La gestion de l‘eau d’irrigation en Egypte repose sur un cadre institutionnel centralement défini intégrant les parties concernées, y compris les acteurs informels au niveau local. Ce cadre régi la répartition des ressources en eau et la façon dont les différents acteurs contribuent collectivement aux mécanismes de gestion. En raison de plusieurs contraintes, telles que la mauvaise qualité et la pénurie d’eau, les iniquités au niveau de la distribution et le faible recouvrement des coûts, l’approche collective a été progressivement remplacée par des actions plus individualistes qui mènent à des conflits d’intérêts. Cette situation appelle à une réforme du cadre institutionnel existant. Les solutions adaptatives mises en place par les usagers qui tentent à surmonter les défis sont une forme de changement. En parallèle, les réformes promues par le gouvernement favorisent une approche participative à travers la création d’organisations des usagers (WUOs). Cette formalisation des acteurs informels est motivée par l’idée que l’effort collectif d’un groupe ayant des intérêts communs et agissant selon des règles et normes mutuellement acceptées permettrait de renforcer leur participation dans la gestion. Le résultat serait une distribution plus équitable de l’eau et une meilleure opération et maintenance des systèmes d’irrigation. Or, bien que les WUOs puissent être considérées comme des structures appropriées pour restaurer l’action collective et améliorer la gestion au niveau local, certains défis institutionnels, financiers et structurels affaiblissent leurs opérations et leur capacité à répondre aux intérêts des parties prenantes, ce qui rend leur soutenabilité incertaine / The irrigation water sector in Egypt relies on a well-defined central management framework, the integrated role of the different concerned stakeholders, including the local-level informal actors, and on how the water users perceive the value of their water resources and collectively contribute to the management mechanism. With the rising complexities, namely, poor quality, water shortage, unfair distribution and poor cost recovery, the collective approach has been progressively replaced by more individualistic actions that lead to conflicts of interest and calls for reforms. Adaptive solutions are a form of change among the water users who seek to cope with the challenges they face. Another form is a government-driven reform that supports the participatory approach through the establishment of Water Users Organizations (WUOs). The rationale behind this formalization of the informal actors is that when collective efforts of a particular group who holds common interests and is functioning under mutually accepted and compelled set of norms and rules, it is believed that it becomes more feasible to raise their level of participation in the management process. They would hence contribute to realizing more equitable water allocation and distribution and better operation and maintenance of the irrigation systems. Although the WUOs can be viewed as suitable settings for restoring collective action and improving the management at the local level, a number of institutional, financial and structural challenges hinder their functions and their capacity in meeting the interests of the concerned stakeholders and hence render their sustainability uncertain

The aim of this study was to explore and analyze the application of a participatorydevelopment approach in Stokholm, Bortkyrka, and Värmdo local municipalities in Stockholm County in Sweden. The reason for chosen municipalities in Sweden is because Sweden is relatively an advanced country with an established infrastructure and democracy to necessitate an advanced level in participatory development approach. This study examined participatory strategies and interventions within the context of development communication and how they are used to engage citizens in community-based development initiatives. I used a participatory theory to answer the following question “To what extent do local municipalities apply a participatory approach in their community development initiatives?By applying appropriate methods, a comprehensive understanding of how municipalities apply a participatory approach in development initiatives was explored and analyzed. The study findings indicate that participatory development approach is still unclear, and it is at a rudimentary stage in the municipalities studied, and that although community participation in development initiatives in the municipalities align with the concept of development communication, there is still a lack of comprehensive aapreciation of participatory development in the context of communication for development (ComDev).Therefore, the lack of clarity on how participatory approach is understood and applied plays a fundamental role in retarding the realization of the full potential of participatory development approach.

付記する学位プログラム名: グローバル生存学大学院連携プログラム / 京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第23174号 / 工博第4818号 / 新制||工||1753(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市社会工学専攻 / (主査)教授 CRUZ Ana Maria , 教授 米田 稔, 准教授 横松 宗太 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

Through collaboration between the Substance Abuse and Addiction Recovery Alliance (SAARA) and several community partners, a need was identified for a new measurement tool to gather comprehensive client histories for program evaluation and development. The purpose of this study was to (1) develop a culturally relevant and organizationally appropriate mechanism for the collection of comprehensive client histories and (2) to provide the opportunity for staff to engage in a new process of developing and implementing data collection strategies. As a result of the use of a community-based participatory approach, (1) a missed opportunity for program evaluation and development was identified, (2) a community-based research study was developed, (3) staff were invested in development of the tool, and (4) staff engaged in a capacity-building exercise in which they were provided the skills and tools needed to replicate this process independently in the future.

The central argument of this thesis is that participative approaches to evaluating voluntary rural community-based organisations are an effective tool for organisational learning and ensuing rural community development. This proposition is explored through the evaluation and strategic planning of the Southern Riverina Rural Advisory Service, a community-based counselling organisation. The Service works with families experiencing financial hardship and associated stress. The thesis is multi-faceted and generic issues included: the importance of commitment by rural communities and organisations to creating frameworks for understanding and acting in integrated ways to the diversity, inter-relatedness and conflict of issues, wishes and needs of members, and to develop the capacity to transform contexts of dependency-oriented crisis situations to ones of self-responsible, interdependent change; the need to view contexts through integration of local, regional, national and global perspectives and to develop networks to integrate understanding and action; and to continue learning how to better enhance organisational and community-based learning. / Master of Science (Hons)

Voices of women affected by trafficking in human beings for sexual exploitation (THBSE) are often marginalized and they are not usually included in the design and implementation of anti-trafficking campaigns. Although these campaigns present themselves as Communication for Social Change, the final result often betrays the principles of this form of communication. This thesis aims to tackle that gap, in partnership with the Serbian NGO Atina and their Youth Advocacy Group. The objective is to understand what is the perspective of women affected by THBSE in regards to institutional imagery of anti-trafficking campaigns and its persuasive potential for social change. The methodology was informed by a feminist participatory approach which included a) a focus group where participants were shown examples of anti-trafficking imagery, b) a workshop where participants designed their own campaign, and c) two expert interviews. After analyzing a sample of 21 images of anti-trafficking campaigns from 12 countries (Serbia, USA, Canada, France, Spain, Portugal, Romania, Brazil, Luxembourg, Colombia, Ukraine and Israel), this thesis finds that anti-trafficking campaigns tend to fail at their potential for social change. This is due to misrepresentations that ignore the complexity of THBSE as a system of exploitation and by perpetuating harmful stereotypes about what a victim should or should not look like, thereby contributing to the silencing and marginalization of victims. Anti-trafficking campaigns also tend to rely on awareness-raising rather than promoting social change. This thesis also presents what a campaign designed by women affected by sexual exploitation would look like, which focused on systemic change rather than individualized narratives. Based on the research, it was also possible to propose guidelines for participatory approaches to communication against THBSE.

Faced with dynamic and rapidly deteriorating environmental conditions, the government of Mozambique has embarked on environmental education programmes and campaigns (EEPCs) as a strategy for natural resource management and environmental conservation. However, there is increasing evidence to suggest that the implementation of these EEPCs in local communities are often lacking when it comes to community participation and contribution. The latter has often been cited as a major reason for the limited success of such EEPCs. To date there is little research work that explores the issues on the integration of local community Knowledge and practices, and community reactions to such environmental education programmes and campaigns anywhere in the world. Mozambique, a developing country in Africa, is no exception to this trend of ignorance. This research investigated the extent to which local knowledge and practices are integrated into The EEPCs that are implemented by the government of Mozambique. The focus was on the local community’s perceptions, engagements and reactions to the EEPCs. The study was conducted in four districts of the Nampula province in Northern Mozambique. The data were collected through in-depth interviews, documentary analysis and non-participant observations. The findings of the study showed that there is a lack of substantial involvement by the local community in all stages of the development process of the EEPCs. Furthermore, the study found evidence of partial and /or unsuccessful implementation of the projects in all four communities studied. The research concluded by arguing that without such active involvement of the local people in planning, designing, implementation, monitoring, evaluation and decision-making processes of EEPCs, the frustrations of government officials and the lack of substantial implementation of the projects in the communities that were studied should not have come as a surprise. / Dissertation (MEd (Curriculum and Instructional Design and Development))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Curriculum Studies / MEd / unrestricted

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第20689号 / 工博第4386号 / 新制||工||1682(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市環境工学専攻 / (主査)教授 清水 芳久, 教授 田中 宏明, 教授 米田 稔 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

The primary purpose of this study is to examine the degree to which participatory approaches are implemented in evaluations of development programs and projects, because several scholars have researched the benefits of including participatory approaches. This is studied through a case study of Sida’s evaluations. As Sida claims to be committed to implementing participatory approaches, two evaluations were chosen based on a least likely logic. A typology consisting of four levels of participation is used to determine to which degree a participatory approach is implemented in the evaluation. The main finding of the analysis of the two evaluations is that the level of participation in the two evaluations is on an instrumental level, i.e. the second lowest level in the typology. Because of this, it is concluded that Sida’s evaluations have at least an instrumental level of participation.

Thesis (DTh (Old and New Testament))--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / Recent developments in the field of translation studies have shown that a single translation of the Bible cannot be used for all the functions for which people may need a translation of the Bible. Unlike the case in the past when new versions of the Bible were viewed with suspicion, it is now increasingly acknowledged that different types of the Bible are necessary for different communicative functions. While many African communities have only a pioneer mother tongue translation of the Bible, Scripture use reports indicate that in some situations, the mother tongue translations have not been used as it was intended. The writer of this dissertation supports the view that some of the Christians in their respective target language communities do not use available mother tongue translations because they find them to be inappropriate for their needs. In the light of functionalist theories of translation, it is held in this dissertation that people who find existing translations to be unsuitable for their needs may need special alternative translations that are precisely designed to address their needs. The challenge, however, is how to identify the specific type of the alternative translation. Although the need for alternative versions of the Bible has been widely acknowledged, very few studies have been carried out on strategies for designing and producing functional and acceptable alternative translations that are also directly based on the biblical source texts. This study represents part of the necessary effort to identify theoretical strategies for designing and producing alternative translations with special functions.