ABSTRACT MURDERERS AND NONVIOLENT OFFENDERS: A COMPARISON OF LIFESTYLE, PAMPERING, AND EARLY RECOLLECTIONS by Richard A. Highland Alfred Adler outlined a theory of crime that suggests criminals suffer from a lack of social interest and have experienced parental pampering and childhood hyperactivity. He posited that these forces lead to criminality; however, his theory remains largely untested. A review of the criminological literature indicates that most theories of crime lack cognitive elements with adequate operational definitions. A convenience sample of male and female convicted murderers (n = 94) and nonviolent offenders (n = 76) derived from state prisons and parole populations were compared to find if differences in lifestyle attributes, parental pampering, and childhood hyperactivity exist. Prison inmates and parolees completed a demographic and criminal history questionnaire, the BASIS-A Inventory (Wheeler, Kern, & Curlette, 1993), Parental Behavior Questionnaire (Williamson, 1992), Paulhus Deception Scale (Paulhus, 1999), Wender-Utah Rating Scale (Ward, Wender, & Reimherr, 1993), and recorded three early recollections. MANOVA tests on murderer and nonviolent offender data using scales from the BASIS-A Inventory indicates that murderers scored significantly lower (p < .01) than nonviolent offenders on the Belonging Social Interest scale of the BASIS-A Inventory. A "W" aggregate profile on the BASIS-A Inventory data among the nonviolent offenders support prior research and validates the efficacy for using that instrument among criminal populations. MANOVA tests revealed that murderers had more childhood symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder than nonviolent offenders (p <.05); however, reported parental pampering did not vary by level of violence. Finally, a qualitative analysis of early recollections using the Early Recollections Rating Scale (ERRS; Altman, 1973) reveal moderate correlations between ERRS themes and Belonging Social Interest Going Along, and Being Cautious scales of the BASIS-A Inventory among all participants. Analysis of the data demonstrates partial support for Adler’s theory of crime. In particular, violent criminals exhibit less social interest, report higher levels of childhood hyperactivity, and more often report early recollections with themes of passivity and dependency than nonviolent offenders. Data support the usefulness of lifestyle appraisal among criminal populations as a means to improve methods for assessment and treatment of these offenders.

Vardagslyx beskrivs som något som frångår vardagsrutinen och handlingen ses ofta som tillfredsställande. Begreppet och fenomenet är än idag något abstrakt och diffust, då det skiljer sig mellan olika individer hur, när och varför man väljer att tillämpa vardagslyx. Syftet med studien var att utforska fenomenet ​vardagslyx​ och dess hälsofrämjande potential för universitetsstudenter. Kvalitativ metod användes för att besvara studiens syfte. Vid insamling av data fick 24 universitetsstudenter skriva öppna brev, sedan analyserades det insamlade materialet av författarna i en manifest innehållsanalys. I sin tur skapades en huvudkategori; “Egenmaktens kraft i uppfyllandet av de egna behoven och känslan av en mer lustfylld vardag” med följande underkategorier; (1) egentid och samvaro med nära och kära, (2) personligt och materiellt värde samt (3) sinnesintryck och påverkansfaktorer. Resultatet visar att vardagslyx innefattar många olika delar: det sociala samspelet, egentid, fysiska ting, upplevelser och känslorna i sig som dessa framkallar. Slutsatsen pekar på att vardagslyx kan användas som ett hälsopromotivt verktyg för att minska stress, öka känslan av empowerment samt tenderar att främja det allmänna välbefinnandet hos individen ur ett holistiskt perspektiv. / Pampering is described as something that deviates from the daily routines and the act can often be seen as satisfying. The concept can be a bit abstract, as it differs between why and when each individual practices it. The aim of the study was to explore the phenomenon of pampering and its health promoting potential for university students. To explore its benefits, a qualitative method was used in the form of an open letter. 24 university students provided their reflections and later on the collection was made. The authors analyzed the collected material through a manifest content analysis. Based on the open letters a main category was created; “Empowerment’s role in the fulfillment of one's needs and a more enjoyable everyday life”, with following sub categories; (1) time alone and with others, (2) personal and material value and (3) sensory perceptions and factors of impact. The result shows that pampering covers a lot of different aspects: the social environment, alone time, material things, experiences and the emotions they contribute. The conclusion is that pampering can be used as a health promotive tool to reduce stress, increase the feelings of empowerment and tend to enhance the overall wellbeing for the individual in a holistic perspective.