Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo central qualificar o suposto declínio da política paulista em relação à política nacional, depois de 1930 e principalmente na democracia de 1945-64, para então investigar quais as possíveis causas que levaram a esse resultado. Propõese que o significado desse ocaso político dos paulistas não é tão evidente quanto a literatura política costuma julgar e, por isso, deve ser especificado: apesar de Vargas ascender em meio a um projeto de re-equilíbrio das forças regionais, contra o predomínio de São Paulo, o varguismo e o posterior desenvolvimentismo ensejaram mudanças sócio-econômicas que beneficiaram diversos interesses paulistas, cujos representantes nunca deixaram de influir nos negócios nacionais. Mesmo assim, é possível identificar como problema central o fato de nem os quadros políticos paulistas conseguirem nacionalizar-se, nem os partidos nacionais ali se consolidarem. As causas disso, sugere-se como hipótese, estariam ligadas à: 1- em momento pouco claro sobre ganhos econômicos do modelo varguista, mas certo sobre a ameaça política representada por Vargas, paulistas no Estado Novo geralmente se contrapõem ou afastam do varguismo, dificultando estruturar partidos a partir da máquina estatal como ocorria alhures; 2- São Paulo já beneficiado pelo industrialismo, sua política contudo é marcada pela dependência da trajetória: produz nomes fortes pouco identificados com o desenvolvimentismo, contra a demanda eleitoral do país; 3- o PTB em São Paulo sofre a intervenção dos varguistas temerosos com o crescimento do partido no estado e sofre com a concorrência de movimentos sociais independentes do varguismo Especilamente o PCB prejudica penetração do PTB em São Paulo e, ilegalizado, morre única força não fragmentada nacionalizável no estado. / This research aims to specify what was indeed the supposed loss of the paulista politics importance in the Brazilian politics after 1930 and, mainly, in the democratic period of 1945-64. And just then, this work will aim to investigate which possible causes explain that phenomenon. I propose that the meaning of that political decline of the paulistas is not so evident as the political literature usually presumes and, therefore, it should be detailed: although Vargas arose trough a project of re-equilibration of regional forces against São Paulo predominance, the varguismo and the posterior desenvolvimentismo brought social-economic changes that benefited varied paulista interests - whose representatives never ended completely their influence towards national affairs. Even so, it is possible to identify the central question as being the fact that nor did the paulista politicians nationalized themselves, nor did the national parties consolidated in Sao Paulo. The reasons suggested by this research as a group of hypothesis concern three different sub-explanations: 1) in a historical period when economic gains due to the varguismo were not clear, and while the political menace represented by Vargas, the paulistas usually opposed the varguismo during the Estado Novo or at least kept some distance from it. Hence, it ended to be more difficult for the paulistas to form parties or party state sections from the bureaucratic machine as it happened in the rest o the country; 2) when state of São Paulo was already benefited by the industrialism, its politics, however, were marked by the path dependency: usually just politicians not identified with the developmentalism or the varguismo arose in the state so against the electoral demand of the country; 3) PTB in São Paulo suffered the intervention of varguistas that were afraid of the possible growing of their own party in that state and also faced the political competition of social movements that were prior to the varguismo. Specially the PCB injured the PTB spreading in São Paulo and, when it was considered illegal, the only last force in the state that could be nationalized also disappeared.

<p>Abstract</p><p>Why do Political Parties emerge? – A Study of "Sjukvårdspartiet i Värmland"</p><p>Political Science, Johan Utter</p><p>The political parties have important roles to play in contemporary society. They act as bearers of power and presents the voters with finished packages of ideas on how society should grow, develop and change. Political parties are essential to the survival and wellbeing of representative democracy. Many theories have been developed over the years concerning matters related to political parties, but one area of research remains largely unexplored, namely the topic on why political parties do emerge in the first place. Why do some individuals become creators of political parties?</p><p>Since this is a weak theoretical field an attempt will be made to contibute to the understanding concerning what makes new political parties emerge. This is done by relating previous contributors theories to the results obtained from a case study undertaken on the emergence of "Sjukvårdspartiet i Värmland", a political party risen from a protest-movement concerning the preservation of the local hospital in Kristinehamn. By testing this case against earlier research a foundation will be created and from which new ideas about political parties can be generated.</p><p>By interviewing the creator of the political party "Sjukvårdspartiet i Värmland" an attempt is made to reveal the incentives which led to the party formation. These results are then compared to the causal mechanisms proposed by earlier research. The purpose is to analyze if theories from earlier research is able to explain the emergence of "Sjukvårdspartiet i Värmland".</p><p>The results show that party formations are cryptic political phenomena, which needs larger and more developed theoretical constructions before the question "Why do political parties emerge?" can be properly answered.</p><p><strong><p> </p></strong></p>

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo central qualificar o suposto declínio da política paulista em relação à política nacional, depois de 1930 e principalmente na democracia de 1945-64, para então investigar quais as possíveis causas que levaram a esse resultado. Propõese que o significado desse ocaso político dos paulistas não é tão evidente quanto a literatura política costuma julgar e, por isso, deve ser especificado: apesar de Vargas ascender em meio a um projeto de re-equilíbrio das forças regionais, contra o predomínio de São Paulo, o varguismo e o posterior desenvolvimentismo ensejaram mudanças sócio-econômicas que beneficiaram diversos interesses paulistas, cujos representantes nunca deixaram de influir nos negócios nacionais. Mesmo assim, é possível identificar como problema central o fato de nem os quadros políticos paulistas conseguirem nacionalizar-se, nem os partidos nacionais ali se consolidarem. As causas disso, sugere-se como hipótese, estariam ligadas à: 1- em momento pouco claro sobre ganhos econômicos do modelo varguista, mas certo sobre a ameaça política representada por Vargas, paulistas no Estado Novo geralmente se contrapõem ou afastam do varguismo, dificultando estruturar partidos a partir da máquina estatal como ocorria alhures; 2- São Paulo já beneficiado pelo industrialismo, sua política contudo é marcada pela dependência da trajetória: produz nomes fortes pouco identificados com o desenvolvimentismo, contra a demanda eleitoral do país; 3- o PTB em São Paulo sofre a intervenção dos varguistas temerosos com o crescimento do partido no estado e sofre com a concorrência de movimentos sociais independentes do varguismo Especilamente o PCB prejudica penetração do PTB em São Paulo e, ilegalizado, morre única força não fragmentada nacionalizável no estado. / This research aims to specify what was indeed the supposed loss of the paulista politics importance in the Brazilian politics after 1930 and, mainly, in the democratic period of 1945-64. And just then, this work will aim to investigate which possible causes explain that phenomenon. I propose that the meaning of that political decline of the paulistas is not so evident as the political literature usually presumes and, therefore, it should be detailed: although Vargas arose trough a project of re-equilibration of regional forces against São Paulo predominance, the varguismo and the posterior desenvolvimentismo brought social-economic changes that benefited varied paulista interests - whose representatives never ended completely their influence towards national affairs. Even so, it is possible to identify the central question as being the fact that nor did the paulista politicians nationalized themselves, nor did the national parties consolidated in Sao Paulo. The reasons suggested by this research as a group of hypothesis concern three different sub-explanations: 1) in a historical period when economic gains due to the varguismo were not clear, and while the political menace represented by Vargas, the paulistas usually opposed the varguismo during the Estado Novo or at least kept some distance from it. Hence, it ended to be more difficult for the paulistas to form parties or party state sections from the bureaucratic machine as it happened in the rest o the country; 2) when state of São Paulo was already benefited by the industrialism, its politics, however, were marked by the path dependency: usually just politicians not identified with the developmentalism or the varguismo arose in the state so against the electoral demand of the country; 3) PTB in São Paulo suffered the intervention of varguistas that were afraid of the possible growing of their own party in that state and also faced the political competition of social movements that were prior to the varguismo. Specially the PCB injured the PTB spreading in São Paulo and, when it was considered illegal, the only last force in the state that could be nationalized also disappeared.

The aim of this study is to examine explanations for why Swedish local political parties are formed. This is done by using a statistical method with a focus on first person explanations, whereas previous research either has focused on third person explanations or conducted small scale studies. Several perspectives and explanations are found in the previous literature, around which a total of seven hypotheses are constructed. To test the hypotheses, a survey is constructed and data is collected from a total of 63 founders, representing 44 of the 62 local parties that received mandates in a municipal council for the first time in either 2014 or 2018. Results indicate that difficulty to influence the established parties, disappointment aimed towards the established parties as well as a lack of attention given to topics perceived as important are all significant factors when making the decision to form a party. Contrary to previous research, factors such as anger and a desire for revenge are not found to affect the decision to form a party. Furthermore, a potential explanation for why the diffusion effects that have been documented in previous research exist, namely rational imitation, finds some support in this study. In conclusion, it is argued that the disparity within the previous research and between previous research and this study, along with theoretical shortcomings in some theoretical explanations, shows that the study of why local political parties emerge is in its infancy and that both theoretical explanations and empirical analyses could use further development.

Abstract Why do Political Parties emerge? – A Study of "Sjukvårdspartiet i Värmland" Political Science, Johan Utter The political parties have important roles to play in contemporary society. They act as bearers of power and presents the voters with finished packages of ideas on how society should grow, develop and change. Political parties are essential to the survival and wellbeing of representative democracy. Many theories have been developed over the years concerning matters related to political parties, but one area of research remains largely unexplored, namely the topic on why political parties do emerge in the first place. Why do some individuals become creators of political parties? Since this is a weak theoretical field an attempt will be made to contibute to the understanding concerning what makes new political parties emerge. This is done by relating previous contributors theories to the results obtained from a case study undertaken on the emergence of "Sjukvårdspartiet i Värmland", a political party risen from a protest-movement concerning the preservation of the local hospital in Kristinehamn. By testing this case against earlier research a foundation will be created and from which new ideas about political parties can be generated. By interviewing the creator of the political party "Sjukvårdspartiet i Värmland" an attempt is made to reveal the incentives which led to the party formation. These results are then compared to the causal mechanisms proposed by earlier research. The purpose is to analyze if theories from earlier research is able to explain the emergence of "Sjukvårdspartiet i Värmland". The results show that party formations are cryptic political phenomena, which needs larger and more developed theoretical constructions before the question "Why do political parties emerge?" can be properly answered.