The current patent system is by many scholars considered flawed regarding the intended positiveeffects on innovation, especially for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). However, aneffective patent system requires possibilities for firms to enforce their patent rights to fulfil thebasic premise of inspiring innovation. The purpose of this study is to examine the challenges thatSMEs face in patent litigation and how it affects them and their innovation. 14 semi-structuredinterviews were conducted with Chief executive officers or research and development managersof Swedish SMEs to gain insights into the process of patent litigation and its effects on theinterviewed firms. Results showed that R&D investments decreased after patent infringement inmany cases and that firms had a tendency to change the way new patents are written to createstronger patents. The main finding is that patent litigation had a negative effect on SMEs, due tothe high direct and indirect costs resulting from a patent case. This adds to previous researchwhich highlights the disproportionate effects of patent litigation on small firms compared tolarger firms.

This paper explores the stock market as a source of funding for innovation by looking at the ability of the stock market to attract, identify and channel funds to innovative firms. We analysed 541 IPOs on the Swedish stock market between the years 2000-2015, using patent applications as a proxy for innovation. Results from an event study and regressions using two control groups show that firms find the stock market an attractive source of funding for innovation and that going public helps firms overcome liquidity restraints. By looking at the long- and short-term performance, measured by stock prices, of innovative firms by conducting OLS regressions, our results suggest; one, that there is an initial demand for innovative companies undergoing an IPO in comparison to non-innovative firms. And two, that investors are able to predict future innovativeness to some extent, but that they have some difficulties in anticipating future performance of innovative firms.

Intellectual property laws bestow a time bound individual right to a right holder, which after a certain period dissolves into the society for the betterment of all. In theory it is meant to be a win-win situation for both individuals and the society but in practice it is not so. The purpose of this research paper is to investigate the reason of Intersection of IPR with Human Rights in the context of Pharmaceutical Patenting and access to medicine.’   In the body part of this paper, research questions have been distributed and discussed in separate chapters, starting from chapter 2. The chapters start from the legal framework of patent protection and right to health provisions enshrined in different international, regional instruments. The paper further continues with the discussion about the positive and negative sides of the patent protection of pharmaceuticals, in third chapter. Then in fourth chapter it tries to examine the situation of access to medicine in developed countries, United States of America and European Union and in developing countries, India and Brazil. In the fifth chapter, the paper discusses and examines about, who should be accountable for providing access to medicine. Moreover, the sixth chapter discusses the efforts provided by TRIPS flexibilities and the court cases in harmonizing intellectual property law to provide medicines’ accessibility and affordability. With summary, conclusion and recommendations in the end.

No description available.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between AI patents owned by companies, company earnings, industry type, and company size. The research question guiding the study was: How do AI patents owned by companies affect their earnings, and do these effects differ across industries and company sizes? Three hypotheses were developed to explore this question: 1. AI patents owned by companies have a positive effect on company earnings. 2. Patenting contributes more to a company’s earnings in high-tech industries than in low- tech industries. 3. The effect of owned patents on earnings is less pronounced the larger a company is. Using a quantitative approach, the researchers employed multiple linear regression analysis on a sample of companies across various industries and sizes. Data was collected from public databases, including patent records and financial statements. The analysis led to the following conclusions regarding the three initial hypotheses: Hypothesis 1: The findings indicate a positive but statistically insignificant relationship between AI patents and company earnings, suggesting that there may be a positive effect, but the analysis could not establish this relationship with statistical certainty. Hypothesis 2: The study did not find enough evidence to support or reject the hypothesis that patenting contributes more to earnings in high-tech industries than in low-tech industries. This may be due to limitations in the dataset or the analysis approach employed. Hypothesis 3: The influence of company size on the relationship between patents and earnings remains inconclusive. Although the results showed a positive relationship between the number of employees and earnings, the analysis did not provide sufficient evidence to determine the interaction effect between company size and patent ownership. These inconclusive findings suggest that further research is necessary to better understand the relationship between AI patents, company earnings, industry type, and company size. Future studies could address the limitations of this study by incorporating more granular data on different industries, conducting industry-specific analyses, and employing alternative statistical methods or longitudinal data. This would help to enhance our understanding of the complex relationships between these factors and provide more actionable insights for businesses, investors, academics, and policymakers.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

What patents are traded and who trades them? This research aims to determine the main factors affecting a patent's propensity to be traded on the Swedish Market for Ideas, and to what extent. Theories of the Economics of Intellectual Property Transfers constitute the foundation of the research focus, in combination with earlier research. The factors being studied are divided into patent characteristics and firm characteristics. To the extent of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to provide empirical evidence of determinants of the Swedish market for patent transfers. Data is triangulated from three data sources (legal data from EPO, patent data from PATSTAT and firm data from Serrano Database). Hence, a combined data set with extensive information is analyzed by both descriptive statistics and regression analysis to approach four Hypothesis. Through the use of Logit regression model the binary outcome of whether a patent is traded or not is assessed. Furthermore, Negative Binomial estimators and Poisson model address the likelihood of the number of times a patent is being traded. The main findings are; (1a) patents of higher value, indicated by the number of citations, have a higher likelihood to be transferred, (1b) patents of a younger age are more frequently traded. Additionally, (2a) larger firms, to a higher extent, engage in patent transfers. The results are however mixed concerning the effect on firm size on the propensity to change owner. Lastly (2b), transferred patents are mainly within information technologies. In a competitive environment where the share of intangible assets is increasing and a large fraction of patents remain unused, there are efficiency gains to be realized by a developed Market for Ideas. This research, therefore, provides a contribution to a novel research area, with implications for both policy makers and managers, regarding the increased importance of the strategic use of intellectual property.

No description available.