of the yeast in the Metschnikowia genus. Some of the yeasts identified were oleaginous, and could potentially be used as a novel source of palm oil substitute.

No description available.

nÃo hà / O cultivo do coqueiro anÃo vem crescendo no Cearà em virtude da grande procura do produto pelas grandes indÃstrias. Os objetivos do presente estudo foram avaliar: a) os efeitos de diferentes doses de nitrogÃnio e potÃssio, aplicadas via fertirrigaÃÃo, sobre o crescimento e produÃÃo do coqueiro anÃo cultivado em solos arenosos da regiÃo litorÃnea do CearÃ, b) determinar os nÃveis crÃticos desses nutrientes na folha da planta adulta e estabelecer as doses de N e K que propiciem a mÃxima eficiÃncia de resposta para a cultura nas condiÃÃes edafoclimÃticas da regiÃo do Estado do CearÃ. O trabalho foi conduzido em plantaÃÃo comercial de coqueiro anÃo implantada pela Embrapa AgroindÃstria Tropical em Ãrea de produtor (Latitude 3 17â Sul, Longitude 39 15â Oeste e altitude de 30 metros), no perÃodo de dezembro de 2002 a dezembro de 2003, no municÃpio de Paracuru-CE, prÃximo ao PerÃmetro Irrigado Curu-Paraipaba. A variedade estudada foi a anÃo verde do Jiqui. O solo da regiÃo à classificado como Neossolo QuartzarÃnico. O delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos casualisados com quatro repetiÃÃes, totalizando 40 unidades experimentais, com 10 tratamentos, consistindo de cinco doses de nitrogÃnio e cinco de potÃssio combinadas, de acordo com modelo da matriz experimental Plan Puebla III. Foram feitas coletas de solo e das folhas 4 e 9, mediÃÃes da altura, nÃmero de folhas, de folÃolos na folha trÃs, de frutos, de cachos, peso do fruto, volume de Ãgua do fruto, circunferÃncias equatorial e polar e ÂBrix. Com base nos resultados obtidos pela superfÃcie de resposta, foi possÃvel determinar os pontos de mÃxima eficiÃncia de resposta para algumas variÃveis estudadas. A aplicaÃÃo de nitrogÃnio e potÃssio no solo causou efeitos significativos nas caracterÃsticas da planta e do solo estudados. A mÃxima eficiÃncia de resposta para a altura, circunferÃncia do coleto, nÃmeros de folhas, de folÃolos na folha 3, de flores femininas, de frutos, de cachos, em peso do fruto, as circunferÃncias equatorial e polar, o volume de Ãgua do fruto e o ÂBrix, foi verificada no T4 (1260gN e 1680g K2O/planta/ano e de 2100gN e 3500gK2O/planta/ano, com trÃs e quatro anos de idade respectivamente). As aplicaÃÃes de N e K no solo elevaram significativamente para mais os teores de nitrogÃnio e potÃssio nas folhas e no solo. / The dwarfed coconut palm corpping is growing in the Cearà State, due to the great search of the product for the great industries. The objectives of the present study had been to evaluate: a) the effect of different rates of nitrogen and potassium, applied through fertigation, on both growth and production of the cropped dwarfed coconut palm in a sandy soil of the littoral region of the Cearà State, b) to determine the NK leaf (mature plants) critical levels and c) to establish the rates of NK required for the maximum efficiency of crop response under different climate and soil conditions of the region of the Cearà State. The experiment was conducted in a commercial plantation of the dwarfed coconut palm grown by the Embrapa Tropical AgroindÃstria inside a producer exploration area (Latitude 3 17 ' South, Longitude 39 15' West and altitude of 30 meters), in a period from December of 2002 to December of 2003, in Paracuru County (Cearà Satate) close to the Irrigated Perimeter Curu-Paraipaba. The coconut cultivar was the green dwarf of the Jiqui. The soil used in the study was classified as Neossolo QuartzarÃnico. The statistical design folllows a entirely randomized blocks, with four replications, totalizing 40 experimental units, with 10 treatments which consisted of five rates of nitrogen and five of potassium, both combined, in accordance with the model of the experimental Plan Puebla III matrix. Soil samples were collected and also the crop 4rd and 9th leaves; measurements of the height, number of leaves, leafcomposites of the 3rd in leaf, number of fruits, number of clusters, fruit weight, fruit water volume, measures of equatorial and polar circumferences and ÂBrix. On the basis of the obtained results, and observing surface equations, it was possible to determine the points of maximum response for some of the studied variables. The application of nitrogen and potassium in the soil caused significant effects on the characteristics of studied plant and soil variables. The maximum response for the height, for the circumference of the collect, for number of leaves, leafcomposites of the 3rd leaf, for the number of female flowers, for the number of fruit/plant, for the number of clusters, for the fruit weight, for the equatorial and polar circumferences, for the fruit water volume and for the ÂBrix, was of the T4 (1260g and 1680g/plant/year of N and K2O and 2100g and 3500g/plant/year of N, and K2O with three and four years old, respectively). The applications of N and K in the soil significantly raised the nitrogen and potassium levels in the leaves and in the soil.