The accretionary Mesoproterozoic Grenville Orogeny (ca. 1300 – 980 Ma) involving the Central Metasedimentary Belt is a key building block of the eastern Laurentian margin. A petrographic, mineralogical, geochemical and geochronological study of the migmatite complex in Otter Lake (QC) within the Marble Domain is used to resolve regional metamorphic and magmatic events primarily recorded in the leucosome accessory minerals (i.e. monazite). The relationship between the different stages of monazite and garnet growth and dissolution during the tectonic evolution of the orogenic history for the interpreted metasomatic (injected) and anatectic (in situ) monazite-bearing neosomes from this study supports published thermochronological work in the area and challenges the claim that the Central Metasedimentary Belt was not heated above 500 °C during the Ottawan phase. Instead, the region shows Grenville magmatic and anatectic events were overprinted by high-temperature, fluid-rich Ottawan-phase metamorphism recorded within both injected (monazite-bearing) and in situ (monazite- and garnet-bearing) neosomes.

Peridotites occuring in orogenic massifs provide important insights into geochemical processes of the Earth's upper mantle by providing direct evidence of mantle evolution throughout Earth history. It has been previously demostrated (e.g. Medaris et al., 1990, 2005) that the uppermost tectonic unit of the Bohemian Massif - the Gföhl Nappe hosts a variety of peridotites that originated from different sources, including subcontinental lithosphere, suboceanic asthenosphere, and possible ultramafic layered intrusive complex. The Czech peridotites of the Gföhl Nappe has been divided into three groups, defined by Medaris et al. (1999), according to their chemical compositions, identity and relations of the aluminous phases, ortopyroxen compositions and estimated P-T conditions. According to Medaris et al. (2005) "Type I" peridotites - represented by Mohelno and Biskoupky bodies - equilibrated in low P-T regime (recording the highest equilibration temperatures - up to 1335 ⁰C at 29 kbar - among the Gföhl peridotites) consist of spinel peridotite with garnet appearing only at its margins. Peridotites are enclosed in granulites that have been extensively recrystallized mostly at amphibolite-facies conditions. Many studies have been done on this locality and a wide range of mineralogy and P-T histories has...

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Dans l’objectif d’évaluer le devenir de sédiments subduits variablement enrichis en soufre dans des conditions P-T (pression – température) correspondant au toit de la plaque sous un arc volcanique, des expériences de fusion et de cristallisation ont été réalisées en conditions hydratées en presse piston-cylindre(3 GPa ; 650 – 1000°C ; ƒO2 ~ NNO) sur des sédiments naturels (pélite et marne), non dopés en éléments en traces et variablement enrichis en soufre (0, 1 et 2 wt% Sin). Lors de la fusion du sédiment pélitique, des liquides trondhjémitiques à granitiques sont produits en équilibre avec un résidu composé de grenat +disthène ± phengite ± quartz + rutile. Lors de la fusion du sédiment marneux, des liquides granodioritiques sont produits en équilibre avec un résidu constitué de grenat ± épidote ± clinopyroxène ± disthène ± quartz +rutile. L’ajout de soufre dans le système pour une ƒO2 ~ NNO conduit à une précipitation de sulfures. La quantité de fer (Fe2+) disponible dans le système diminue fortement (augmentation du Mg#) et impactegrandement les relations de phases : le grenat, l’épidote et la phengite sont déstabilisées au profit des pyroxènes, de la biotite ou encore de l’amphibole. La distribution des éléments en traces dans le liquide silicaté par rapport au sédiment de départ est également très affectée pour les systèmes dopés en soufre(ex : fractionnement des terres rares). Nous proposons, à partir des données obtenues dans des xénolites mantelliques (Grenade, Petites Antilles) et lors de modélisations géochimiques, que la contribution dans lecoin mantellique de 1 à 3 % de liquides trondhjémitiques/granitiques issus de la fusion de sédiments pélitiques modérément enrichis en soufre (≤ 1 wt% Sin) peut expliquer la variabilité de composition des basaltes du sud de l’arc des Petites Antilles (Grenade et Grenadines). / The main issue of this study is to constrain the fate of subducted sediments variably enriched in sulphur for P-T (pressure – temperature) relevant for the slab at sub-arc depth. Using piston-cylinder apparatus, we performed melting and crystallisation experiments (3 GPa; 650 – 1000°C; ƒO2 ~ NNO) on natural, trace elementundoped and volatile-rich sediments (pelite and marlstone). Experiments were conducted with variable water (5 to 10 wt% H2Oin) and sulphur (0, 1 and 2 wt% Sin) contents. Silicate melts produced by the fluid-present melting of pelite range from trondhjemitic to granitic compositions, are broadly peraluminous and coexist with garnet + kyanite ± phengite ± quartz + rutile. Those produced by the fluid-present melting of marlstone are sodic (granodioritic composition), metaluminous to slightly peraluminous and coexist with garnet ± epidote ± clinopyroxene ± kyanite ± quartz + rutile. Sulphur addition at ƒO2 ~ NNO leads to sulphide precipitation. Thus, iron (Fe2+) contents decrease (Mg# increase) in the system and this strongly impacts phase relationships: garnet, epidote and phengite are consumed in favour of pyroxens, biotite and amphibole. Trace-element distribution between silicate melt and starting bulk for S-doped systems is largely impacted (e.g. rare earth elements fractionation). On the basis of data obtained in mantle xenoliths(Grenada, Lesser Antilles) and from geochemical modelisations, we are suggesting that a contribution in the mantle wedge of 1 to 3 % of trondhjemitic/granitic melts derived from pelitic sediments (≤ 1 wt% Sin) mayaccount for the composition of basalts in the southern part of Lesser Antilles (Grenada and Grenadines).

Une nouvelle méthode de haute précision pour analyser les isotopes de Sn à avec double-spike 117Sn-122Sn a été développée. / A new high-precision isotope method for analyzing Sn using the 117Sn-122Sn double-spike technique was developed.

This thesis is a compendium of three papers related to the magnetotelluric (MT) method and its application to the characterization of lithospheric-scale geoelectrical structures. The thesis begins with an Introduction where the motivation and the aims are presented as well as the geological context of the Pyrenees, the previous geophysical studies and the used data set. The Introduction also contains a description of the MT method with basic concepts useful to understand the MT analysis developed in the three papers. Then the three papers, which are the main part of the thesis, are exposed. After the papers, there is a Discussion where the results are commented and compared, extending some of the ideas proposed in the articles and including a new geoelectrical crustal model of the Western Pyrenees. Then there are the Conclusions and proposals of future works related to the MT sites acquired in the Pyrenees and the proposed method for processing MT data. At the end of the thesis there are the references of the cited works and an annex containing a copy of the two published papers and a copy of the submitted manuscript of the third paper. The first published paper determines the geoelectrical structures below the Central Pyrenees using new BBMT and LMT data acquired close to the ECORS-Pyrenees deep seismic profile. The aim of this study has been to improve the results obtained by Ledo (1996) and Pous et al. (1995a), taking advantage of the progress occurred in the last fifteen years associated with the MT method and the acquisition of MT data. The most important improvements that have been achieved are the better definition of the top of the electrical resistivity structure associated with the Iberian subducted lower crust (IBSLC) and the determination of the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary (LAB) below the Iberian and the European plates close to the collision zone. Complementary, an analysis of the geological properties of the lower-crust and the dehydration point of the muscovite and biotite rocks provides more arguments in favour of the hypothesis of partial melting to explain the geophysical observations associated with the IBSLC. In the second paper the MT method has been applied to characterize the geoelectrical structures below the West-Central Pyrenees in a new MT profile across the Pyrenean mountain range. This new MT profile is 130 km long and is composed by twenty BBMT sites acquired in 2010, seven of them also with LMT data. Results have been compared with the ones obtained in the Central Pyrenees characterizing the main geoelectrical variations between the two MT profiles. An analysis of the thermal re-equilibration of the IBSLC has been developed completing the analysis of the previous paper about the presence or absence of partial melting in the IBSLC. This analysis corroborates partial melting as the best explanation for the low electrical resistivity values of the IBSLC. The LAB below the West-Central Pyrenees has been determined not only below the Iberian and the European plates, as in the Central Pyrenees, but also below the collision zone. Additionally, an unexpected geoelectrical structure completely buried below the Ebro basin has been associated with a Variscan boundary. In the third paper a new method is proposed for processing MT data. The proposed method uses the horizontal magnetic fields recorded at a neighbouring site to process the MT data of a local site from inter-station tensor relationships. Results obtained in the experiments validate the method. A parameter has been defined in order to determine, in each specific study for each used period, if the proposed method can be applied. / Aquesta tesi es composa de tres articles relacionats amb el mètode Magnetotelluric (MT) i la seva aplicació a la caracterització d’estructures geoelèctriques de la litosfera. La tesi comença amb una introducció on es presenten les motivacions d’aquesta i els objectius plantejats, així com el context geològic dels Pirineus, els estudis previs que s’han realitzat i les dades fetes servir pel desenvolupament de la tesis. La introducció conté també una descripció del mètode MT amb l’objectiu d’ajudar a entendre l’anàlisi que es desenvolupa en els articles. Tot seguit s’exposen els tres articles, es discuteixen els resultats obtinguts i s’exposen les conclusions a les que s’ha arribat. El primer article mostra les estructures geoelèctriques sota el Pirineu Central. L’objectiu d’aquest estudi ha estat millorar els resultats de Ledo (1996) i Pous et al. (1995a), aplicant els progressos que hi ha hagut en el camp de la MT en els darrers quinze anys. Els nous resultats han permès caracteritzar millor la zona de fusió parcial associada amb la subducció de l’escorça Ibèrica Inferior (IBSLC) i el límit litosfera astenosfera (LAB). De forma complementaria, s’ha dut a terme un anàlisi de les propietats de l’escorça inferior que ha permès aportar més arguments a favor de la hipòtesis de la fusió parcial. En el segon article el mètode MT s’ha fet servir per caracteritzar les estructures geoelèctriques sota el Pirineu Occidental-Central en un nou perfil de MT. En aquest estudi també s’han observat estructures geoelèctriques associades amb la fusió parcial de la IBSLC i amb el LAB. Sota la conca de l’Ebre s’ha observat per primer cop una anomalia geoelèctrica que s’ha associat amb la presència d’un límit Hercinià. Els resultats han estat comparats amb els del Pirineu Central per tal de caracteritzar l’evolució de les principals estructures geoelèctriques al llarg de la serralada. En el tercer article s’ha proposat un nou mètode per processar dades MT. Aquest mètode utilitza els camps magnètics horitzontals enregistrats en una estació veïna per processar les dades de la zona d’estudi únicament a partir de relacions tensorials entre estacions. Els experiments duts a terme corroboren la validesa del mètode.

科学研究費補助金 研究種目:一般研究(B) 課題番号:63460053 研究代表者:日比野 倫夫 研究期間:1988-1989年度

Au cours de la dernière phase d’accrétion, les planètes terrestres ont connu des impacts géants violents et très énergétiques. A la suite du chauffage causé par les impacts, la Terre primitive était partiellement ou totalement fondue, et un océan magmatique a été formé dans la couche externe de la Terre. Le refroidissement successif de l’océan magmatique a causé la cristallisation fractionnée du manteau primitif. Cependant, il reste beaucoup d’incertitudes à propos de l’accrétion de la Terre primitive, comme la profondeur et la durée de vie d’un (ou plusieurs) océan(s) magmatique(s), l’effet de la recristallisation du manteau sur la ségrégation chimique entre les différents réservoirs de la Terre et ainsi de suite. La connaissance des propriétés de fusion du manteau profond est important aussi pour examiner la possibilité d’une fusion partielle actuellement. L’objectif était d’aborder quelques problèmes concernant le manteau inférieur terrestre : Quelle est la séquence de fusion entre les phases dominantes dans le manteau inférieur ? Est-ce qu’on peut expliquer la zone à ultra-basse vélocité (ULVZ) avec la fusion partielle d’un manteau pyrolytique (ou chondritique) ? Quel est le partage du fer entre les phases silicatées liquides et solides dans le manteau profond ? Est-ce qu’on peut donner des informations nouvelles sur les propriétés d’un océan magmatique profond à partir des courbes de fusion du manteau primitif ? Dans cette étude les courbes de fusion et les relations de fusion ont été analysées en utilisant la cellule à enclume de diamant chauffé au laser (LH-DAC) pour des pressions entre 25 et 135 GPa et des températures jusqu’à plus que 4000 K, i.e. pour des conditions de P-T qui correspondent au manteau inférieur terrestre entier. Les compositions utilisées ont été le raccord entre MgO et MgSiO3 et une composition de type chondritique pour le manteau terrestre. J’ai utilisé deux techniques in-situ de radiation-synchrotron pour déduire les propriétés de fusion à hautes pressions ; la diffractométrie au rayons-X et la fluorescence au rayons-X. Les nouveaux résultats obtenus dans cette étude sont : (...) / During the final stage of accretion, terrestrial planets experienced violent and highly energetic giant impacts. As a consequence of impact heating, the early Earth was partially or wholly molten, forming a magma ocean in the outer layer of Earth. Subsequent cooling of the magma ocean has led to fractional crystallization of the primitive mantle. Many unknowns remain about accretion of the early Earth, such as extension depth and life time of the magma ocean(s), role of mantle recrystallization on the chemical segregation between the different Earth reservoirs, and so on. The knowledge of melting properties of the deep mantle is also important to investigate the possibility of partial melting at the present time. The aim of this study was to tackle a few major questions concerning the Earth lower mantle : What is the melting sequence between the main lower mantle phases ? Can we explain the ultra-low-velocity zones (ULVZ) by partial melting of pyrolitic (or chondritic) mantle ? How does iron partition between liquid and solid silicate phases in the deep mantle ? Can we provide new information on the properties of the deep magma ocean based on the melting curve of the primitive mantle ? Melting curves and melting relations have been investigated using the laser-heated diamond anvil cell (LH-DAC) for pressure between 25 and 135 GPa and temperature up more than 4000 K, i.e. at P-T conditions corresponding to the entire Earth’s lower mantle. Compositions investigated were the join between MgO and MgSiO3 and a model chondritic-composition for the Earth mantle. Two different in situ synchrotron radiation techniques have been used to infer melting properties at high pressures ; X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. The new results obtained in this study include : (...)