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Les structures familiales se sont diversifiées depuis les années 1970. Chacune de ces « nouvelles » configurations a donné lieu à des interrogations et polémiques relatives à ce que recouvrait le terme « famille ». Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous nous sommes intéressées à une structure familiale spécifique, celle composée d'un parent vivant seul à son domicile (sans conjoint cohabitant) ayant à charge un ou plusieurs enfants de moins de 18 ans. Bien que la résidence quotidienne ait été attribuée au « parent gardien », les enfants continuent à entretenir un lien plus ou moins continu avec l'autre parent. Pour qualifier ces parents, nous avons choisi l'expression « parent solo » plutôt que la catégorie statistique qui leur est associée, « famille monoparentale ». S'inscrivant dans une sociologie compréhensive, il nous a semblé plus approprié d'opter pour une formulation dans laquelle les parents enquêtés se reconnaissaient. De plus, cette expression « solo », illustre la situation de ces parents qui sont « seuls » sur le devant de la scène au quotidien (comme le soliste) mais accompagnés par différents individus en arrière-plan (les membres de l'orchestre). Nous sommes parties de l'hypothèse selon laquelle l'entrée en parentalité solo entraine une reformulation de la parentalité. Comment ces parents (re)construisent leurs rôles parentaux ? Quelles sont les continuités et discontinuités ? Les facteurs impactant (âge, sexe, CSP, etc.) ? A partir d'une enquête par entretiens menée auprès de 54 parents solos (36 mères et 18 pères), nous avons pu identifier des continuités et des ruptures dans les rôles parentaux suite à l'entrée en parentalité solo. De nouveaux contours des maternités et paternités se dessinent au terme de cette recherche. / Since the 1970's, there has been a great diversification of family structures. Every one of those "new" configurations has sparked questions and controversies as to what "family" meant. To complete this thesis, we focused on a particular type of family, the one composed of a single-parent living alone (without any other spouse cohabiting partner) and caring for one or more children under 18. Even though the daily care has been given to the "custodial parent", the children maintain a relationship with the other parent to various extent. To name those parents, we chose the term "solo parent" rather than the sociologocal term of single-parent family. Being in a comprehensive approach, we decided it was better to choose a term that investigated parents liked and used. Moreover, the term "solo" illustrates the situation of those parents. They stand alone on a daily basis on a stage (just as a soloist) yet, they are supported by other people from the back of the stage (members of the orchestra). We started this study from the hypothesis that being a solo parent changes what it means to be a parent. How do these parents (re) build their parenting roles ? What do they keep, what do they reject from former practises ? What are the main factors (age, gender, SPC...) at play in this transition ? From an interview-based study of 54 solo parents (36 mothers and 18 fathers), we have been able to identify persistences and disruptions in parenting roles, due to single-parenthood. From this study emerge new profiles of motherhood and fatherhood.

Denna studie undersökte föräldrar till barn som upplevdes ha höga problem med hyperaktivitet/impulsivitet och uppmärksamhet. Studiens syfte var att undersöka om föräldrarnas välbefinnande, föräldraroll och reaktioner på barnets beteende skiljde sig åt mellan dem som hade ett barn med Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) och dem vars barn inte hade diagnosen. Deltagarna (N=1086) var föräldrar som svarade på en enkät från Nationella Jämförelsestudien (en utvärdering av föräldrastödsprogram i Sverige). Denna studie fokuserade på de 225 föräldrar till barn som hade höga ADHD-relaterade beteenden, varav 62 barn hade ADHD-diagnos och 163 hade inte denna diagnos. Resultaten av variansanalyser visade att föräldrar till barn med ADHD-diagnos och föräldrarna till barn utan diagnos inte skiljde sig åt gällande deras välbefinnande, föräldraskap och reaktioner på barnet. Den här studien föreslår att båda grupper av föräldrar till barn som visar stora svårigheter med hyperaktivitet/impulsivitet och uppmärksamhetsproblem behöver socialt stöd. / This study evaluated parents of children who perceived high in problems with hyperactivity/impulsivity and attention. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether parents’ well-being, parenting role or reaction on the child’s behavior differed between parents’ who had a child with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and parents of a child with no diagnose. Participants (N=1086) answered a survey from the National Effectiveness Evaluation of Parenting Programs in Sweden. Focus was on 225 parents of children who had high ADHD-related behaviors, 62 children had an ADHD-diagnose and 163 had no diagnose. The results of analyses did not show any differences on well-being, parenting role or reaction on the child’s behavior between parents of children who were diagnosed ADHD and parents of children with no diagnose. This study suggests that both these groups of parents with children high in hyperactivity/impulsivity and inattention need social support.

This diploma thesis deals with experiences and ideas of parenting trans*'s persons in the context of their identity. I primarily follow feminist theories and constructivist paradigm, where the research being realized through semi-structured interviews. In the theoretical part I define the basic terms and concepts on which my work is based. I focus on the conceptualization of trans* identities, on the concept of transsexuality in the Czech medical and socio-legal discourse, as well as on their limits in terms of gender perspective. Furthermore, I present the partnership and sexual relations of trans* persons, which then lead me to parenthood itself in the context of trans * identities. Finally, I deal with the coming-out process, especially with a focus on offspring. Within the analytical part I am interested in the attitude of trans* people to prevent reproductive function as the legal condition of gender transition, what reproductive ways and ways of parenting they choose, what obstacles they encounter in the context of parenthood and how they perform their parental role. Key words: gender, trans* identity, heteronormativity, coming out, homophobia, transphobia, limits of identity, parenting, parenting role, kids

Transgender individuals go through their intrapersonal differentiation between covert “I” (expressed gender) and overt “I” (assigned gender), often unnoticed by family members before their coming out. Consequently, their coming out rockets anxiety in the family system and the process of differentiation of transgender parents seem to go through its unique path to search for equilibrium. Recent social and clinical studies about transgender parents have paid attention to the experience and challenges of the gender transition process, social pressure, acceptance of transgender individuals in a parenting role, and readiness of families to cope with the transition of a parent (Bischof, Warnaar, Barajas, & Dhaliwal, 2011; Chung, 2016; Di Ceglie, 1998; Freedman, Tasker, & Di Ceglie, 2002; Haines, Ajayi, & Boyd, 2014; Hines, 2006; Theron & Collier, 2013; Veldorale-Griffin, 2014; White & Ettner, 2004, 2007). No research study has attempted to explore the essence of transgender parenting and the related self-differentiation process (Bowen, 1978; Kerr & Bowen, 1988). In this research, I intended to address this gap in knowledge by utilizing a heuristic phenomenological research design to explore the essence of parenting and self-differentiation of transgender parents. I used interviews with ten transgender parents, both females, and males, to embrace the elements of the lived experienced. The first conducted heuristic analysis revealed five emerging themes: Selfish Unselfishness: Becoming Me; Relationship with My Close Family: It is About Respect; Battle of Emotions: Do the Right Thing; Competence, Confidence, and Legacy: This Is How We Do It. Or Not; and Life Satisfaction: Welcome to My World. The second, qualitative data analysis, brought evidence of these qualities of self-differentiation: Balancing Individuality and Togetherness; Balancing Thoughts and Feelings; and Self-differentiation in the Expressed Gender.