Every passing year is witness to increases in Internet use among younger populations. The amount of time spent online among children ages two to 11 is increasing at a faster rate than that of the entire online population. The rise in Internet use among children has resulted in marketing and advertising efforts aimed at increasing brand awareness, involvement and immersion. The use of branded entertainment and advergames is a popular practice when attempting to increase brand awareness and loyalty among children. Advergames offer a combination of entertainment and advertising that are designed to appeal to younger populations that have difficulty distinguishing persuasive messages from entertainment content. Past research on parental attitudes towards children’s television advertising indicates parenting style influences subsequent attitudes towards advertisements. The purpose of this study, utilizing parental socialization theory, examines parenting style and how it affects attitudes towards children’s advergaming. This study analyzes results from a nationwide online survey (N=214) and examines differences between authoritarian, authoritative, neglecting, and indulgent parents in their attitudes towards children’s advergaming. Findings indicate that differences in attitudes towards advergaming do exist among the four parenting styles in the hypothesized direction yet these differences were not significant.

Every passing year is witness to increases in Internet use among younger populations. The amount of time spent online among children ages two to 11 is increasing at a faster rate than that of the entire online population. The rise in Internet use among children has resulted in marketing and advertising efforts aimed at increasing brand awareness, involvement and immersion. The use of branded entertainment and advergames is a popular practice when attempting to increase brand awareness and loyalty among children. Advergames offer a combination of entertainment and advertising that are designed to appeal to younger populations that have difficulty distinguishing persuasive messages from entertainment content. Past research on parental attitudes towards children’s television advertising indicates parenting style influences subsequent attitudes towards advertisements. The purpose of this study, utilizing parental socialization theory, examines parenting style and how it affects attitudes towards children’s advergaming. This study analyzes results from a nationwide online survey (N=214) and examines differences between authoritarian, authoritative, neglecting, and indulgent parents in their attitudes towards children’s advergaming. Findings indicate that differences in attitudes towards advergaming do exist among the four parenting styles in the hypothesized direction yet these differences were not significant.

Thesis advisor: Janet E. Helms / African American parents engage in ethnic-racial socialization practices, which may foster their youths’ racial identity and critical consciousness development, each of which may decrease youths’ race-related stress. The few studies that have examined the relationships between African American youths’ perceived parental ethnic-racial socialization practices and their racial identity or critical consciousness have used inconsistent conceptualizations of racial identity. No studies have compared the effectiveness of different kinds of perceived parental socialization practices on critical consciousness development, nor has previous research demonstrated that critical consciousness is related to reduced stress. In the present study, the perceived parental strategies of Cultural Socialization and Preparation for Bias were investigated to determine how they were related to racial identity and critical consciousness development. Also, effects of racial identity and critical consciousness on racial stress were studied. African American youths, ages 18-24 years (N=139), completed a demographic questionnaire, perceived ethnic-racial socialization measures, a racial identity measure, critical consciousness measures and a measure of race-related stress. Multivariate multiple regression analyses revealed that parental Cultural Socialization was related to lower levels of Preencounter (conformity), Post-Encounter (confusion), and higher levels of Internalization (self-actualizing) racial identity statuses, and to critical consciousness dimensions of Critical Reflection and Political Efficacy, but lower levels of Critical Action. Parental Preparation for Bias only predicted Preencounter. Critical Reflection was related to high levels of Cultural Race-Related Stress, was negatively related to Institutional Race-Related Stress, and was not related to Individual Race-Related Stress. Each of the other critical consciousness dimensions was related to higher levels of at least one type of race-related stress, rather than lower levels. Immersion/Emersion was related to high levels of all three types of race-related stress. Implications of the findings are that (a) parental Cultural Socialization strategies may be most useful for promoting racial identity and critical consciousness, (b) parental strategies may encourage all aspects of critical consciousness except political action, and (c) with only a couple of exceptions, racial identity and critical consciousness were related to higher stress. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2016. / Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education. / Discipline: Counseling, Developmental and Educational Psychology.

Parental socialization values are compared over sixty years by using data from the Denton Parent Project collected in 1989 and from similar questions asked of parents in Middletowri in 1924 and 1978, The objectives of the study were as follows: how have parental socialization values changed through time since the 1920s; has the impact of parental social class status on parental socialization values decreased over time; compare Alwin's study on obedience and autonomy to see how trend has changed from 1978 Middletown to 1989 Denton; and, finally, look at certain family structure variables to determine their influence. Today's parents emphasize social acceptance and a sense of social responsibility in child training practice. Social class still has an impact on parental socialization values but not as great as expected.

<p>Children's internalization of parental values is differentially influenced by discipline and parent-child relationship quality. Beyond simply affecting values, parents can influence the development of underlying belief structures children use to make sense of behaviors and attributes. Parental values might lead children to experience domains as differentially important and then use this structure when building and judging the content of their self-concept. The intergenerational transmission of values may therefore also differentially influence appraisals of the self. Crocker and colleagues (e.g. Crocker, Sommers, & Luhtanen, 2002) present a model of self-esteem that emphasizes "contingencies of self-worth", which are domains on which individuals stake self-esteem. Although the existence of contingencies of self-worth (CSW) has been supported, their origin has not been addressed. This dissertation is a preliminary investigation into the origins of CSW. It is proposed that early adolescents' CSW will reflect parents' values in domains that carry a 'moral' weight due to parental socialization. The domains of physical appearance and academic achievements were of particular interest. Participants were 127 early adolescents (51% female) and their parents (102 mothers, 62 fathers) recruited from three populations in an effort to sample individuals for whom appearance and academics are differentially salient. Youth and parents each completed questionnaires addressing self-concept/self-esteem, CSW, parenting style, parent-child relationship, and domain-specific beliefs and behaviors. Results indicated that more negative ratings of transgressions in traditionally moral domains (kindness and honesty) as well as the non-traditional domain of academics were associated with higher ratings for these domains on the CSW. Parental discipline moderated the association between parents' and adolescents' ratings of transgressions in kindness, honesty, and academics, and parenting style and parent-child relationship quality moderated the association between parents' domain values and adolescents' domain ratings on the CSW. This suggests that the internalization of moral standards influences developing self-structure and that a domain that is not traditionally considered 'moral' can be raised to a 'moral' level. The results also indicate that parental socialization influences the importance adolescents' place on given domains when evaluating self worth and developmental theories regarding socialization of traditional values can also be used to understand the transmission of non-traditional values.</p> / Dissertation

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T13:16:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1161804 bytes, checksum: fdb78e108d4fd681c85eb13bf2870b88 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The present study looked for to verify the relation among the adolescents' perception about the styles of maternal socialization and agreement with conceptions of the forgiveness. The styles of parental socialization are defined as patterns of performance characteristic, that the parents use in several situations of the daily. Those patterns are characterized by a group of techniques and forms of the parents' performance that include attitudes of acceptance until attitudes of control of unwanted behaviorsand imposition and imposing limits to the children. For Musitu and García (2001) the parental socialization is structured from two dimensions (Acceptance/Implication and Coercion/Imposition), that related they originate four models of parental styles: authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent and negligent. In that process, the mothers act in a suave way than the parents in the transmission of rules and moral values, being the forgiveness considered a moral value related to the compassion and the mercy. In the psychology of the moral, the forgiveness is considered as a value related to the justice and defined of point of view of the victim. In that sense, becomes important to study the relation between the styles of the mothers' performance and the conceptions of forgiveness adolescents. Participated in the study 186 adolescents, being 60 men and 126 women, with ages between 14 and 17 years old. As instruments were used: 1) a questionnaire biodemográfico with subjects about age, sex, série/ano; 2) a Scale about the conceptions of forgiveness; and 3) Parental Socialization Scale in Adolescence - ESPA29. The results showed that in your majority, the adolescents perceive the mothers as authoritative, being that parental style related to advanced conceptions of forgiveness. It was also found mothers sex difference in some conceptions of forgiveness. It was also found that mothers differ in socialization strategies between daughters and sons in some conceptions of forgiveness. Future studies should verify the reasons that the adolescents use to agree with the conceptions of forgiveness and if they are varied in detriment of parental style and the need of forgiveness in the interpersonal relationships. / O presente estudo buscou analisar a relação entre a percepção dos adolescentes sobre os estilos de socialização materna e concepções sobre perdão. Os estilos de socialização parental são definidos como padrões de atuação característicos, que os pais utilizam em diversas situações do cotidiano. Esses padrões caracterizam-se por um conjunto de técnicas e formas de atuação dos pais, que abrangem desde atitudes de aceitação até atitudes de controle dos comportamentos indesejados, além da imposição de limites aos filhos. Para Musitu e García (2001) a socialização parental é estruturada a partir de duas dimensões (Aceitação/Implicação e Coerção/Imposição), que relacionadas originam quatro modelos de estilos parentais: autoritativo, autoritário, indulgente e negligente. Nesse processo, as mães atuam de forma mais amena que os pais na transmissão de regras e valores morais, sendo o perdão considerado um valor moral relacionado à compaixão e à misericórdia. Na psicologia da moral, o perdão é concebido como um valor relacionado à justiça e definido do ponto de vista da vítima. Nesse sentido, torna-se relevante estudar a relação entre os estilos de atuação das mães e as concepções do perdão dos adolescentes. Participaram do estudo 186 adolescentes, sendo 60 homens e 126 mulheres, com idades entre 14 e 17 anos. Como instrumentos foram utilizados: 1) um questionário biodemográfico com questões sobre idade, sexo, série/ano; 2) uma Escala sobre as concepções do perdão; e 3) a Escala de Socialização Parental na Adolescência ESPA29. Os resultados mostraram que em sua maioria, os adolescentes perceberam as mães como autoritativa, estando esse estilo parental relacionado a concordância com concepções do perdão mais avançadas. Também foi encontrado que as mães diferem nas estratégias de socialização entre filhas e filhos em algumas concepções do perdão. Estudos futuros deverão verificar os motivos que os adolescentes utilizam para concordar com as concepções do perdão e se variam em detrimento do estilo parental e a necessidade de perdão nas relações interpessoais.

The current study investigated the role of racial identity dimensions (racial centrality and private regard), academic identity, and parent socialization (specifically, academic and ethnic/racial socialization: cultural socialization and preparation for bias) in promoting success among a diverse sample of Black students. The study aimed to examine how parent socialization and academic identity mediated the relationship between racial identity dimensions and academic achievement. Data was collected nationwide from 685 Black students through an online survey conducted in Spring 2022. Path models were employed to explore the relationship between racial identity dimensions and academic achievement. To account for contextual factors, the analyses incorporated academic identity and parent socialization (academic and ethnic/racial socialization, including cultural socialization and preparation for bias) as mediators, while gender was considered as a moderator. However, the mediation analyses did not yield statistically significant results, highlighting the need for further research to investigate the nuanced relationship between these factors. In addition to the path models, supplementary analyses were conducted, including bivariate correlations and exploratory factor analyses of the scales used: Identification with Academics (IAS, Osborne, 1997), Identification with School Questionnaire (ISQ, Voelkl, 1996), Education Socialization Scale (ESS, Bempechat et al., 1999), and Parent Ethnic/Racial Socialization (PERS, Hughes & Chen, 1999). The results of the exploratory factor analyses and subsequent evaluation of psychometric properties revealed inconsistencies between the factor structures suggested by previous studies and the current study for the Identification with Academic, Identification with School Questionnaire, and Education Socialization Scale. This suggests the need for further refinement and validation of these measurement instruments. However, the exploratory factor analysis of the Parent Ethnic/Racial Socialization scale aligned with existing literature, indicating its appropriateness for use with Black students. Bivariate correlation analyses demonstrated small-to-moderate relationships that were consistently observed across most variables. Academic identity demonstrated a strong and significant correlation with private regard and a moderate and significant correlation with racial centrality. GPA demonstrated a moderate and significant correlation with academic identity and private regard and a small but significant correlation with racial centrality and parent academic socialization. Students who endorse a stronger academic identity and racial identity (private regard and racial centrality) are more likely to have better academic outcomes, including higher GPA. Furthermore, the findings related to parent academic socialization suggest that parental support and engagement may continue to have some influence on the academic performance of Black students, even in adulthood. The implications of the findings were such that fostering a strong academic identity and a positive racial identity contributed to better academic outcomes for Black students. Further, the findings highlight the sustained influence of parental support and engagement on the academic performance of Black students, even as they transition into adulthood. This underscores the significance of ongoing parental involvement throughout a student's educational journey. / School Psychology