In this thesis, a methodology for rigid body dynamic modeling and control design is presented for a 6 degree-of-freedom (DOF) parallel-kinematic-mechanism-based reconfigurable meso-milling machine tool (RmMT) with submicron tracking accuracy requirement. The dynamic modeling of the parallel kinematic mechanism (PKM) is formulated using the Lagrangian method with the application of principle of energy equivalence and coordinate transformations to separate the mechanism into serial sub-systems. The rigid body gyroscopic force is also modeled using this approach and its effect as a disturbance is analyzed and compensated. The contour errors for both position and orientation are formulated to increase machining accuracy. The dynamic model of the system is linearized through feedback linearization and the contour error based feedback control law is formulated using the convex combination design approach to satisfy a set of design specifications simultaneously. The dynamic model and its control methodology are simulated and verified within the MATLAB Simulink environment.

In this thesis, a methodology for rigid body dynamic modeling and control design is presented for a 6 degree-of-freedom (DOF) parallel-kinematic-mechanism-based reconfigurable meso-milling machine tool (RmMT) with submicron tracking accuracy requirement. The dynamic modeling of the parallel kinematic mechanism (PKM) is formulated using the Lagrangian method with the application of principle of energy equivalence and coordinate transformations to separate the mechanism into serial sub-systems. The rigid body gyroscopic force is also modeled using this approach and its effect as a disturbance is analyzed and compensated. The contour errors for both position and orientation are formulated to increase machining accuracy. The dynamic model of the system is linearized through feedback linearization and the contour error based feedback control law is formulated using the convex combination design approach to satisfy a set of design specifications simultaneously. The dynamic model and its control methodology are simulated and verified within the MATLAB Simulink environment.

abstract: In order for assistive mobile robots to operate in the same environment as humans, they must be able to navigate the same obstacles as humans do. Many elements are required to do this: a powerful controller which can understand the obstacle, and power-dense actuators which will be able to achieve the necessary limb accelerations and output energies. Rapid growth in information technology has made complex controllers, and the devices which run them considerably light and cheap. The energy density of batteries, motors, and engines has not grown nearly as fast. This is problematic because biological systems are more agile, and more efficient than robotic systems. This dissertation introduces design methods which may be used optimize a multiactuator robotic limb's natural dynamics in an effort to reduce energy waste. These energy savings decrease the robot's cost of transport, and the weight of the required fuel storage system. To achieve this, an optimal design method, which allows the specialization of robot geometry, is introduced. In addition to optimal geometry design, a gearing optimization is presented which selects a gear ratio which minimizes the electrical power at the motor while considering the constraints of the motor. Furthermore, an efficient algorithm for the optimization of parallel stiffness elements in the robot is introduced. In addition to the optimal design tools introduced, the KiTy SP robotic limb structure is also presented. Which is a novel hybrid parallel-serial actuation method. This novel leg structure has many desirable attributes such as: three dimensional end-effector positioning, low mobile mass, compact form-factor, and a large workspace. We also show that the KiTy SP structure outperforms the classical, biologically-inspired serial limb structure. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Mechanical Engineering 2017

Este trabalho propõe uma nova estrutura cinemática paralela tridimensional com três graus de mobilidade que pode ser aplicada como robô manipulador. O volume do espaço de trabalho disponível é empregado como índice para avaliar o desempenho cinemático do mecanismo. As cinemáticas de posição e velocidade são desenvolvidas, tendo em vista o levantamento das configurações singulares e do espaço de trabalho. Os resultados obtidos com as cinemáticas direta e inversa são comparados de modo a verificar a correspondência entre eles. São levantadas diversas configurações singulares que correspondem ao alinhamento entre as barras das cadeias ativas do mecanismo e uma família de singularidades para uma das cadeias ativas é apresentada. O volume do espaço de trabalho do mecanismo é calculado pelo método da discretização, de modo a avaliar o volume do espaço de trabalho disponível, bem como a identificação da influência dos parâmetros dimensionais do mecanismo sobre este volume. O volume do espaço de trabalho com os parâmetros ótimos é expressivo, quando comparado com aqueles alcançados por manipuladores robóticos convencionais. / This dissertation proposes a novel three-degree-of-freedom parallel kinematic structure in order to be applied as a three-dimensional robot manipulator. The volume of the available workspace is employed as a performance index to evaluate the kinematic behavior of the mechanism. The position and velocity kinematics are developed for mapping singular configurations and evaluating the workspace. The results obtained by performing the direct and inverse kinematics are compared in order to verify the consistency between them. It is demonstrated that most of singular configurations is represented by the alignment of the links that belong to each active chain. In addition, a family of singularities for one of the active chains is presented. The volume of the workspace is calculated by using the discretization method not only for evaluating the feasible workspace but also for identifying the influence of dimensional parameters with respect to this volume. The achieved workspace by employing the optimal parameters is comparable to that reached by conventional robot manipulators.

A análise da marcha humana é um dos principais recursos que podem ser utilizados no estudo e tratamento de patologias que envolvem o aparelho locomotor. O presente trabalho visa o projeto e a construção de um robô bípede antropomórfico para ser, juntamente com um laboratório de marcha, uma ferramenta de auxílio aos profissionais da saúde na análise da marcha humana. O robô construído é capaz de reproduzir, de uma forma assistida, padrões de marcha reais, cujos dados são previamente adquiridos por um laboratório de marcha. As características dimensionais e cinemáticas desse robô são semelhantes às de um corpo humano. Dessa forma, a escolha das dimensões dos membros do robô e das faixas de movimentação de suas articulações foi baseada em dados provenientes de corpos humanos. Além disso, para garantir uma semelhança ainda maior com o corpo humano, um mecanismo paralelo foi selecionado para ser o responsável pelos movimentos das articulações do tornozelo e do quadril. Um sistema de sensoriamento barato, baseado em sensores de inclinação e de contato, foi desenvolvido para avaliar a reprodução da marcha humana por parte do robô. Agora, para acionar o robô, servo motores controlados por sinais PWM foram utilizados. Esse trabalho também apresenta o desenvolvimento de um modelo dinâmico tridimensional do robô que considera a sua interação com o solo. / The analysis of the human gait is one of the main resources that can be used in studies and treatment of pathologies which involve the locomotor system. The goal of this research is to design and to build an anthropomorphic biped robot to be used as a tool that could help health professionals to study the human gait. Once built, the robot can reproduce in an assisted way, real gait patterns based on datas that were previously acquired by a gait laboratory. The dimensionals and kinematics traits of this robot are alike to the human body. Therefore the choice of the limb dimensions from the robot and the bustle ranges of its articulations were based on datas originated in human bodies. Beyond this and to guarantee a great similarity to the human body a parallel mechanism was selected to be the responsible for the articulations movements of the ankle and hip. A cheap sensor system based on tilt and contact sensors was developed to evaluate the reproduction of the human gait by the robot. To operate the robot servo-motors controlled by PWM signals were used. This study also presents the development of a three-dimensional dynamic model of the robot that considers its interaction with the ground.

Robotic automation has been the major driving force in modern industrial developments. High speed pick-and-place operations find their place in many manufacturing applications. The goal of this project is to develop a class of high speed robots that has a planar workspace. The presented robots are intended for pick-and-place applications that have a relatively large workspace. In order to achieve this goal, the robots must be both stiff and light. The design strategies adapted in this study were expanded from the research work by Prof Khajepour and Dr. Behzadipour. The fundamental principles are to utilize a parallel mechanism to enhance robot stiffness and cable construction to reduce moving inertia. A required condition for using cable construction is the ability to hold all cables under tension. This can only be achieved under certain conditions. The design phase of the study includes a static analysis on the robot manipulator that ensures certain mechanical components are always held under tension. This idea is extended to address dynamic situations where the manipulator velocity and acceleration are bounded. Two concept robot configurations, 2D-Deltabot, and 2D-Betabot are presented. Through a series of analyses from the robot inverse kinematic model, the dynamic properties of a robot can be computed in an effective manner. It was determined that the presented robots can achieve 4g acceleration and 4m/s maximum speed within their 700mm by 100mm workspace with a pair of 890W rotary actuators controlling two degrees of freedom. The 2D-Deltabot was chosen for prototype development. A kinematics calibration algorithm was developed to enhance the robot accuracy. Experimental test results had shown that the 2D-Deltabot was capable of running at 81 cycles per minute on a 730mm long pick-and-place path. Further experiments showed that the robot had a position accuracy of 0. 62mm and a position repeatability of 0. 15mm, despite a few manufacturing errors from the prototype fabrication.

Robotic automation has been the major driving force in modern industrial developments. High speed pick-and-place operations find their place in many manufacturing applications. The goal of this project is to develop a class of high speed robots that has a planar workspace. The presented robots are intended for pick-and-place applications that have a relatively large workspace. In order to achieve this goal, the robots must be both stiff and light. The design strategies adapted in this study were expanded from the research work by Prof Khajepour and Dr. Behzadipour. The fundamental principles are to utilize a parallel mechanism to enhance robot stiffness and cable construction to reduce moving inertia. A required condition for using cable construction is the ability to hold all cables under tension. This can only be achieved under certain conditions. The design phase of the study includes a static analysis on the robot manipulator that ensures certain mechanical components are always held under tension. This idea is extended to address dynamic situations where the manipulator velocity and acceleration are bounded. Two concept robot configurations, 2D-Deltabot, and 2D-Betabot are presented. Through a series of analyses from the robot inverse kinematic model, the dynamic properties of a robot can be computed in an effective manner. It was determined that the presented robots can achieve 4g acceleration and 4m/s maximum speed within their 700mm by 100mm workspace with a pair of 890W rotary actuators controlling two degrees of freedom. The 2D-Deltabot was chosen for prototype development. A kinematics calibration algorithm was developed to enhance the robot accuracy. Experimental test results had shown that the 2D-Deltabot was capable of running at 81 cycles per minute on a 730mm long pick-and-place path. Further experiments showed that the robot had a position accuracy of 0. 62mm and a position repeatability of 0. 15mm, despite a few manufacturing errors from the prototype fabrication.

The master´s thesis deals with mechanical design of mechanism ensuring moving of cab of simulator in shape of mechanism with Parallel kinematics structure including design of hydraulic drive circuit. The diploma thesis contains also calculation of forces in linear hydraulic motors, calculation of working speed of these motors and drawing documentation.

A análise da marcha humana é um dos principais recursos que podem ser utilizados no estudo e tratamento de patologias que envolvem o aparelho locomotor. O presente trabalho visa o projeto e a construção de um robô bípede antropomórfico para ser, juntamente com um laboratório de marcha, uma ferramenta de auxílio aos profissionais da saúde na análise da marcha humana. O robô construído é capaz de reproduzir, de uma forma assistida, padrões de marcha reais, cujos dados são previamente adquiridos por um laboratório de marcha. As características dimensionais e cinemáticas desse robô são semelhantes às de um corpo humano. Dessa forma, a escolha das dimensões dos membros do robô e das faixas de movimentação de suas articulações foi baseada em dados provenientes de corpos humanos. Além disso, para garantir uma semelhança ainda maior com o corpo humano, um mecanismo paralelo foi selecionado para ser o responsável pelos movimentos das articulações do tornozelo e do quadril. Um sistema de sensoriamento barato, baseado em sensores de inclinação e de contato, foi desenvolvido para avaliar a reprodução da marcha humana por parte do robô. Agora, para acionar o robô, servo motores controlados por sinais PWM foram utilizados. Esse trabalho também apresenta o desenvolvimento de um modelo dinâmico tridimensional do robô que considera a sua interação com o solo. / The analysis of the human gait is one of the main resources that can be used in studies and treatment of pathologies which involve the locomotor system. The goal of this research is to design and to build an anthropomorphic biped robot to be used as a tool that could help health professionals to study the human gait. Once built, the robot can reproduce in an assisted way, real gait patterns based on datas that were previously acquired by a gait laboratory. The dimensionals and kinematics traits of this robot are alike to the human body. Therefore the choice of the limb dimensions from the robot and the bustle ranges of its articulations were based on datas originated in human bodies. Beyond this and to guarantee a great similarity to the human body a parallel mechanism was selected to be the responsible for the articulations movements of the ankle and hip. A cheap sensor system based on tilt and contact sensors was developed to evaluate the reproduction of the human gait by the robot. To operate the robot servo-motors controlled by PWM signals were used. This study also presents the development of a three-dimensional dynamic model of the robot that considers its interaction with the ground.

Este trabalho propõe uma nova estrutura cinemática paralela tridimensional com três graus de mobilidade que pode ser aplicada como robô manipulador. O volume do espaço de trabalho disponível é empregado como índice para avaliar o desempenho cinemático do mecanismo. As cinemáticas de posição e velocidade são desenvolvidas, tendo em vista o levantamento das configurações singulares e do espaço de trabalho. Os resultados obtidos com as cinemáticas direta e inversa são comparados de modo a verificar a correspondência entre eles. São levantadas diversas configurações singulares que correspondem ao alinhamento entre as barras das cadeias ativas do mecanismo e uma família de singularidades para uma das cadeias ativas é apresentada. O volume do espaço de trabalho do mecanismo é calculado pelo método da discretização, de modo a avaliar o volume do espaço de trabalho disponível, bem como a identificação da influência dos parâmetros dimensionais do mecanismo sobre este volume. O volume do espaço de trabalho com os parâmetros ótimos é expressivo, quando comparado com aqueles alcançados por manipuladores robóticos convencionais. / This dissertation proposes a novel three-degree-of-freedom parallel kinematic structure in order to be applied as a three-dimensional robot manipulator. The volume of the available workspace is employed as a performance index to evaluate the kinematic behavior of the mechanism. The position and velocity kinematics are developed for mapping singular configurations and evaluating the workspace. The results obtained by performing the direct and inverse kinematics are compared in order to verify the consistency between them. It is demonstrated that most of singular configurations is represented by the alignment of the links that belong to each active chain. In addition, a family of singularities for one of the active chains is presented. The volume of the workspace is calculated by using the discretization method not only for evaluating the feasible workspace but also for identifying the influence of dimensional parameters with respect to this volume. The achieved workspace by employing the optimal parameters is comparable to that reached by conventional robot manipulators.