La formation de troubles physico-chimiques pendant le stockage de boissons clarifiées préoccupe la filière cidricole. Ces troubles sont dus à des interactions entre différents constituants de la boisson, générant des agrégats visibles. Ce travail présente un double objectif : étudier la composition des troubles afin de déterminer les familles chimiques impliquées, puis étudier les mécanismes des interactions responsables de l’apparition de ces troubles. Pour cela, la composition des troubles a été analysée dans trois boissons cidricoles (cidre, jus de pomme et pommeau). Les résultats ont montré l’implication des composés phénoliques et ont conduit à l’hypothèse selon laquelle l’oxydation de ces composés jouerait un rôle prépondérant dans leur agrégation. Des protéines ont également été dosées en grandes concentrations dans des troubles de jus de pomme, suggérant leur implication dans leur formation.Ces hypothèses ont été vérifiées par deux approches en solutions modèles : en modèle pommeau et en modèle jus de pomme. Ces travaux ont mis en évidence des troubles de différentes natures en fonction de la boisson étudiée. D’une part, les troubles des cidres et des pommeaux s’expliqueraient essentiellement par l’auto-agrégation des procyanidines oligomères consécutive à leur oxydation. Les marqueurs moléculaires impliqués dans la formation de trouble réversible ont pu être identifiés. D’autre part, les troubles de certains jus de pomme, relativement pauvres en composés phénoliques et riches en protéines, seraient provoqués par la dénaturation de protéines de défense des plantes / Physico-chemical haze appearance during storage of clarified apple-based beverages is a concern for producers. These hazes are caused by interactions between several constituents of the beverage that lead to the formation of visible aggregates. This work had two main goals: analyze the composition of hazes in order to determine which families of compounds are responsible for their formation, and understand which mechanisms are involved. First, the composition of the haze gathered from three apple-based beverages (cider, apple juice and pommeau) was analyzed. The results revealed the implication of phenolic compounds and led to the hypothesis that their oxidation was probably one of the main factors responsible for haze formation. Proteins were found in quite large quantities in some apple juice hazes, which suggests their involvement in haze formation in this beverage.These two hypotheses have been verified using two model approaches: in a model pommeau and in a model apple juice. This work evidenced that different kinds of hazes exist in apple-based beverages. On the one hand, haze in pommeaux and ciders is mainly explained by procyanidin oligomers self-aggregation induced by their oxidation, with possible interactions with other beverage constituents. On the other hand, haze in some apple juices, which probably contain low polyphenol and high protein levels, is triggered by “Pathogenesis-Related Proteins” denaturation that lead to their self-aggregation, in interaction with oligomeric procyanidins.

No description available.

Abiotic stress is one of the major factors that affect food production worldwide and, therefore understanding stress responsive proteins and engineering plants for abiotic stress tolerance is very important. In the present study, the biological role of pea pathogenesis-related 10.4 (PR-10.4; also known as abscisic acid responsive 17; ABR17) in abiotic stress tolerance has been investigated. Our investigation on ribonuclease (RNase) activity of ABR17 suggested that highly conserved histidine-69 and glutamic acid-148 are important for RNase activity. In order to further investigate the biological role(s) of ABR17, transcriptional profiling of pea ABR17-mediated gene expression changes in ABR17-transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants was carried out using microarrays. Our results indicated that pea ABR17 modulates many plant growth/development genes most of which are cytokinin (CK) responsive. These results agree very well with previously reported enhanced endogenous CKs in these transgenic plants. However, no significant changes in transcript abundance of CK biosynthetic genes were observed between transgenic and wild-type plants, suggesting an alternate source of CK in ABR17-transgenic plants. It is speculated that ABR17 may act as either a CK reservoir (through its reported CK binding property) or may be responsible for isopentenylated-tRNA degradation (through its demonstrated RNase activity) thereby increasing endogenous CK pools. Furthermore, microarray analysis of salinity stressed ABR17-Arabidopsis indicated that ABR17 modulates many stress responsive genes that included four putative AP2 family genes (RAP2.6-At1g43160, RAP2.6L-At5g13330, DREB26-At1g21910 and DREB19-At2g38340). Functional characterization of these genes suggested that they are transcription factors and they play very important roles in abiotic stress response in addition to growth and development. Moreover, overexpression of RAP2.6L and DREB19 genes enhanced salinity and drought tolerance in Arabidopsis. Taken together, our results suggest that pea ABR17 proteins are important in abiotic stress responses as they may act as source of enhanced CKs and they may also modulate expression of stress responsive genes to enhance stress tolerance in plants. However, additional research aimed at deciphering the links between ABR17 and CK biosynthesis as well as the mechanism of ABR17-mediated gene expression changes should be conducted in order to get more insights into the biological roles of PR10 proteins in planta. / Plant Science

Le sujet de ma thèse était de décrire sur le plan moléculaire le processus d'embryogenèse somatique chez la vigne. Pour cela, les étapes-clés d'entrée et de sortie du cycle d'embryogenèse secondaire ont été caractérisées par l'analyse de l'expression de quelques gènes impliqués dans le développement ou la défense, en particulier les gènes PR10.Grâce à l'exploitation de la séquence complète du génome de Vitis vinifèra disponible sur le site du Genoscope, j'ai pu caractériser exhaustivement la famille multigènique des PR10. Celle-ci est composée de 17 séquences disposées en tandem et formant un cluster compact sur le chromosome 5, dont 3 pseudogènes et au moins 13 séquences transcrites. L'expression de 10 de ces gènes a d'abord été analysée par RT-PCR semi-quantitative dans différents organes de la plante et dans des tissus traités au 2,4-D. Elle suggère une diversification fonctionnelle marquée. De plus, le niveau d'expression de plusieurs gènes PR10 est élevé dans les cals embryogènes, suggérant qu'ils pourraient jouer un rôle lors de l'embryogenèse somatique. L'étude de l'expression des gènes PR10 par RT-PCR quantitative en temps réel dans différents tissus ayant montré une capacité embryogénique variable lorsqu'ils sont soumis à un traitement par le 2,4-D met en évidence que le niveau d'expression varie entre les gènes et selon les tissus. L'expression de certains gènes est fortement induite par le 2,4-D dans les tissus à capacité embryogénique et seulement faiblement dans les tissus ne donnant jamais d'embryons somatiques, ce qui suggère fortement que ceux-ci pourraient être des marqueurs de la capacité embryogénique chez la vigne. / The objective of my work was to analyse the somatic embryogenesis process of Vitis vinifera at a molecular scale. Thus, the expression of genes implied in development or defence, especially PR10 genes, was monitored during the key-steps of entrance and exit of secondary somatic embryogenesis. The complete sequence of the Vitis vinifera genome available on the Genoscope website allowed the exhaustive characterization of the PR10 multigene family, which is constituted by 17 sequences localised on a tandem array on the chromosome 5. Among these 17 sequences, 3 are pseudogenesand at !east 13 are transcribed sequences. The expression of 10 PR10 genes was first monitored in various grapevine tissues and in tissues after 2,4-D treatment using semi-quantitative RT-PCR. The results suggest a strong functional diversification. Moreover, the expression of several PR10 genes is high in embryogenic calli, suggesting that these genes could intervene in somatic embryogenesis. The expression of PR10 genes was also monitored in tissues showing different somatic embryogenic capabilities under 2,4-D treatment using quantitative RT-PCR. The results show that regulation of PR10 genes is dependent of the gene and tissue considered. Moreover, the expression of some genes is highly induced by 2,4-D treatment in tissues having embryogenic capability, white it is only weakly induced in tissues having no embryogenic capability, suggesting that these gene could be markers of embryogenic capability in grapevine.

Le sujet de ma thèse était de décrire sur le plan moléculaire le processus d'embryogenèse somatique chez la vigne. Pour cela, les étapes-clés d'entrée et de sortie du cycle d'embryogenèse secondaire ont été caractérisées par l'analyse de l'expression de quelques gènes impliqués dans le développement ou la défense, en particulier les gènes PR10.Grâce à l'exploitation de la séquence complète du génome de Vitis vinifèra disponible sur le site du Genoscope, j'ai pu caractériser exhaustivement la famille multigènique des PR10. Celle-ci est composée de 17 séquences disposées en tandem et formant un cluster compact sur le chromosome 5, dont 3 pseudogènes et au moins 13 séquences transcrites. L'expression de 10 de ces gènes a d'abord été analysée par RT-PCR semi-quantitative dans différents organes de la plante et dans des tissus traités au 2,4-D. Elle suggère une diversification fonctionnelle marquée. De plus, le niveau d'expression de plusieurs gènes PR10 est élevé dans les cals embryogènes, suggérant qu'ils pourraient jouer un rôle lors de l'embryogenèse somatique. L'étude de l'expression des gènes PR10 par RT-PCR quantitative en temps réel dans différents tissus ayant montré une capacité embryogénique variable lorsqu'ils sont soumis à un traitement par le 2,4-D met en évidence que le niveau d'expression varie entre les gènes et selon les tissus. L'expression de certains gènes est fortement induite par le 2,4-D dans les tissus à capacité embryogénique et seulement faiblement dans les tissus ne donnant jamais d'embryons somatiques, ce qui suggère fortement que ceux-ci pourraient être des marqueurs de la capacité embryogénique chez la vigne.

Nonhost resistance is a type of broad-spectrum resistance exhibited by a given plant species to most strains of a pathogen which are generally pathogenic to other plant species. In this study, we have examined the role of tobacco SABP2 (Salicylic acid-Binding Protein 2) in nonhost resistance. SABP2, a methyl salicylate esterase is a critical component of SA-signaling pathway in tobacco plants. The transgenic tobacco SABP2-silenced lines treated with tetraFA, a known inhibitor of esterase activity of SABP2 exhibited enhanced susceptibility to nonhost pathogen, Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola compared to the control plants. The increased accumulation of SABP2 transcripts upon Psp infection supports the involvement of SABP2 in nonhost resistance. The tetra-FA treated plants also showed delayed expression of pathogenesis related-1 gene upon Psp inoculations. The expression of nonhost marker genes CDM1 and HIN1 was also monitored in tobacco plants infected with host-pathogen P.s. pv. tabaci and P.s. pv. phaseolicola. Overall, results presented in this manuscript suggest that SABP2 has a role in nonhost resistance in tobacco plants.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:37:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sandra Luisa Toillier.pdf: 545173 bytes, checksum: 7cdf4b17689b7059b1098820885d4e6c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-08-01 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is among one of the main Brazilian crops and can be affected by several diseases, such as common bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli. The study of this interaction can contribute to development of alternative methods to control this disease. The aim of this work was to verify the antimicrobial and resistance induction activities of Pycnoporus sanguineus extracts for the control of this bean disease. The in vitro assays was conducted at the Laboratory of Plant of the State University of West of Paraná (UNIOESTE) - Campus of Marechal Cândido Rondon - PR and were used aqueous extracts from basidiocarp, mycelium and culture filtrate of P. sanguineus in concentrations of 1, 5, 10, 15 and 20%, with water, acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM - 125 mg a.i. L-1) and antibiotic (oxytetracycline 22.5 mg L-1 + streptomycin 225 mg L-1) as control treatments. For in vivo assays were evaluated disease severity and the activities of peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, β-1,3 glucanase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, using extracts of mycelium, basidiocarp and culture filtrate of P. sanguineus at 5 and 10%, these tests being conducted in greenhouses in the area belonging to the Complex Biological Control and Protected Cultivation Mario Cesar Lopes of UNIOESTE, Campus of Marechal Cândido Rondon. In vitro was verified antibacterial activity only for culture filtrate in concentrations up 15% and for all concentrations of basidiocarp extract. In vivo the results indicated the potential of basidiocarps extracts from P. sanguineus for the control of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli in bean, which can occur either by direct antimicrobial activity and resistance induction involving the activation of enzymes studied / A cultura do feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris) está entre uma das principais da agricultura nacional e pode ser afetada por várias doenças, como o crestamento bacteriano comum causado por Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli. O entendimento desse patossistema pode contribuir para que sejam desenvolvidos métodos alternativos para o controle desta doença. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar as atividades antibacteriana e indutora de resistência de extratos de Pycnoporus sanguineus para controle desta doença em feijoeiro. O estudo in vitro foi realizado no Laboratório de Fitopatologia da Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná (UNIOESTE) Campus de Marechal Cândido Rondon PR e foram utilizados extratos aquosos de basidiocarpo, micélio e filtrado de cultura de P. sanguineus nas concentrações de 1, 5, 10, 15 e 20%, além das testemunhas, água, acibenzolar-S-metil (ASM - 125 mg i.a. L-1) e antibiótico (22,5 mg L-1 de oxitetraciclina + 225 mg L-1 de estreptomicina). Para o teste in vivo, foi realizada a avaliação de severidade e atividade de peroxidase, polifenoloxidase, β-1,3 glucanase e fenilalanina amônia-liase, com o uso de extrato de micélio, basidiocarpo e filtrado de cultura de P. sanguineus a 5 e 10%, sendo estes ensaios conduzidos em estufa na área pertencente ao Complexo de Controle Biológico e Cultivo Protegido Mário César Lopes da UNIOESTE, Campus de Marechal Cândido Rondon. In vitro verificou-se atividade antibacteriana apenas para o filtrado de cultura em concentrações acima de 15% e para o extrato de basidiocarpo em todas as concentrações avaliadas. In vivo, os resultados indicaram o potencial de extratos de basidiocarpos de P. sanguineus para o controle de Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli em feijoeiro, o que pode ocorrer tanto por atividade antimicrobiana direta quanto por indução de resistência envolvendo a ativação das enzimas de defesa vegetal estudadas

The barley scald pathogen (Rhynchosporium secalis) causes extensive economic losses, not only through lost product and quality, but also due to costs associated with chemical control. Economic and environmental impacts and the emerging resistance to fungicides and dominant resistance genes are reasons to understand molecular defence responses in order to develop new strategies to increase resistance of barley to this pathogen. In most pathosystems, defence gene expression in susceptible or resistant genotypes commonly differs quantitatively. Thus, differentially expressed genes between genotypes contrasting for response to infection by pathogens are considered candidate genes that have a role in resistance. This thesis presents functional analysis of a subset of genes isolated from a Suppression Subtractive Hybridisation library. The library was previously established and enriched for differentially expressed genes in epidermis of resistant and susceptible near-isogenic barley cultivars inoculated with R. secalis. Functional characterisation involved both investigating their putitative biochemical function as well as the genes‟ role(s) in biotic and abiotic stress responses. Three cDNA clones from the library were selected based on the putative function of the encoded proteins and the full length of the clones and their homologues were isolated from cDNA and genomic DNA. One of the clones represented a member of the pathogenesis-related protein family 17 (PR-17). Southern hybridisation showed that a small multigene family encodes the barley PR-17 proteins. Three members were cloned with two of them being novel. The second clone was homologous to galactinol synthases (GolS) and Southern blot analysis indicated existence of two GolS genes in the barley genome and subsequently two HvGolS members were isolated. The last clone (a single gene) showed similarity to very long chain fatty acid elongases, which indicates its involvement in synthesis of cuticular waxes. A characterised Arabidopsis mutant named fiddlehead (Atfdh) was highly similar to this gene and it was named HvFdh. Detailed expression analysis using Q-PCR, Northern blot analysis and publically available microarray data revealed that the isolated genes are regulated in response to a variety of abiotic and biotic stresses as well as different tissues during barley development. Under some treatments expression patterns were consistent with their putative roles and in agreement with results of other studies. Nevertheless, in other treatments expression profiles were not in agreement with previous findings in other plants indicating potentially different stress adaptation mechanisms between species. Further insight into the function of the encoded proteins was gained by their subcellular localisation using transient expression as GFP fusion proteins followed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. The results were in agreement with in silico predictions and their putative cellular function. In addition, a comprehensive list of homologous genes from other species was compiled for each gene by using public EST databases. Analyses of phylogenetic relationship and multiple sequence alignment of the homologues provided further clues to their function and conserved regions of the proteins. HvPR-17 anti-fungal properties were investigated by heterologous protein expression in E. coli and subsequent in vitro bioassays using purified protein under different conditions against a number of phytopathogenic fungi. However, no anti-fungal activity was observed. A construct with the AtFdh promoter driving the coding region of barley Fiddlehead was used for complementation of the Arabidopsis fiddlehead mutant to investigate functional orthology between these genes from dicots and monocots. The Arabidopsis fiddlehead mutant phenotype that shows contact-mediated organ fusion, germination of spore on epidermis and reduced number of trichomes was completely reverted by HvFdh. Finally, more than fifty transgenic barley lines were regenerated over-expressing or suppressing one of the three genes. The analyses of the transgenic progeny exhibited some interesting developmental phenotypes and resistance to scald and drought tolerance. These lines are awaiting further experiments to investigate the effect of altered expression in conferring resistance to other pathogens and abiotic stress tolerance as well as biochemical analysis. Collectively, in this work six barley genes were cloned and characterised by a variety of in silico techniques, temporal and transient expression analyses, subcellular localisation, in vitro bioassays and mutant complementation in Arabidopsis and loss- and gain-of-function transgenic barley plants. This work has provided insight into the function of these gene families in barley. Furthermore, the data suggest that they are regulated by the defence response to pathogenic fungi as well as drought, salinity and frost in barley. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1375755 / Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, 2009

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:40:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cristiane_Claudia_Meinerz.pdf: 1140657 bytes, checksum: 515f23cafb30196ea1e4641ed2debc7d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Induced resistance involves the activation of latent defense mechanisms existing in plants in response to treatment with biotic or abiotic agents. The use of plant extracts in order to induce resistance mechanisms is an attractive alternative to chemical control, however, these extracts may occur the presence of inducer, as well ass the presence of suppressor. This study aimed to evaluate biochemical, physiological and growth of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) treated with extracts of Rosmarinus officinalis, Curcuma longa and Pycnoporus sanguineus. It was evaluated the induction of phytoalexins deoxiantocianidinas, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, β-1,3 glucanase and chitinase, carbon metabolism (photosynthesis and respiration) and growth of sorghum plants. Mesocotyls sorghum were treated with the fungal and plant extracts, and acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM) (125 mg L-1 elicitor would like reference) and distilled water. Sorghum seedlings were treated with the inducers and at 24, 48, 96 and 144 hours samples were taken for analyzes of defense enzymes. Evaluations of gas exchange were conducted periodically over 7 days with three days interval of application of foliar treatments. Were determined rate of net CO2 assimilation (A, CO2 mol m-2s-1), stomatal conductance (gs mmol H2O m-2s-1), sweating (E, H2O mmol m-2s-1) efficiency Water use (U.S. mol m-2s-1) and intrinsic efficiency of the use of water (EIUA, mol m-2s-1). For growth analysis, carried out 120 days after sowing, the parameters evaluated were: fresh leaves and roots, dry weight of leaves and roots and root volume. The parameters for production analysis were the number of panicle, seed number, mean grain mass and total production. Biotic inducers rosemary, turmeric and Pycnoporus sanguineus induced phytoalexins in mesocotyls and biochemical activities in different cultivars of sorghum, may note that the results reveal an important target for the action of elicitors in these extracts. Overall, rosemary extract caused increase in peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and phenylalanine ammonia lyase activities, the turmeric extract induced phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity and the extract of P. sanguineus polyphenol oxidase and β-1,3 glucanase activities. ASM interfere with the metabolism of BRS 610 sorghum in relation to the efficiency of water use (U.S.) and intrinsic efficiency of water use (EIUA), without interfering with productivity, improving the quality of production and improving markedly the number of panicle, panicle, grain number and grain weight. The fungal and plant extracts did not affect these parameters. It was possible to induce defense mechanisms in sorghum by application of extracts of rosemary, turmeric and P. sanguineus, which may allow the obtention of new molecules, and the development of alternative methods for controlling plant diseases / A indução de resistência envolve a ativação de mecanismos de defesa latentes existentes nas plantas em resposta ao tratamento com agentes bióticos ou abióticos. A aplicação de extratos vegetais visando à indução de mecanismos de resistência é uma alternativa interessante ao controle químico, entretanto, nestes extratos pode ocorrer além da presença de indutores, a presença de supressores. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar aspectos bioquímicos, fisiológico e de crescimento de sorgo (Sorghum bicolor L.) tratado com extratos de Rosmarinus officinalis, Curcuma longa e Pycnoporus sanguineus. Foram avaliados a indução de fitoalexinas deoxiantocianidinas, enzimas peroxidase, polifenoloxidase, fenilalanina amônia-liase, β-1,3 glucanase e quitinase, metabolismo de carbono (fotossíntese e respiração) e crescimento de plantas de sorgo. Mesocótilos de sorgo foram tratados com os extratos vegetais e fúngico, além de acibenzolar-S-metil (ASM) (125 mg L-1 do i.a. como elicitor de referência) e água destilada. Plântulas de sorgo foram tratadas com os indutores e às 24, 48, 96 e 144 horas foram retiradas amostras para as análises das enzimas de defesa. As avaliações de trocas gasosas foram realizadas periodicamente no período de 7 dias, com três dias de intervalo da aplicação dos tratamentos via foliar. Foram determinados: taxas de assimilação líquida de CO2 (A, μmol CO2 m-2s-1), condutância estomática (gs, mmol H2O m-2s-1), transpiração (E, mmol H2O m-2s-1), eficiência do uso de água (EUA, mol m-2s-1) e eficiência intrínseca do uso de água (EIUA, mol m-2s-1). Para análise de crescimento, realizada 120 dias após a semeadura, os parâmetros avaliados foram: massa fresca das folhas e raízes; massa seca das folhas e raízes e volume de raiz. Os parâmetros avaliados na análise de produção foram: número de panícula, número de sementes; massa média de grão e produção total. Os indutores bióticos alecrim, cúrcuma e Pycnoporus sanguineus induziram fitoalexinas em mesocótilos e atividades bioquímicas nas diferentes cultivares de sorgo, podendo ressaltar que os resultados revelam um importante alvo de ação de elicitores presentes nesses extratos. De forma geral, o extrato de alecrim causou incremento na atididade de peroxidase, polifenoloxidase e fenilalanina amônia-liase; o extrato de cúrcuma induziu a atividade de fenilalanina amônia-liase e o extrato de P. sanguineus as atividades de polifenoloxidase e β-1,3 glucanase. O indutor ASM interferiu no metabolismo da cultivar BRS 610 de sorgo em relação à eficiência do uso da água (EUA) e eficiência intrínseca do uso da água (EIUA), sem interferir na produtividade, melhorando a qualidade da produção e melhorando acentuadamente o número de panícula, massa de panículas, número de grãos e massa de grãos. Os extratos vegetais e fúngico não interferiram nesses parâmetros. Foi possível induzir mecanismos de defesa em sorgo pela aplicação dos extratos de alecrim, cúrcuma e P. sanguineus, o que pode permitir a obtenção de novas moléculas e o desenvolvimento de métodos alternativos para controle de doenças em plantas

Tobacco SABP2 has been shown to display high affinity for salicylic acid (SA) and methylsalicylate (MeSA) and plays an important role in SAR signal development. Using biochemical approach, SABP2 has been shown to demonstrate strong esterase activity in converting MeSA to SA. Recent study shows that tetra fluoroacetophenone, a synthetic analog of SA, competitively inhibits SABP2 esterase activity as well as suppresses SAR signal development in tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)-infected tobacco plants. Not much has been studied on the effect of pesticides on plant defenses. Because both AChE and SABP2 are esterase-like proteins belonging to α/β hydroxylase superfamily, we hypothesize that pesticides may inhibit the MeSA esterase activity of SABP2 and block SAR development. Biochemical and molecular biology techniques were used to test this hypothesis. SAR in tobacco-TMV plant-pathogen system is measured by significant decrease in TMV-induced lesion sizes in secondarily inoculated distal leaves.